Conversion Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

Chemical characterization of refuse derived fuel (RDF) using Py-GC/MS

The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and its utilization as an alternative fuel in the cement industry has been an emerging trend. However, RDF is highly heterogeneous, with its complex composition changing with season and source. This work is focused on the chemical characterization of six RDF samples listed as A, B, C, D, E, and F from different locations across the country using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), thermogravimetric instrument and CHONS elemental analyzer. Qualitative and semi-quantitative results were obtained using EGA, single-shot and double-shot analysis methods. EGA has been used to derive qualitative results in correlation with TGA. FTIR analysis was carried out to understand the initial functional characterization. XRF analysis along with ICP-MS triple quad revealed the inorganic makeup of the samples. Single-shot results indicated that apart from non-hydrocarbon gases (CO2 and O2), the long-chain alkenes were most abundant, followed by alkanes, aromatic compounds, and ketones. Double-shot analysis indicated the presence of chloride and sulphur-based compounds in RDF samples as limiting components. Polystyrene contribution to LHV of RDF has been highlighted. The study can be further used to conduct compositional studies of RDF and its pyrolytic behavior in the gasifier. It will further strengthen the future gasifier models where pyrolysis is one of the critical steps. This technique will be very helpful in obtaining a better characterization of volatile and non-volatile (bio-oil and ash) fractions of the pyrolytic products.

Process modelling of waste tyre pyrolysis for gas production using response surface methodology

The search for cleaner and renewable energy sources coupled with the need for environmental protection has necessitated the conversion of municipal solid wastes to energy sources. In this study, the pyrolysis of waste tyres in a fixed-bed reactor was carried out in a bid to generate non-condensable gases. The influence of process variables such as sample weight, reaction temperature, and reaction time were modelled and optimized using the central composite design of the response surface methodology. Based on the central composite design of the response surface methodology, the R2, adjusted R2 and predicted R2 values of 0.968, 0.941 and 0.750 respectively, indicated that the model properly fitted the experimental data. This implied the accuracy of the model prediction. The maximum predicted gas yield of 10.212 wt% was estimated under optimal conditions with desirability of 0.697, a dimensionless value indicating the closeness of the combination of input variables to the desired values for the response variables. The gases obtained upon pyrolysis of waste tyres can serve as a source of hydrocarbon gases in the petroleum and petrochemical industry.

Producing methane from dry municipal solid wastes: A complete roadmap and the influence of char catalyst

The lack of standardized products is a key hindrance to the widespread commercialization of municipal solid wastes (MSW) pyrolysis technology. In this paper, a cost-effective roadmap employing pyro-gasification and methanation processes is developed, with CH4-rich gas as the target product. In this roadmap, a two-stage catalytic conversion of “MSW → syngas → CH4-rich gas” was realized using MSW char, a by-product of the pyrolysis process as the catalyst/catalyst carrier. The results showed that, in the pyro-gasification stage, a syngas yield of 1.3 L/gMSW could be obtained at 800 °C and a steam-to-MSW mass ratio of 0.4, with a H2 fraction reaching 56.6 vol%. The effective conversion of MSW to syngas was attributed to the superior catalytic activity of the MSW char. By comparing the catalytic activity and structural characteristics of the chars produced from various waste components, it could be determined that the high catalytic activity of the char required both active minerals derived from contaminated plastics and residue, and an appropriate proportion of carbon matrix from the biomass components in MSW. The gasified MSW char (G-MSWC), co-produced with the syngas, served as a carrier for the subsequent methanation catalyst. Due to the activation effect of steam during the syngas production stage, the pore structure of G-MSWC was improved and its defect density also increased. Consequently, G-MSWC demonstrated enhanced Ni–C interaction, facilitating the methanation activity. The final product from the methanation stage achieved a CH4 concentration of 52.9 vol%, and a CH4 yield of 11.25 mol/kgMSW. The above findings demonstrate the feasibility of the complete roadmap from MSW to CH4 and provide valuable guidance for decentralized MSW management based on pyrolysis technology.

Sustaining environment through municipal solid waste: evidence from European Union economies.

As part of their pursuit to succeed the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), European Union (EU) countries have placed great importance on realizing SDG 11, which aims to create sustainable cities and communities. The relationship between environmental quality and municipal solid waste remains understudied despite its significant impact on achieving SDG-11. Consequently, this study seeks to peruse municipal solid waste, renewable energy consumption, human capital, and natural resources impact on load capacity as a comprehensive measure of environmental quality. By utilizing the CS-ARDL approach, this study reveals the inadequacy of municipal solid waste conversion in EU countries and highlights the favorable effect of human capital and renewable energy on enhancing environmental quality. Moreover, this study provides concrete evidence that natural resources contribute to environmental corruption. EU economies should adopt policies to bolster municipal solid waste conversion to improve environmental quality.

A machine learning study on a municipal solid waste-to-energy system for environmental sustainability in a multi-generation energy system for hydrogen production

Municipal solid waste (MSW)-to-energy systems have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential to produce renewable energy from waste. These systems involve the conversion of MSW into electricity, heat or fuel. One of the most promising applications of MSW-to-energy systems is the production of hydrogen, which is considered a clean and sustainable fuel. Machine learning algorithms have the potential to revolutionize the way MSW-to-energy systems are managed. The integration of machine learning into MSW-to-energy systems has the potential to significantly improve the sustainability and profitability of this industry. In this study, a novel integrated MSW-to-energy system is modeled to produce hydrogen, power, and oxygen and with capacities of heating water and air. Hydrogen production, power production, oxygen storage, hot water, hot air, and system emission are predicted using machine learning algorithms based on regression models with high validity and R2 values more than 99.8% having errors smaller than 1%. The reduced regression models are developed by eliminating the insignificant variables from the full algorithms using the analysis of variance. The findings reveal high accuracy for the reduced regression models while their errors slightly decrease to 2%. This suggests that the machine learning algorithms can also be used as an effective tool to further improve MSW-to-energy systems.

The development of an integrated GIS-based optimization framework for power generation from municipal solid waste-to-energy facilities

Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the municipal solid waste (MSW) management pathways that can reduce waste volumes while recovering energy. There has been considerable focus on using MSW for energy production; however, there are few integrated assessments of the optimal location and scale of the conversion of MSW to energy. This research develops a novel framework that integrates the analysis of candidate sites for MSW gasification facilities using a geographical information system (GIS) through a multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) model with a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to determine optimal scale and location. The most suitable candidate locations were identified through a GIS-based location-allocation analysis. A MILP model integrated with GIS was then used to determine the minimum per-unit electricity production costs by optimizing the numbers, locations, and sizes of the proposed WtE and preprocessing facilities. The key inputs to the optimization model are actual road and railway transportation distances, WtE gasification and preprocessing facility capital and installation costs, operation and maintenance costs, gate fee and tipping fees (the fee for disposal of ash at the landfill), and the municipal guidelines. The proposed integrated framework was applied in a case study for Alberta, a western province in Canada. The results indicate that at a 10% rate of return, electricity production is cost-competitive with current electricity prices. The per-unit cost of electricity production (COEP) was found to be only 16.14 $/MWh when the gate fee was treated as a revenue component. The optimal plant location was in Edmonton and the optimum plant size was 175 MW. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis was conducted to understand the critical input parameters that impact the COEP. The results indicate that the COEP is most sensitive to changes in tipping fees, plant efficiency, capital cost, discount rate, and transportation cost. The developed framework is critical for investment decisions and policy development, and it can be applied globally with adjustments to data and assumptions.

Development of data-intensive techno-economic models for the assessment of a biomass, waste heat, and MSW integrated waste-to-electricity facility

This study develops a framework for an assessment of the integrated processing of various types of waste in a single waste-to-energy (W2E) facility. The FUNdamental ENgineering PrinciplEs-based model for Estimation of Cost of Energy from Biomass and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) (FUNNEL-Cost-Bio-waste) was developed and used to assess the conversion of MSW, agricultural residue, forest residue, and waste heat to electricity via gasification. A geographic information systems (GIS)-based model was developed to estimate the availability of wastes at collection points and the transportation distances to the facility. A case study for Alberta (Canada) was conducted to assess the techno-economic feasibility of a 199 MW gasification-based facility. Depending on whether one or two waste heat sources are used for drying MSW, internal rates of return and the costs of generating electricity were estimated to be 11.18 % and 8.09 % and US $21.90/MWh and US $33.23/MWh, respectively. This information can be used for investment decision-making.

Sustainable production of hydrogen, pyridine and biodiesel from waste-to-chemicals valorization plant: Energy, exergy and CO2-cycle analysis

This study deals with the simulation of waste-to-chemicals plant for the conversion of municipal solid waste to hydrogen, biodiesel and pyridine. The study analyses a Waste to Chemical plant, in order to evaluate the future scenarios of the integrated management of municipal waste from a technical and economic point of view and compare them, both in terms of material flows and related costs. In a first phase, the characteristics of the simulation model created with the help of the Aspen Plus software are analysed. Subsequently, with the help of a calculation model, the operating costs, emissions and energy and exergy efficiency are evaluated for the two identified scenarios.Starting from about 3000 t/h of waste, as a main result, about 8.4 t/h of pyridine and 300 t/h of biodiesel are produced and about 7.94 t/h of H2 as a by-product. The main purpose of the design cycle is to reduce the amount of waste to landfill, valorising it and limiting CO2 emitted in the atmosphere at the same time.Two system configurations are considered to maximize the reuse of all waste streams. In particular, the comparison was made between two scenarios: in the first the stream separated by extraction is considered a waste for the plant, while in the second scenario, this stream is sent to a fermentation section to obtain an excess bioethanol stream, which represents another product with high added value. The treatment of the stream separated from the extraction in the second scenario allows to obtain an additional stream of bioethanol in addition to the target products.A complete energy, exergy, environmental and economic analysis of the simulated plant have been carried out. The work shown that in the second case the waste exergy is dramatically reduced, leading to a raise of exergy efficiency from 30.2% up to 84.9%. While, from the environmental point of view both scenarios have low CO2 emissions, 0.52 kgCO2/kg products and 0.87 kgCO2/kg products respectively.

Importance of Microalgae and Municipal Waste in Bioenergy Products Hierarchy—Integration of Biorefineries for Microalgae and Municipal Waste Processing: A Review

In the context of global advancements, the imperative of a sustainable energy supply looms large. Biomass, an adaptable and renewable resource, has garnered attention for its potential contributions, although economic uncertainties persist due to the intricate web of processing pathways. In response, the biorefinery concept emerges as a structured strategy to optimize the processing of microalgae and municipal solid waste (MSW), capitalizing on their multifaceted potential to yield diverse end-products. This review underscores the critical significance of a cohesive biorefinery paradigm that unites the processing of microalgae and MSW, unveiling their capacity to generate a spectrum of high-value products. The utilization of mixed-integer linear programming paves the way for an optimal biorefinery model that navigates through complex decisions. Challenges encompass the array of diverse feedstocks and the preliminary nature of data availability. The overarching goal of this research is to discern optimal pathways for the conversion of MSW and microalgae into energy and valuable products, with a focus on enhancing waste utilization and augmenting the energy supply. In the broader landscape, this comprehensive review advances strategies for sustainable energy generation and waste management, invigorating innovative approaches to shape future progress. By illuminating pathways towards maximizing the potential of biomass resources, this review contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainable energy and waste utilization.

Brief Overview of Refuse-Derived Fuel Production and Energetic Valorization: Applied Technology and Main Challenges

A large part of municipal solid waste (MSW) still goes to landfills, representing an environmental concern. A circular economy approach can enable safe management of MSW while mitigating the increasing energy needs when waste is used as a feedstock in energy production processes (waste to energy). Currently, MSW can be converted into refuse-derived fuel (RDF) through mechanical and biological treatment processes. This study analyzes the status of MSW and RDF production, as well as its main destinations in Portugal and Europe. The legislation applied, possible energy-recovery routes, and challenges associated with energy recovery are discussed throughout this paper. This research finds that the production of RDF in Portugal has been neglected, mostly because of RDF composition being quite heterogeneous and its poor fuel properties. Therefore, the need to improve and upgrade the characteristics and properties of RDF for waste-to-energy processes was detected. RDF can be pretreated to be further applied to waste-to-energy and waste-to-gas processes, such as incineration and gasification. The technology readiness level data, costs, and SWOT analysis allowedto assess that although incineration is the most mature and widely used technology, gasification becomes more attractive, having lower costs and gaseous emissions, proving to be more efficient and sustainable for MSW and RDF conversion.

The Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste by Torrefaction Process

In this work, the thermochemical properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) are studied using the torrefaction process as the main method for investigation. Torrefaction experiments were carried out using an electric laboratory furnace, at temperatures of 200, 250, and 300 °C. The residence time was set to 90 min. Proximate and ultimate analysis were performed on the torrefied MSW samples and compared with the properties of the raw MSW samples. In addition, the thermal properties of the obtained torrefied MSW samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG). The following could be stated: the obtained results showed that mass and energy yields (MY and EY, respectively) decrease with increasing when torrefaction temperature, while the heating values (HHV) increased under the same conditions (from 24.3 to 25.1 MJ/kg). Elemental analysis showed an increase in carbon content (C), from 45.7 ± 0.9 to 52.8 ± 1.05 wt.%, and decrease in oxygen content (O), from 45.6 ± 0.9 to 39.5 ± 0.8 wt.%, when torrefaction temperature is increased, which is consistent with the general definition of the torrefaction process. In addition, enhancement factors (EFs) and fuel ratios (FRs) were calculated, which ranged from 1.00 to 1.02 and 0.16 to 0.23, respectively. Some anomalies were observed during the thermal analysis, which are assumed to be related to the composition of the selected MSW. This study therefore shows that torrefaction pretreatment can improve the physicochemical properties of raw MSW to a level comparable to coal, and could contribute to a better understanding of the conversion of MSW into a valuable, solid biofuel.

Economic evaluation of thermochemical conversion of municipal solid waste to syngas: a case study of Cape Town municipality

Economic evaluation of thermochemical conversion of municipal solid waste to syngas: a case study of Cape Town municipality

Life cycle analysis of gasification and Fischer-Tropsch conversion of municipal solid waste for transportation fuel production

Non-recyclable municipal solid waste (MSW) can be used as feedstock for liquid fuel production via gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processes. Given the heterogeneity of MSW material composition and variation in material properties, its convertibility to liquid hydrocarbon fuels could vary widely, affecting the sustainability of utilizing non-recyclable MSW for fuel production. This study evaluates the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (carbon intensities [CIs]) of FT fuels from non-recyclable MSW. Key issues that could greatly affect the CIs were examined, including fossil carbon content of the MSW, emission implications of diverting non-recyclable MSW from landfills to fuel production, and conversion efficiency. Results show that the CIs of fuels produced from various waste streams range 80–105 gCO2e/MJ, which may exceed the CI of petroleum fuels. Higher fossil carbon content in the MSW feedstock tends to incur higher GHG emissions as biogenic carbon emissions are considered carbon neutral. Meanwhile, diverting different fractions of non-recyclable MSW, such as food waste and low-quality paper, from landfills may result in GHG emissions that may include the potential avoidance of methane emissions and potential sequestration of biogenic carbon that is foregone. To reduce GHG emissions, a carbon capture and sequestration option in the fuel production stage is considered, which could reduce the CI by 53–64 gCO2e/MJ. Carbon fates of different non-recyclable MSW in landfills are further evaluated to determine how they vary and impact the CIs of MSW-derived fuels.

A comparative techno-economic assessment of fast pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction, and intermediate pyrolysis of municipal solid waste for liquid transportation fuels production

The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to transportation fuels can be an attractive route to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation and municipal sectors. Thermochemical conversion routes like hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), fast pyrolysis (FP), and intermediate pyrolysis (IP) have been shown to be adept at converting organic dominant MSW into bio-crude or bio-oil. However, to produce compatible transportation grade fuels, it is necessary to upgrade the intermediate product (bio-crude or bio-oil) from all the processes, the extent of which differs depending on the process. Moreover, depending on the conversion technique, the production configuration can be either centralized or decentralized. In a centralized system, feed is transported to a facility to produce the intermediate and upgrade it (on-site upgrading), while in a decentralized system, the intermediate is produced elsewhere and transported to an upgrading facility (off-site upgrading).. Four scenarios were developed and modeled to compare the cost of production of gasoline, diesel and jet fuel from bio-crudes produced from HTL, FP, and IP.. The scenarios are: 1) a centralized HTL plant (C-HTL); 2000 dry t per day; on-site upgrading, 2) a centralized FP plant (C-FP); 2000 dry t per day; on-site upgrading, 3) a decentralized FP plant (D-FP); 50 dry t per day; off-site upgrading, and 4) a decentralized IP plant; 12 dry t per day; off-site upgrading.. Jet fuel was the primary fuel for comparison and the production costs were calculated to be $ 0.72, $ 0.85, $ 1.04, and $ 0.81 per liter for the C-HTL, the C-FP, the D-FP, and the D-IP plants, respectively. Secondary products (gasoline and diesel) can be produced alongside in cost ranges of $ 0.97 - $ 1.40 per liter and $ 1.02 - $ 1.47 per liter, respectively. The information conveyed in this study helps to identify the potential of thermochemical conversion processes to produce transportation fuels at competitive prices. The critical barriers to adopt such large-scale production processes and the opportunities of small-scale decentralized production are also mentioned. The outcomes of this study can be used to direct research and investment to address the major roadblocks that are slowing the extensive development of these technologies.

Development of a MSW-fueled sustainable co-generation of hydrogen and electricity plant for a better environment comparing PEM and alkaline electrolyzers

Efficient conversion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) into useful energy by anaerobic digestion is a sustainable method which received growing interest, particularly for small-scale decentralized energy systems. This paper aims at development of an efficient combined cogeneration cycle for production of electricity and hydrogen from biogas generated using anaerobic digestion of MSW. When it comes to the topping cycle, the proposed system makes use of a micro gas turbine, whose waste heat is converted to electricity by an absorption power cycle. This additional electricity is provided to a water electrolyzer, which uses it to generate hydrogen. Two types of electrolyzers, including the Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer (PEME) and the Alkaline Electrolyzer (AE) are considered, and their performances (as a component of the overall suggested combined systems) are compared from economic and thermodynamic viewpoints. The CO2 emission index is also addressed, and tri-objective optimization based on exergy, cost, and emission indices is carried out to compare the two systems. Obtained results indicated important outcomes, including that the system integrated with PEME is superior in terms of exergetic performance and emissions, whereas the system with AE is superior in terms of economics. The former has a 3.0% greater efficiency and a 3.3% lower emissions at optimal point established by tri-objective optimization, while it has a 9.3% higher levelized product cost.

Thermochemical conversion of municipal solid waste into energy and hydrogen: a review.

The rising global population is inducing a fast increase in the amount of municipal waste and, in turn, issues of rising cost and environmental pollution. Therefore, alternative treatments such as waste-to-energy should be developed in the context of the circular economy. Here, we review the conversion of municipal solid waste into energy using thermochemical methods such as gasification, combustion, pyrolysis and torrefaction. Energy yield depends on operating conditions and feedstock composition. For instance, torrefaction of municipal waste at 200 °C generates a heating value of 33.01 MJ/kg, while the co-pyrolysis of cereals and peanut waste yields a heating value of 31.44 MJ/kg at 540 °C. Gasification at 800 °C shows higher carbon conversion for plastics, of 94.48%, than for waste wood and grass pellets, of 70–75%. Integrating two or more thermochemical treatments is actually gaining high momentum due to higher energy yield. We also review reforming catalysts to enhance dihydrogen production, such as nickel on support materials such as CaTiO3, SrTiO3, BaTiO3, Al2O3, TiO3, MgO, ZrO2. Techno-economic analysis, sensitivity analysis and life cycle assessment are discussed.

Performance analysis of a pilot-scale municipal solid waste gasification and dehumidification system for the production of energy and resource

Energy consumption and waste management are two significant challenges for human societies. To realize zero waste management, a pilot-scale demonstration of the conversion of municipal solid waste to energy/resource, which is comprised of a gasification system and a dehumidification air-conditioning to produce heat, cooling, and construction-used char, is investigated and analyzed. The waste heat (60 °C hot water) from a gasification system is applied to drive a dehumidification system for cooling, while the char from the gasification is added to the construction material. The effect of cycle time and air flow rate on the performance of the dehumidification system is also analyzed. The waste to energy efficiency of 57.2%, the maximum average moisture removal of 11.6 g/kgDA, and thermal coefficient of performance of 0.76 are obtained under the climate conditions of 34 °C, 67.5% relative humidity in Singapore. Through comparison between the brand new and used desiccant coated heat exchanger, it is noted that there is a 29.37% decrease of average moisture removal corresponding with a 17.1% loss of thermal coefficient of performance. A 14.6% compressive strength increment after seven days of curing age and 10.3% of compressive strength increment after 28 days are investigated by studying the mechanical behavior of a mortar containing char.

Processing of municipal solid waste resources for a circular economy in China: An overview

To realize the management of municipal solid waste (MSW), China uses MSW conversion technology to generate fuel and other byproducts through which the operating costs (e.g., capital and operational) are maintained to some extent. The amount of MSW produced per capita in China is a serious problem. Therefore, a circular economy method was investigated that can not only manage MSW safely but also convert MSW into energy to meet the growing energy demand. This study summarized the current status of MSW treatment and gives an overview of several waste-to-energy conversion technologies by describing their possible and existing situation in China and identifying related challenges. Currently, none of the single technologies can effectively realize waste-to-energy conversion. Only in this way can waste-to-energy technology achieve commercial success and community preparedness.

A polymeric Brønsted acid ionic liquid mediated liquefaction of municipal solid waste

The rapid industrialization and population explosion continuously generate massive amounts of municipal waste. Several conventional processes are in practice for the treatment of municipal waste, but the requirement of stringent operating conditions, incomplete conversion, longer processing time and emission of toxic gases, etc., are the major associated barriers. Thus, there is an urgent requirement for a sustainable, environmentally feasible process that can process waste into energy and fuel products. In the present manuscript, polyethylenimine functionalized polymeric Bronsted acid ionic liquid (PolyE-IL) catalysts have been explored for the Catalytic Thermo Liquefaction (CTL) of organic biodegradable municipal solid waste (MSW). A series of PolyE-IL catalysts with variable counter ions were examined for CTL of MSW. Of all the tested PolyE-IL catalysts, the integration of [PEI]+[HSO4]- gave excellent MSW conversion (>85%) and yield (>80%) of liquefied products (CTL-Oil) under non-stringent reaction conditions and without any formation char and gases. The influence of reaction conditions such as catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, time, slurry concentration, and type of feedstock of conversion and yield are studied. The column adsorption and membrane separation process was integrated to facilitate the catalyst and CTL-Oil separation. A series of commercially available hydrophobic resins were tested to separate catalyst and CTL-Oil. ICT005 showed the highest adsorption efficiency of all tested resins with 35.46 mg/mL of binding capacity and Kd of 0.02159. The physicochemical properties of CTL-Oil were studied in detail by using various analytical tools, which exhibited that CTL-Oil comprises a mixture of small and large molecular weight organic compounds and has a calorific value of 4000 kcal/kg; hence it could be used for further energy and fuel applications. Thus, the reported CTL process can be beneficial to resolve both environmental and fossil fuel dependency issues simultaneously by converting MSW into CTL-Oil.

Conversion of municipal solid waste to hydrogen and its storage to methanol

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a challenging issue for many decades, especially in developing countries, leading to several social and environmental problems. Appropriate treatment and conversion of this MSW are urgently demanded. In this study, an efficient conversion of MSW to methanol is proposed and analyzed. The developed system consists of simultaneous processes, integrating hydrothermal treatment (HTT), direct chemical looping, methanol synthesis, and combined cycle for power generation. HTT is conducted to increase the carbon content and caloric value of the MSW, as well as to physically uniform the material. The treated MSW flows to direct chemical looping for conversion to hydrogen while separating CO2. The produced hydrogen and CO2 are then used as feeds for methanol synthesis. Finally, the heat involved in the system is recovered by gas and steam turbines for power generation. Several operating parameters are analyzed in terms of total energy efficiency and methanol production, including chemical looping pressure, methanol synthesis temperature, and pressure. As general result, the proposed system shows high energy efficiency and methanol production. The highest total energy efficiency which can be obtained is 45.4%, under the conditions of chemical looping pressure of 4.0 MPa, and methanol synthesis temperature and pressure of 200 °C and 5.0 MPa, respectively. The integrated system can produce 41 kg/h methanol from 100 kg/h MSW, and it can independently cover the electricity required throughout the whole system.