Conversion Of Diesel Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF DIESEL FUEL PROCESSOR AND OPTIMISATION OF THE THERMAL CIRCUIT OF A POWER PLANT BASED ON SOFC WITH A POWER OF 1 KW

A fuel processor for autothermal reforming of diesel fuel into synthesis gas is developed and tested. The developed reactor is demonstrated to possess a fast start-up and high efficiency. During the tests, complete conversion of diesel fuel and the composition of reaction products close to equilibrium values were achieved. The thermal circuit of a power plant based on a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) with the electrical power of 1 kW was optimized. The results obtained are the basis for the further development of a real prototype of a power plant based on planar SOFC with an integrated diesel fuel processor, opening up the prospects in the area of making low-power electrochemical generators.

Catalyst grading technology for promoting the diesel hydrocracking to naphtha

This paper reports the application of multi-component hydrocracking catalyst grading technology in diesel hydrocracking system to increase naphtha, and studies the influence of catalyst systems with different number of graded beds on the reaction process of diesel hydrocracking. Three hydrocracking catalysts with different physicochemical properties as gradation components, the diesel hydrocracking reaction on catalyst systems of one-component, two-component and three-component graded beds with different loading sequences are carried out and evaluated, respectively. The catalytic mechanism of the multi-component grading system is analyzed. The results show that, with the increase of the number of grading beds, the space velocity of reaction on each catalyst increases, which can effectively control the overreaction process; along the flow direction of feedstock, the loading sequences of catalysts with acidity decreasing and pore properties increasing can satisfy the demand of different catalytic activity for the conversion of reactant with changing composition to naphtha, which has a guiding role in the conversion of feedstock to target products. Therefore, the conversion of diesel, the selectivity and yield of naphtha all increase significantly on the multi-component catalyst system. The research on the grading technology of multi-component catalysts is of great significance to the promotion and application of catalyst systems in various catalytic fields.

Use of hydrogen produced by the air conversion of motor diesel fuel in an electrochemical generator

At present, the production of electric energy consumer remote from agro-based centralized networks is done using diesel-generator technology with limited service life of the engine and the extremely low efficiency in the use of expensive fuel. In this paper, is considered an innovative technology of combined production of electricity and heat using a preliminary conversion of diesel fuel in the synthesis gas and then serving it at high temperature electrochemical generator. Synthetic gas to operate the generator air conversion is made of an electrochemical engine diesel fuels in catalytic reactor-burner. On the basis of heat balances of the torch, battery power and boiler are calculated: battery electric efficiency SOFC, chemical efficiency burner, SOFC anode temperature, EMF Planar element, the proportion of hydrogen, oxidized anode SOFC, unit cost of diesel fuel for the production of electricity and thermal energy. Specific consumption of diesel fuel for the production of electrical energy 114 g/kWh (162 g. w. t./kWh), and thermal 31.7 kg/Gj (45.1 kg/GJ, w. t. 189 kg standard fuel/Gcal).

Recent Advances in Structured Catalytic Materials Development for Conversion of Liquid Hydrocarbons into Synthesis Gas for Fuel Cell Power Generators.

The paper considers the current state of research and development of composite structured catalysts for the oxidative conversion of liquid hydrocarbons into synthesis gas for fuel cell feeding and gives more detailed information about recent advances in the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis. The main factors affecting the progress of the target reaction and side reactions leading to catalyst deactivation are discussed. The properties of the Rh/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2/Al2O3/FeCrAl composite multifunctional catalyst for the conversion of diesel fuel into synthesis gas are described. The results of the catalyst testing and mathematical modeling of the process of diesel fuel steam-air conversion into synthesis gas are reported.

Обоснование возможности перевода двигателей подвижного состава на газомоторное топливо

Improving the environmental performance of diesel engines is becoming an urgent problem for the traction rolling stock of JSC “Russian Railways”. In order to solve this problem, the article analyzes the possibilities of converting diesel engines of locomotives to gas engine fuel. The requirements for the physical and chemical parameters of compressed natural gas are presented. The analysis of manufacturers of gas cylinder equipment operating in the Russian market is given. Real examples of conversion of diesel engines to gas engine fuel are given, which can be used in modernization of fuel systems of traction rolling stock of Russian railways.

Покращення паливно-економічних характеристик дизельних двигунів шляхом їхнього переведення на газоподібні продукти конверсії метанолу

The work is aimed at solving the problem of conversion of existing diesel power drives of technological transport into gaseous fuels, which are a cheaper alternative to diesel fuel. A method has been proposed to increase the energy efficiency of alternative fuels. The thermochemical essence of increasing the energy of the source fuel has been developed. The choice of alternative alcohol fuel as a starting product for the conversion process, taking into account its cost and energy value. The calculations showed that the thermal effect from the combustion of converted CO and Н2 exceeds the effect from the combustion of the same amount of liquid methanol. Fuel energy and engine power were increased by regenerating the heat of the exhaust gases. Experimental studies of power and economic performance of a diesel engine, which was converted to work on the products of methanol conversion. Experimental studies have shown that the conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is justified. Given that the price of methanol is, on average, 10-20% of the cost of diesel fuel, the conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is quite profitable. Keywords: diesel engine; рн alternative fuel; methanol conversion; heat utilization; exhaust gases; power; specific fuel consumption.

Using Hydrogen Reactors to Improve the Diesel Engine Performance

This work is aimed at solving the problem of converting diesel power drives to diesel–hydrogen fuels, which are more environmentally friendly and less expensive alternatives to diesel fuel. The method of increasing the energy efficiency of diesel fuels has been improved. The thermochemical essence of using methanol as an alternative fuel to increase energy efficiency based on the provisions of thermotechnics is considered. Alternative methanol fuel has been chosen as the initial product for the hydrogen conversion process, and its energy value, cost, and temperature conditions have been taken into account. Calculations showed that the caloric effect from the combustion of the converted mixture of hydrogen H2 and carbon monoxide CO exceeds the effect from the combustion of the same amount of methanol fuel. Engine power and fuel energy were increased due to the thermochemical regeneration of engine exhaust gas heat. An experimental setup was created to study the operation of a converted diesel engine on diesel–hydrogen products. Experimental studies of power and environmental parameters of a diesel engine converted for diesel–hydrogen products were performed. The studies showed that the conversion of diesel engines to operate using diesel–hydrogen products is technically feasible. A reduction in energy consumption was accompanied by an improvement in the environmental performance of the diesel–hydrogen engine working together with a chemical methanol conversion thermoreactor. The formation of carbon monoxide occurred in the range of 52–62%; nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases decreased by 53–60% according to the crankshaft speed and loading on the experimental engine. In addition, soot emissions were reduced by 17% for the engine fueled with the diesel–hydrogen fuel. The conversion of diesel engines for diesel–hydrogen products is very profitable because the price of methanol is, on average, 10–20% of the cost of petroleum fuel.

Air pollution scenario analyses of fleet replacement strategies to accomplish reductions in criteria air pollutants and 74 VOCs over India

Traffic emissions are a major source of air pollution and associated damage to human health in India. Many of the Indian metro cities urgently require cleaner transportation technologies to ensure cleaner air. Here, using newly compiled spatially disaggregated, gridded, high-resolution (0.1° × 0.1°) road transport emission inventory for India for 2030 (RTEII) of 74 speciated VOCs, CO, SO 2 , NOx, NH 3 , CH 4 , CO 2, BC, OC and PM 2.5 from varied fuels and vehicle technologies that are currently in use in India, we investigated changes in emission in response to substitution of the existing vehicular fleet by cleaner alternatives. Three “what-if” intervention scenarios were considered to assess the extent in improvement of air quality due to the reduction in the primary emission of air pollutants. The results show that significant reductions in direct emission of pollutants (Non-Methane VOCs, −91%; CO, −80%; PM 2.5 , 44%) including toxic VOCs (e.g., isocyanic acid, −76%; BTEX, −93%; as well as individual VOC classes (e.g., sum of OVOCs, −61% and sum of alkenes, −80%) can likely be achieved in 2030 by shifting from highly polluting Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) based 2 and 3-wheeled vehicles to Electric Vehicles (EVs) under scenario 1. The amount of secondary pollutants such as SOA and O 3 that can potentially be formed from traffic also showed significant reduction of 94% and 84%, respectively, under scenario 1. Conversion of diesel fuelled vehicles to CNG under scenario 2 can lead to a larger reduction in black carbon emissions (−50%). Scenario 3, in which the benefits of scenarios 1 and 2 are combined, represents the best long-term strategy moving forward, which can result in massive emission reductions of pollutants through existing technologies of greener transport fleets over India. Large scale conversion of the vehicle fleets as explored here can lead to a substantial reduction of air pollution and fewer lives lost. • Study examines 2030 road-transport emission reductions for India. • Three “what-if” intervention scenarios with electric vehicles and greener fuels. • 2&3-wheeler vehicles replacement by EVs reduced NMVOC emissions by 91%. • Conversion of diesel fuelled vehicles to CNG reduced primary BC by 50%. • Combining EVs and diesel to CNG for HDVs can improve air quality over India greatly.

Methane, Diesel Fuel, Electrical Energy, CO2 Emissions and Economical Equavialent from Animal Manure of Tokat, Turkey

The animal husbandry sector is becoming a rapidly developing sector in Turkey and more waste is emerging in animal husbandry enterprises. It is necessary to dispose of these wastes that have a negative environmental impact. In search of new energy sources, it is becoming increasingly important to dispose of organic waste and use it in biogas production as an alternative energy source. Expanding the production of biogas will be very effective both in reducing external dependence on energy and in reducing the carbon emissions that cause global warming. There are various studies in the literature on biogas potential calculations in Tokat province. In this study, animal species were given in detail, and district-based calculations were made and total biogas production potential was determined for Tokat, Turkey by taking into account different animal types according to 2020 Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) data. Different energy equivalent transformations that can be obtained depending on the biogas potential have been studied. The amount of benefits in TL that can be obtained for conversions has been determined. According to the total number of animals, the total amount of waste in the province was determined to be 249596 tons per year. The annual amount of biogas that can be obtained from waste is 49.92 x 106 m3 . It has been determined that this amount can be converted into 1133 x103 GJ thermal energy, 234.62 GWh electrical energy, and 32.95 x 106 liters. It has been calculated that 85636252 TL will be used for the conversion of biogas to electrical energy and 215822500 TL will be used for the conversion of diesel fuel.

Increasing Parameters of Diesel Engines by Their Transformation for Methanol Conversion Products

The work is aimed at solving the problem of converting existing diesel power drives to gas fuels, which are cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives to diesel fuel. Method of energy efficiency increasing of alternative fuels has been improved. Thermochemical essence of energy increasing of source fuel based on the provisions of thermodynamics is considered. Alternative methanol fuel has been chosen as initial product for conversion process and its cost, energy value, and temperature conditions have been taken into account. Calculations showed that the thermal effect from combustion of the converted mixture of CO and H2 exceeds the effect from combustion of the same amount of non-convertible methanol. Fuel energy and engine power were increased due to thermochemical regeneration of exhaust gas heat. An experimental setup was created to study the operation of a converted diesel engine on methanol conversion products. Experimental studies of power, economic, and environmental parameters of converted diesel engine for methanol conversion products were performed. Experimental studies have shown that conversion of diesel engines to work using methanol conversion products is technically reasonable. Fuel consumption reduction was accompanied by environmental performance improvement of the diesel engine working together with a thermochemical methanol conversion reactor. Formation of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases decreased in the range of 22–35%, and carbon monoxide occurred in the range of 0–24% according to the crankshaft speed and loading on the engine. Conversion of diesel engines for methanol conversion products is very profitable, because the price of methanol is, on average, 10–20% of the cost of diesel fuel.

Parametric Analysis of the Combustion Cycle of a Diesel Engine for Operation on Natural Gas

The publication research task is related to one of the solution aspects in reference to decarbonization of transport by transferring the operation of diesel engines to natural gas. The results of converted diesel engines into operation with dual-fuel (D-NG) without significant constructive modifications are focused on forecasting the energy efficiency parameters of in-service engine models and evaluation of the reserves improvement. This paper presents energy efficiency parameters and characteristics of the combustion cycle methodological optimization of high-speed 79.5/95.5 mm diesel engine with a conventional fuel injection system. Interrelations between the indicated efficiency (ηi), combustion cycle performance parameters (excess air ratio (α), compression ratio (ε), degree of pressure increase in the cylinder (λ), maximum cycle pressure (pmax), air pressure (pk), air temperature (Tk) after compression, etc.), and heat release characteristics were determined and researched. Directions of the optimization when the engines were operating in a wide range of load (pmi) modes were also obtained: the low energy efficiency in the low-load mode were due to reduced heat release dynamics (combustion time increased up to 200° CA). The main influencing factors for ηi were the pilot-injection portion phase (φinj) and α, optimization of ε was inefficient. To avoid exceeding the permissible limits of reliability for pmax, the realized reserve of ηi increase was estimated as 10%. Methodological tools for the practical application of parametric analysis to the conversion of diesel to dual-fuel operation have been developed and adapted in the form of a numerical modeling algorithm, which was presented in nomogram form. For improvement of initial energy parameters for a specific engine models heat release characteristics identification, accurate methods must be used. The proposed methodology is seen as a theoretical tool for a dual-fuel conversion models for in-service engines and has benefit of a practical use of a fast application in the industrial field.

High-efficient production of biofuels using spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and high acid value waste cooking oils

The conversion of high acid value (AV) waste cooking oils (WCOs) into biofuels was studied using the cracking process over spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalysts. The processing of WCO was carried out in a fluid catalytic cracking lab-scale unit with temperatures ranging from 450 to 520 °C. From 480 °C, whatever the spent catalysts, WCOs with AV in range of 6–22 mgKOH/g can be converted to liquid fuels with the near zero AV (AV < 0.5 mgKOH/g). The yields of diesel, gasoline, LPG are in range of 25–29 wt%, 40–42 wt% and 14–18 wt%, respectively, while the coke formation is limited at 5–6 wt%. The increase of temperature to 520 °C enhances the conversion of diesel to gasoline and LPG. The presence of ZSM-5 in SFCC catalyst leads to an increase in propylene and LPG yields. Otherwise, higher rare earth content could limit the zeolite destruction, resulting in a better catalytic cracking activity. This study reports a remarkable approach that encourages the simultaneous utilization of multiple hazardous substances, SFCC catalysts and WCOs, as low-cost raw materials for biofuel production. Finally, after biofuel production, the SFCC catalysts can also be reused to produce high purity of a concentrate of La and Ce.

Impact of the exclusive median bus lane system on air pollution concentrations in Seoul, Korea

Since many previous studies reported the health effect of air pollution and indicated traffic as a major pollution source, significant policy efforts have been made to control traffic to reduce air pollution. However, there have been few studies that evaluated such policy implementation. In Seoul, Korea, the exclusive median bus lane system was implemented in 2004, and the metropolitan government applied air pollution reduction policies such as conversion of diesel buses to compressed natural gas buses and installation of emission control devices. This paper aimed to investigate the impact of the exclusive median bus lane system on air pollution reduction. Using hourly concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) measured at 131 regulatory monitoring sites in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do for 2001-2014, we calculated annual and daily average concentrations at each site. We assessed the impact of the policy using differences-in-differences analysis by annual and daily average models after adjusting for geographic and/or meteorological variables. This method divides population into treatment and control groups with and without policy application, and compares the difference between the two time periods before and after the policy implementation in the treatment group with the difference in the control group. We classified all monitoring sites into treatment and control groups using two definitions: 1) Seoul vs. Gyeonggi; 2) within vs. outside 300 meters from the median bus lane. Pre- and post-policy periods were defined as 2001-2005 and 2006-2014, and 2004 and 2014 in the annual and daily models, respectively. The decrease in PM10 concentrations between the two periods across monitoring sites in the treatment group was larger by 1.73-5.88 μg/m3 than in the control group. NO2 also showed the decrease without statistical significance. Our findings suggest that an efficient public transport policy combined with pollution abatement policies can contribute to reduction in air pollution.

Conversion of Diesel Engines to a Gas and Gas–Diesel Cycle

The conversion of diesel engines to gas and gas–diesel cycles during the production process is analyzed. The requirements for conversion to natural-gas operation are presented. The power, efficiency, and environmental impact of diesel engines, natural-gas engines, and gas–diesel engines are compared.

Procedure for Haul Truck On-Board LNG Fuel Systems Performance Evaluation

The state-of-the-art of the advantages of using liquefied natural gas as a motor fuel for haul trucks instead of oil motor fuel is considered. It is noted that the energy intensity of the process of rock mass hauling by dual-fuel (gas-diesel) haul trucks is less than that of haul trucks running on diesel only. It is argued that the most promising in relation to heavy-duty mining trucks, is the conversion of diesel engines to gas-diesel operation. The universal integrated procedure for evaluating currently used haul truck on-board cryogenic fuel systems performance is presented. The method of evaluating the “rate of replacement” of diesel fuel with liquefied natural gas, when operating haul trucks equipped with on-board cryogenic fuel systems, is described in detail. The possible sequence of per-cycle, per-ingle-shift and per-day monitoring of the rate of diesel fuel replacement with liquefied natural gas is presented. The method for evaluating the economic efficiency of the operation of high-payload-capacity haul trucks conversed to gas-diesel operation is given, which allows, among other things, determining the actual service life of on-board cryogenic fuel systems and their time to failure.

Local Heat Transfer in Diesel Combustion Chamber Converted to Operate on Natural Gas and Hydrogen

The conversion of diesel engines into gas engines is a promising way to solve environmental and energy problems. In this paper, we first posed and solved the problem of nonstationary local heat transfer in a diesel combustion chamber converted to run on natural gas and hydrogen. The main characteristics of the working process and local heat transfer in the converted engines with respect to the used alternative fuel are studied by 3D modeling of the internal cylindrical processes and the thermal state of the pistons. The measurements of nonstationary pressure in the cylinder and the local temperatures of the piston on a running engine are used to verify the mathematical models. It is established that the features of the working process, due to the transition to forced ignition of a homogeneous combustible mixture, significantly affect the magnitude and nature of the change and the distribution of local heat loads on the piston surface. Based on comparative analysis of the thermal state of the pistons of converted engines, practical recommendations are issued to ensure the efficient conversion of diesel engines to operate on gas fuels.

Fuel economy raising of alternative fuel converted diesel engines

As a result of the theoretical research, calculations of the theoretical indicated specific fuel consumption for different methods of conversion of diesel engines to gas were carried out. The traditional method of derating in the conversion of diesel engines to gas by installing additional gaskets between the cylinder head and block was considered and the method of derating due to late intake valve closing was proposed.As a result of in vitro experimental research with different methods of conversion of the Opel X17DTL diesel engine, it was found that using the traditional method of engine derating by installing additional gaskets between the cylinder head and block, the indicated specific consumption increased, on average, by 8–9 %. But with a decrease in the compression ratio of the engine by the proposed method due to late intake valve closing, the experimental value of the indicated specific consumption not only did not increase, but decreased, on average, by 7–8 %. The reduction of the compression ratio of the engine due to late intake valve closing by the proposed method was carried out by changing the shape of the camshaft cams. To this end, the cams of the intake valves were fused and then ground to the desired profile, with which late intake valve closing occurred within the predetermined limits.The results obtained allow optimizing the processes of conversion of diesel engines to gas and reducing the fuel consumption of converted engines, on average, by 15–17 % compared to gas engines converted in a traditional way.

ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMBEBANAN ENGINE TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG DAN FUEL CONSUMPTION MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN BAKAR SOLAR DAN BIODIESEL B10 PADA ENGINE CUMMINS QSK 45 C

Abstract: The fuels for Diesel engines derived from petroleum of its existence the longer depleting. Starting from this, the use of biodiesel as a successor is an alternative solution. Conversion of diesel fuel for Diesel engines of heavy equipment to the other types, one of them should pay attention to emissions- related environmental pollution and fuel consumption. This research was conducted with the aim to find out the influence of loading engine against exhaust emissions and fuel consumption using diesel fuel and biodiesel B10 on engine Cummins QSK 45 c. Testing performed in the PT. Saptaindra Sejati workshop (SIS) MIA 3, km. 84, Adaro, Tanjung Tabalong, South Kalimantan, while the primary uses test equipment namely dynamometer (dynotest) Taylor DS4010. The results of testing using biodiesel in diesel fuel compared with B10 imposition engine 0 - 100% decline in average levels of nitrogen oxide (NOx) of 88% (g/kW-hr); carbon monoxide (CO) of 88% (g/kW-hr); and hydrocarbons (HC) by 80% (g/kW-hr), while the fuel consumption experienced a decrease in 0 - 7.14%.

Evolution of on-road vehicle exhaust emissions in Delhi

For a 40-year horizon (1990–2030), on-road vehicle exhaust emissions were evaluated, retrospectively and prospectively, for the largest urban agglomeration in India – the Greater Delhi region with a combined population of 22 million in 2011 (Delhi along with Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Gurgaon). Emissions of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reached their peak during late 1990s through early 2000s after which they reduced significantly through year 2012. On the other hand, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide show an increasing trend. The most reduction in emissions between 1998 and 2012 occurred as a result of implementation of four sets of vehicular emission standards, removal of lead, reduction of sulfur content, mandatory retirement of older commercial vehicles, and conversion of diesel and petrol run public transport vehicles to compressed natural gas. In addition, changes in the vehicular technology have also contributed to controlling emissions especially in case of auto-rickshaws and motorized two-wheelers, which changed from two-stroke to four-stroke. The rising trend of NOx along with the presence of VOCs indicates increasing tendency to form ground-level ozone and as a result, smog in the region. We predict that the current regime of vehicle technology, fuel standards, and high growth rate of private vehicles, is likely to nullify all the past emission reductions by the end of 2020s.

An environmental, economical and socio-political analysis of a variety of urban air-pollution reduction policies for primary PM10 and NOx: The case study of the Province of Milan (Northern Italy)

Abstract In the frame of urban air-pollution reduction policies, economic costs and environmental benefits of a variety of actions have been quantitatively assessed for the Province of Milan (Northern Italy), focusing on PM10 and NOx emission sources. Short-to-mid-term interventions that have been taken into consideration include reduction of inner temperature in residential buildings, banning of residential biomass heating systems, banning of diesel fuelled domestic boilers, night-time streets washing, speed limit reduction on highways, circulation restrictions of oldest EURO vehicles, conversion of diesel buses to natural gas, car sharing/biking promotion, DPF adoption in diesel vehicles, extension of road lanes for urban buses, energy efficiency refurbishment in residential buildings. Re*sults emerged from the cost–benefit analysis integrated with socio-political indicators obtained through direct surveys, will contribute, with an holistic and multidisciplinary approach, to drive the local administrators to implement the most suitable actions in one of the most polluted areas in west-Europe.