Conversion Efficiency Research Articles

Performance analysis for induction motor fed by reduced switch symmetrical multilevel inverter topology

Due to its capacity to supply more voltage levels than conventional 2-level inverters, multilevel inverters have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Multilevel inverters may produce output waveforms that nearly approximate sinusoidal waveforms because to this characteristic, which also significantly lowers harmonic distortion. In many different power conversion systems, the introduction of reduced switch symmetrical multilevel inverter topologies has drawn significant interest. Numerous benefits, such as higher output voltage quality, reduced harmonic distortions, and increased power conversion efficiency, are provided by these novel topologies. The inclusion of these inverters in the feeding of induction motors is one of their many prominent uses. In this paper, a generalized topology is presented that generates nine levels using nine switching devices. To reduce complexity, switching pulses are generated using a low frequency pulse width modulation technique. MATLAB/Simulink is used to analyze the performance assessment of a unique three-phase symmetric cascaded multilevel inverter-based reduced switch symmetrical inverter fed induction motor drive, brushless DC (BLDC) motor and grid has been verified. According to the findings the total harmonic distortion (THD) is found to be 15% for a three-phase system and as the number of levels increases to 17 level the THD is 7.10%.

Dissolvable photovoltaic cells on hydrogel

Solar energy is potentially the largest source of renewable energy for providing electrical power for human society. However, significant advances are required to make photovoltaic technologies have a low-carbon footprint in manufacture, be environmentally friendly at the end of their lives through recyclability, and be biodegradable. Here we report dissolvable organic photovoltaic devices based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), which show equal power conversion efficiency to their glass substrate-based counterparts. We use a novel method of including smectic liquid crystal (7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2- b][1]benzothiophene, C8-BTBT) as a crystal phase regulator in the heterojunction donor:acceptor polymer system to maintain the disposable organic solar cell efficiency without pre- or post-thermal annealing. The results show strong promise not only for more sustainable solar-cell fabrication but also as disposable and biocompatible solar cells for self-powered (energy harvesting) wearable and biomedical devices.

Enhancing the fill factor and power conversion efficiency of n-type TOPCon solar cells by using electron migration technique

Improving the efficiency and performance of the solar cells by enhancing the quality and conductivity of the contacts was studied using electron migration (EM). By using intense light that covers the entire cell area at high current densities, the process of EM creates a huge number of charge carriers and helps for enhancing overall cell performances. This study examined the effects of various parameters, including temperature, voltage, time, incident light, and current, on the enhanced performances of n-type tunnel oxide passivated contact (n-TOPCon) solar cells. According to experimental data, 60 V and 10 s at room temperature are the ideal circumstances for optimising both voltage and time. As compared to before the EM experiment in the n-TOPCon solar cells, the illuminated current–voltage (I-V) characteristics of the optimised condition are Jsc of 39.24 mA/cm2, Voc of 707.45 mV, FF of 69.954 %, and PCE of 19.42 %. After the EM condition, this study shows improvements in PCE (19.04 %) and FF (48.02 %). This work provides insight into optimizing the maximum performance in developing solar technologies.

Titanium-coated high-density Fe2O3 single crystal nanowire array for solar water splitting

Fe2O3 holds promising n-type semiconductor material in the field of solar water splitting due to its excellent photocatalytic properties. However, the photoelectrochemical performance of Fe2O3 is limited by its inherent properties such as poor conductivity, and charge separation efficiency owing to its recombination rate. Therefore, researchers are more focused on nanostructuring, doping, and surface coating to overcome these issues of Fe2O3. In this study, we have investigated a low-cost way to fabricate a Ti coating layer on a high-density Fe2O3 single-crystal nanowire array for solar water splitting. Firstly, we have prepared a high-density single-crystal Fe2O3 nanowire array at lower temperatures by a new approach stress-induced atomic diffusion method. Thereafter, the prepared nanowire array was coated by Ti film using RF sputtering. The optimal film thickness of 13 nm titanium coatings layer into Fe2O3 single crystal nanowire array exhibited a high photocurrent density of 1.36 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V versus RHE and solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency (STH) of 1.67%, which could be resulting from adjusted optoelectronic properties of the nanowires.

A high-pressure isostatic lamination technique to fabricate versatile carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with evaporated gold (Au) electrodes have shown great efficiencies, but the maturity of the technology demands low-cost and scalable alternatives to progress towards commercialisation. Carbon electrode-based PSCs (C-PSCs) represent a promising alternative, however, optimising the interface between the hole transport layer (HTL) and the carbon electrode without damaging the underlying functional layers is a persistent challenge. Here, we describe a lamination technique using an isostatic press that can apply exceedingly high pressure to physically form an HTL/carbon interface on par with vacuum-evaporated electrodes, without damaging the device. Research-scale C-PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 20.8% are demonstrated along with large-area C-PSCs with PCEs of 19.8% and 16.9% for cell areas of 0.95 cm2 and 5.5 cm2, respectively. The unencapsulated C-PSCs significantly outperform the Au-electrode devices in accelerated operational stability testing (ISOS-L-1), retaining 84% of the initial PCE after 1000 h. Additionally, this versatile technique is also used to fabricate flexible, roll-to-roll printed C-PSCs with efficiencies of up to 15.8%.

WITHDRAWN: Cross polarization converter with high transmittance and near unity polarization conversion efficiency for visible light based on bilayer all-dielectric metasurface

It is highly desired to achieve high efficiency polarization converters in visible wavelength region for ultra-compact optical systems which have shown potential applications in optical sensing, communication and imaging. Due to the intrinsic property of low loss, all dielectric metasurfaces are more competitive candidates to be utilized for fabrication of polarization converters than the counterparts based on metals. In this paper, we design a bilayer all dielectric metasurface polarization converter composed of a Si double-rod resonator placed on the top of a glass block with a polymer substrate for linearly polarized visible light. The proposed bilayer metasurface structure can convert linearly polarized light to the cross-polarized light efficiently within the visible region from 542 nm to 563 nm in the transmission mode with high transmittance and near unity polarization conversion efficiency. The transmittance is larger than 0.8 in the mentioned wavelength range with a maximum transmission of 0.86 at 556 nm and polarization conversion ratio is larger than 90% in the same wavelength range with a maximum polarization conversion ratio of 99.01% at 556 nm. The underline physical mechanisms of high conversion efficiency and high transmittance are analyzed in detail with simulated distributions of surface current, electrical field distributions and the calculated multipole decompositions of the scattering power.

Comparative study of the quick action effect of multiple enzyme-based nano-emulsified oils in enhancing nitrate contamination remediation in groundwater

Emulsified vegetable oil (EVO), as a novel green slow-releasing substrate, has performed great potential in subsurface bioremediation due to its slow release and longevity. Nevertheless, the long time it takes to initiate this process still exposed some limitations. Herein, multiple enzyme-based EVOs (EN-EVOs) were developed to enhance the quick-acting effect in nitrate-contaminated bioremediation. This study demonstrated that EN-EVOs loaded with cellulose (c-EVO) and protein enzymes (p-EVO) performed best, not only did not change the advantages of traditional EVO, but also optimized the stability and particle size to the level of 0.8–0.9 and 247.95–252.25 nm, respectively. Nitrate (NO3–N) degradation further confirmed the superiority of c-EVO in rapidly initiating degradation and achieving stable denitrification. Compared with traditional EVO, the maximum start-up efficiency and the rapid achieving stable denitrification efficiency were improved by 37.6% and 1.71 times, respectively. In such situation, the corresponding NO3–N removal efficiency, kinetics rate constant (k1), and half-life period (t1/2) reached as high as 85.39%, as quick as 1.079 d−1, and as short as 0.64 d after 30-day cultivation. Meanwhile, the rapid conversion efficiency of NO2–N was observed (k2 = 0.083 d−1). High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the quick-acting process of NO3–N reduction coupled to c-EVO was mediated by microbial reducers (e.g., Ralstonia, Gulbenkiania, and Sphingobacterium) with regulations of narG, nirS and norB genes. Microorganisms with these genes could achieve quick-acting not only by enhancing microbial activity and the synthesis and metabolism of volatile fatty acids, but also by reducing the production and accumulation of loosely bound-extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS). These findings advance our understanding on fast-acting of NO3–N degradation supported by c-EVO and also offer a promising direction for groundwater remediation.

GRAVITY ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES: A Review of the Solid Gravity Energy Storage Applications

The use of renewable energy sources is increasing to reduce the carbon footprint. Renewable energy sources provide limited electricity generation and cannot meet the variable energy demand. Large-scale energy storage systems are needed for sustainability. The applicability of energy storage technology depends on many factors such as energy source, site availability, energy density, storage time, storage capacity, system cost, environmental impact, reliability, durability, and system integration capacity. Solid gravity storage technology is seen as a promising new alternative for large-scale energy storage. There are various types of SGES systems classified according to the application method. In this paper, studies on various SGES methods are reviewed. Studies on the applicability factors of SGES systems and their integration into the electricity grid are evaluated. SGES technology has advantages in terms of geographical compatibility, storage volume, security, and energy conversion efficiency. It has been observed that successful results have been obtained in the theoretical studies. However, there is a need for the development of physical simulations and more comprehensive techno-economic analyses.

Analysis of nickel oxide as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells using OghmaNano software

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a promising green technology, convert solar energy into electricity more cost-effectively than traditional solar cells. While platinum (Pt) is commonly used in DSSCs, its high cost and toxicity limit practical applications. Recent research aims to develop low-cost counter electrodes with high efficiency. Nickel oxide (NiO), a p-type semiconductor with a wide bandgap, good transmittance, and suitable work function, emerges as a potential alternative for counter electrode of DSSCs. In this work, DSSCs with NiO of thicknesses varying from 100 nm to 1000 nm were simulated to determine its influence on photovoltaic performance using OghmaNano software. The structure of simulated solar cells consists of NiO as counter electrode, zinc oxide (ZnO) as photoanode, N719 as dyes, electrolyte as charge carrier transport, and fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as a contact layer. There are five data of NiO used as an active layer. From the simulation results, NiO-doped gold exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.95% at a thickness of 700 nm, while pure NiO shows the lowest PCE with 4.53% at a thickness of 600 nm. These results have demonstrated that NiO can replace Pt as a counter electrode for DSSCs and doping plays a vital role in increasing efficiency.

Research on engineering technology of compact thermoacoustic air conditioner for vehicles

Thermoacoustic refrigeration technology presents a promising solution for sustainable and efficient air conditioning in vehicles. However, traditional thermoacoustic systems typically employ rigid resonant tubes, which pose challenges in terms of assembly and spatial layout during experimentation. Additionally, electric heating is predominantly utilized as the heat source in most experimental setups.To address the need for compact thermoacoustic air conditioning systems suitable for vehicle applications, this paper introduces the concept of employing flexible resonant tubes in heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigeration systems. Our study begins by constructing a heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigeration platform designed to simulate real automotive exhaust conditions. The DeltaEC software is employed to optimize the design of each component within the system.Both flexible and rigid resonant tubes are used in experimental research. Our findings reveal that the pressure amplitudes measured from experiments using both types of tubes closely match the simulated sound field. Operating at 8.7 MPa, the cooling capacity of the thermoacoustic system with flexible tube is 3.4 kW at 10 ℃. Using more gentle bending of flexible resonant tubes can reduce small losses caused by bending in rigid resonant tubes. Consequently, under similar working conditions, the cooling capacity generated by the system employing flexible resonant tubes slightly exceeds that of systems employing rigid resonant tubes. Furthermore, our study demonstrates a thermoacoustic conversion efficiency of 20.8 % and a refrigerator refrigeration efficiency of 2.34.These findings provide empirical validation for the use of flexible resonant tubes within vehicle exhaust heat-driven thermoacoustic refrigeration systems. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the ability of vehicle exhaust as a heat source to provide heat for thermoacoustic systems, and the ability of flexible thermoacoustic systems to generate sufficient cooling capacity. Ultimately, this research contributes to the advancement and practical implementation of thermoacoustic air conditioning within vehicles.

Flow mixing and heat transfer deterioration investigation of supercritical carbon dioxide in wire-wrapped bundles

As one selection of the fourth-generation reactors, the gas cooled reactor has received enormous attention such as high power conversion efficiency and simple cycle layout. In this paper, the flow mixing and heat transfer characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide within a seven-pin wire-wrapped bundle were investigated. Due to the lack of more experiments data of velocity field, two experiments were selected to validate the uncertainty of different turbulence models from the view of temperature field. The analysis of mass exchange between different subchannels revealed that coolant flows consistently in a certain direction in edge and corner subchannels, whereas in center subchannels, the cross flow changes direction periodically. The mixing coefficients at three types of subchannel interfaces were fitted by a sine function with the R2 values are all greater than 0.96. For different mass flux and pressures, the root mean square error between correlations and simulations was less than 1 × 10-3, except when Re equals 15000. Additionally, the heat transfer deterioration of SCO2 was observed. While wire spacers can mitigate the extent of heat transfer deterioration, they cannot completely eliminate it. The Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) was introduced to assess the effectiveness of wire spacers in enhancing heat transfer. The results indicate that the PEC exceed unity, meaning that the enhanced heat transfer capability outweighs the additional resistance loss caused by wire spacers. With increasing pressure, the PEC decreases but remains greater than unity. The mixing of coolant between different subchannel induced by wire spacers can reduce the wall temperature of rods at the edge of the bundle. However, the seven-pin wire-wrapped bundle was investigated in this work, and the results may not accurately reflect the flow and heat transfer inside a real reactor rod bundle. In the future, a larger scale rod bundle should be conducted to obtain more universally applicable and realistic flow and heat transfer phenomenon for reactor assembly design.

Unified Crystal Phase Control with MACl for Inducing Single-Crystal-Like Perovskite Thin Films in High-Pressure Fusion Toward High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cell Modules.

Perovskite solar cells, recognized for their high photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE), cost-effectiveness, and simple fabrication, face challenges in PCE improvement due to structural defects in polycrystalline films. This study introduces a novel fabrication method for perovskite films using methylammonium chloride (MACl) to align grain orientation uniformly, followed by a high-pressure process to merge these grains into a texture resembling single-crystal perovskite. Employing advanced visual fluorescence microscopy, charge dynamics in these films are analyzed, uncovering the significant impact of grain boundaries on photo-generated charge transport within perovskite crystals. A key discovery is that optimal charge transport efficiency and speed occur in grain centers when the grain size exceeds 10µm, challenging the traditional view that efficiency peaks when grain size surpasses film thickness to form a monolayer. Additionally, the presence of large-sized grains enhances ion activation energy, reducing ion migration under light and improving resistance to photo-induced degradation. In application, a perovskite solar cell module with large grains achieve a PCE of 22.45%, maintaining performance with no significant degradation under continuous white LED light at 100 mA cm-2 for over 1000h. This study offers a new approach to perovskite film fabrication and insights into optimizing perovskite solar cell modules.

Maximum Mechanical Energy and Mechanical-to-Electrical Energy Conversion Efficiency Between Robotic Prostheses and Humans

Maximum Mechanical Energy and Mechanical-to-Electrical Energy Conversion Efficiency Between Robotic Prostheses and Humans

Novel effective spectrum broadening technology pumped by 2 μm picosecond laser for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

Using thulium-doped fiber laser to pump fluoride fiber is one of the most common methods to generate mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC). But it is difficult to generate SC spectrum with wavelength more than 4 μm by directly pumping short fluoride fiber with 2 μm picosecond (ps) laser. Although some studies with SC exceeding 4 μm have also been reported, the proportion of spectral power in the long-wavelength region is not very high. To address this issue, a novel and simple approach to solve low peak power of 2 μm ps pump sources is introduced by adding a short piece of holmium-doped fiber. This method can make full use of the gain bandwidth of Ho3+ and soliton self-frequency shift effect to enhance soliton energy and promote spectral broadening. The effectiveness of the approach is verified by constructing a theoretical model to solve the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We demonstrate through simulations that addition of holmium-doped fiber can yield significantly improved output spectral range, power ratio in the long-wavelength region and optical–optical conversion efficiency compared to the previous technical. Especially, the implementation of the new technology can effectively expand the SC long-wavelength edge by ∼470 nm after applying a 3 dB gain, and can easily build a simple, compact and low-cost mid-infrared light source system.

All inkjet-printed organic solar cells on 3D objects

Drop-on-demand inkjet printing is a promising and commercially relevant technology for producing organic electronic devices of arbitrary shape on a wide variety of different substrates. In this work we transfer the inkjet printing process of organic photovoltaic devices from 2D to 3D substrates, using a 5-axis robot system equipped with a multi-nozzle inkjet printing unit. We present a ready-to-use 3D printing system for industrial application, using a 5-axis motion system controlled by commercial 3D motion software, combined with a commonly used multi-nozzle inkjet print head controlled by the corresponding printing software. The very first time inkjet-printed solar cells on glass/ITO with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 7% are realized on a 3D object with surfaces tilted by angles of up to 60° against the horizontal direction. Undesired ink flow during deposition of the inkjet-printed layers was avoided by proper ink formulation. In order to be able to print organic (opto-)electronic devices also on substrates without sputtered indium tin oxide bottom electrode, the bottom electrode was inkjet-printed from silver nanoparticle (AgNP) ink, resulting in the first all inkjet-printed (i.e. including bottom electrode) solar cell on a 3D object ever with a record PCE of 2.5%. This work paves the way for functionalizing even complex objects, such as cars, mobile phones, or ‘Internet of Things’ applications with inkjet-printed (opto-)electronic devices.

A developed convolutional neural network model for accurately and stably predicting effective thermal conductivity of gradient porous ceramic materials

Accurate and stable prediction of the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of porous ceramic materials is of great significance for their application in areas such as optimizing the design of thermal barrier coatings and improving energy conversion efficiency. Porous ceramic materials exhibit complex porous structures with gradient porosity distributions that pose a great challenge for effective medium theory (EMT) and conventional convolutional neural networks (CNN) in attempting to accurately and stably predict the ETC of porous media. In this study, a CNN model that integrates self-attention and a multiscale feature-fusion mechanism is proposed to predict the ETC of porous media with greater accuracy and stability. The integration of the self-attention and multiscale feature-fusion mechanisms enhances the CNN's ability to learn long-range dependencies and preserve detailed information. The optimization of the CNN's accuracy and stability is visually illustrated using gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) for ETC. Additionally, by employing the proposed gradient quartet structure generation set (QSGS), a gradient porous ceramic media dataset comprising 10 000 images was built to train the CNN model. Finally, the prediction results and relative error distribution of the ETC were compared across different models. Our model demonstrated improvements in statistical metrics, including a 33.7 % decrease in mean error, 25.2 % decrease in median error, and 59.6 % decrease in maximum error. The decreases in these metrics and Grad-CAM for the ETC strongly demonstrates that the model proposed in this work greatly improved the accuracy and stability of predicting the ETC of ceramic materials with gradient porosity distributions.

Alkali Metal Pretreatment for Precise Na Doping and Voc Improvement in CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells.

The pretreatment of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorption layer using an alkali element can effectively improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of CIGS solar cells. Here, we propose using NaF layer pretreatment below the CIGS absorption layer deposited by a three-stage process. Sodium ions in NaF can effectively suppress the diffusion of Ga elements and form a steep gradient backscatter layer on the back of the CIGS absorption layer, thereby passivating solar cell defects, inhibiting carrier recombination, promoting carrier transmission and collection, improving open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current (Jsc), and filling factor (FF), and further improving the PCE.

Regulation oxygen vacancy in Ba0.9La0.1Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ cathode with improved hydration activity for proton ceramic fuel cells

Proton ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) are gaining attention due to their high energy conversion efficiency. However, the development of PCFCs is hindered by the lack of efficient and robust cathode materials. This article proposes a solution by introducing certain cationic deficiency into the Ba0.9La0.1Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ (BLCFN) cathode matrix, which results in abundance of oxygen vacancies as well as enhanced proton defects. Consequently, the catalytic activity and hydration activity of the BLCFN oxygen electrode are improved during the reduction reaction process. Specifically, the polarization impedance (Rp) of the (Ba0.9La0.1)0.95Co0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ (BL95CFN) decreases by 20% compared to the pristine BLCFN, reaching 0.12 Ω·cm2 at 700 °C in air. The Rp of BL95CFN decreases by 12% in a steam environment of 20 vol%. This enhancement is attributed to the higher concentration of oxygen vacancies, which leads to an improved proton diffusion rate and hydration performance. The peak power density of the anode-supported BL95CFN | BZCYYb | BZCYYb-NiO single cell reaches 641 mW cm−2 at 700 °C, and the performance of this single cell remains stable for nearly 100 h. These findings highlight the vital role of adjusting oxygen vacancy and proton diffusion, providing a feasible strategy for improving the performance and stability of PCFC cathode materials.

Zinc and [Zinc, Nickel]: Co‑doped SnO2 nanoparticles as prospective electron transport layer materials for efficient lead free-MASnI3 perovskite solar cells

In this study, we explore the potential of both pristine and doped tin oxide (SnO2) as promising materials as the electron transport layer (ETL) for efficient lead free-methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The pristine, Zinc (Zn) doped, and Nickel (Ni)-Zn co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles with a constant concentration of Zn while changing the concentration of Ni were synthesized by using the hydrothermal method. The effect of doping and co-doping on optical, structural, and electrical properties of SnO2 nanoparticles was investigated using different microscopic and spectroscopic tools. The X-ray diffractograms showed that pristine, doped, and co-doped SnO2 nanoparticles have better crystallinity and tetragonal rutile crystal structure. The fingerprint functional groups and elemental composition were confirmed by FTIR absorption peaks, EDX, and XPS, respectively. The UV–Vis DRS spectroscopy results revealed that the optical band gap reduced from 2.90 eV for pristine SnO2 to 2.26 eV for co-doped 1 wt (wt) % Ni-Zn-SnO2 nanoparticles and can be tuned with a variation of wt % of Ni. Further, the photoluminescence emissions of all SnO2 nanoparticles in the range of 307 to 494 nm are related to oxygen vacancies or defects. Moreover, BET results confirms larger surface area for 1 wt % Ni-Zn-SnO2, which can help in better electron-hole pair separation. The electrical conductivity studies confirm that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibit excellent ohmic contact behavior and show a notable increase in electrical conductivity for 1 wt% Ni-Zn-SnO2 nanoparticles. Further, the suitability of both pristine and doped SnO2 as ETL material for the MASnI3-based PSCs was simulated using SCAPS-1D software. The best power conversion efficiency of 29.60 % was achieved for FTO/1 wt % Ni-Zn-SnO2/MASnI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. This investigation highlights the potential of co-doped materials as promising candidates for the development of efficient PSCs.

Fabrication and characterization of methylammonium lead iodide-based perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions

<p>This study investigated the fabrication and characterization of CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using the one-step spin coating technique under ambient conditions, eliminating the need for expensive glovebox and thermal evaporation equipment. The perovskite layer was annealed at 65 °C for 30 seconds and 100 °C for 30 seconds, 1 and 2 minutes. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show a smooth and uniform surface coverage for the ETL and CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> layers. SEM results also show an average grain size of 397 nm for CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> and an average particle size of ~17 nm for TiO<sub>2</sub> was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of tetragonal perovskite (CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub>) phase with high crystallinity with a crystallite size of 19.99 nm for the samples annealed for 30 seconds at 65 °C and 1 min at 100 °C. FTIR results also confirmed the presence of anatase TiO2 at wavenumber 438 cm<sup>-1</sup> and the formation of the adduct of Pb<sub>2</sub> with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and MAI is confirmed at 1,015 cm<sup>-1</sup> . From the Tauc plot the bandgap energy of TiO2 and Perovskite layers was determined to be 3.52 eV and 2.06 eV respectively. An open-circuit voltage was 0.9057 V and short circuit current density was 12.2185 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> with a fill factor of 48.05 and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.199%.</p>