Conventional Water Extraction Research Articles

초고압 처리가 블루베리의 항산화 증진에 미치는 영향

We developed a method for improving the antioxidant activities of blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) extracts through an ultra high-pressure extraction process. Blueberries were subjected to water extraction at 60°C and 300 MPa for 5 min (High Pressure Extraction, HPE5) and 15 min (HPE15). Extraction yields obtained by ultra high-pressure extraction process were 18.48, and 19.89%, respectively. Total polyphenol contents were estimated to be 28.3, and 28.9 mg/g, whereas flavonoid contents were measured as 5.9 and 6.0 mg/g, respectively. Generally, HPE resulted in higher yields than the conventional extraction process. Further, HPE15 showed 53.84% DPPH radical scavenging activity (EDA, %) at 1,000 μg/mL. Reducing power of HPE15 showed its highest activity of 0.21. In general, antioxidant activities of blueberry increased by HPE. Therefore, HPE of blueberry resulted in higher antioxidant activity than conventional water extraction. These results demonstrate obvious advantages in terms of higher efficiency, shorter extraction time, and lower energy costs.

Optimization of phytochemicals production from potato peel using subcritical water: Experimental and dynamic modeling

Phytochemicals were obtained from potato peel using conventional and subcritical water (sCW) extraction. The influence of process parameters on the removal of carbohydrates, phenolics and antioxidant compounds were optimized using Response Surface Factorial Design and the Taguchi method. Ethanol concentration (1–90%) and pH (3–10) were studied for the conventional extraction and static holding time (2–25min), pressure (40–120bar), temperature (140–260°C), and pH (3–9) were studied for the sCW extraction. Higher amounts of phytochemicals were obtained with the sCW extraction than with the conventional extraction. The highest total carbohydrates (610mg GEg−1potato peel), total phenolics (20mgGAEg−1potato peel), and total antioxidant activity (42mgFeSO4g−1potato peel) with low browning color of the extracts were obtained at 40bar, 190°C, and 9min of static holding time using a flow rate of 3mLmin−1. The proposed dynamic mass transfer-reaction model fitted well the experimental data with a mean square error of 0.4 and predicted well the potato peel residual mass.

Removal of turbidity from drinking water using natural coagulants

The ability of three plant materials, seeds such as Moringa oleifera, Strychnos potatorum and Phaseolus vulgaris, to act as natural coagulants was tested using synthetic turbid water formulated to resemble the drinking water. An improved and alternative method for the extraction of the active coagulant agent M. oleifera, S. potatorum, P. vulgaris seeds was developed and compared with the conventional water extraction method. In the new method the seeds were extracted using different solvents of NaCl and NaOH to extract the active coagulant agent from natural coagulants. In addition, ultrasound was investigated as a potential method to assist the extraction process. Batch coagulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the extracted coagulant achieved through various schemes. The optimum turbidity removal at different values of initial synthetic wastewater turbidity from 100 to 500 NTU was investigated. Sodium chloride at 0.5M was found to provide a high turbidity removal of >99% compared to NaOH and distilled water extract. Among these three coagulant M. oleifera seed extracts is the highest performance in turbidity removal. The optimum coagulant dosage showed the coagulation with blended coagulant M. oleifera, S. potatorum and P. vulgaris. The study was carried out for initial turbidity of the sample such as 100 NTU (low), 250 NTU (medium) and 500 NTU (high). For the natural coagulant dosage was found to be 250–1000mg/L respectively. It was found that the percentage of removal is highest in M. oleifera.

Measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls in solid waste such as transformer insulation paper by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography electron capture detection

In this work, a method for measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in contaminated solid waste was investigated. This waste includes paper that is used in electric transformers to insulate electric components. The PCBs in paper sample were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection. The recoveries with this method (84–101%) were much higher than those with conventional water extraction (0.08–14%), and were comparable to those with conventional organic solvent extraction. Limit of detection was 0.0074mgkg−1 and measurable up to 2.5mgkg−1 for 0.5g of paper sample. Data for real insulation paper by the proposed method agreed well with those by the conventional organic solvent extraction. Extraction from wood and concrete was also investigated and good performance was obtained as well as for paper samples. The supercritical fluid extraction is simpler, faster, and greener than conventional organic solvent extraction.

Optimisation of a method to extract the active coagulant agent from Jatropha curcas seeds for use in turbidity removal

An improved and alternative method for the extraction of the active coagulant agent from Jatropha curcas seeds was developed and compared with the conventional water extraction method (JCSC-DW). In the new method, the seeds were extracted using different solvents in different concentrations, using NaCl (JCSC-NaCl) and NaOH (JCSC-NaOH) to extract the active coagulant agent from the Jatropha. In addition, ultrasound was investigated as a potential method to assist the extraction process. Batch coagulation experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the extracted coagulant achieved through various schemes. The effects of the dosage, pH and concentration of solvents were investigated for optimum turbidity removal at different values of initial synthetic wastewater turbidity from 50 to 500NTU. JCSC-NaCl at 0.5M was found to provide a high turbidity removal of >99% compared to JCSC-DW and JCSC-NaOH at pH 3 using 120mg/l of the coagulant agent. Among these three solvents, NaOH demonstrated the lowest performance in turbidity removal. The conventional extraction method of the active coagulant agent by blending the seeds in solvents for 2min alone sufficiently extracts most of the coagulant component from the Jatropha seed and provides up to 99.4% turbidity removal. Blending assisted by ultrasound demonstrated comparable turbidity removal in a shorter period of time and thus showed a potential to be used on a larger scale. Analysis was undertaken to determine the protein content as this is believed to be the coagulating agent. It was found that extraction of the coagulant agent using NaCl yielded more protein compared to when using water and NaOH.

Changes in extractability and antioxidant activity of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers by various high hydrostatic pressure treatments

This study investigated changes in the extraction characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) tubers (JA) using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment alone and in combination with enzymes and/or fermentation. HHP treatment of JA increased the soluble solid content and decreased the turbidity compared to the control group that received hot-water extraction. This indicates improved extractability of JA by HHP treatment alone or in combination. Combined HHP treatment with enzymes increased the contents of non-reducing sugars, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), and free amino acids in the extracts compared to those of control, thus activating browning reaction. Extraction of fermented JA by HHP treatment with or without enzyme showed increased polyphenol content as well as improved 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity compared to the control group. Taken together, HHP treatment of fermented JA with enzymes significantly improved the extractability of bioactive molecules such as phenolics and FOS compared to conventional water extraction or HHP treatment alone. Our results provide useful information for the improvement of raw material extraction by HHP treatment in combination.

Dynamics of water soluble phosphorus from surface applied broiler litter

Deionized water is routinely used as an extractant to determine soluble phosphorus (P) in broiler litter, but under N.E. Georgia conditions this technique may underestimate the hazard of P loss in runoff because the alkalinity of the broiler litter-water suspension limits the solubility of P compounds that may be solubilized after being spread on acidic field conditions. In this study under controlled conditions we measured soluble P in thatch and top soil after applying untreated broiler litter, residue of broiler litter after water extraction (WER), or residue of broiler litter after extraction with a 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer at pH 6 (BER). During the 60 d incubation, the WER released 18 % more Total Dissolved P (TDP) than was determined through a conventional water extraction procedure, whereas the BER released 28 % less TDP than the WER, which reflects the greater amount of TDP removed from the broiler litter by the buffer at pH 6.0. However, the total amount of TDP extracted by the MES buffer, which includes that removed at the initial extraction plus that released during the incubation, was 30 % greater than the total amount of TDP extracted with water from the untreated litter plus the TDP extracted with water from the WER during the incubation. This result suggests the need to fine-tune the solid: liquid ratio and shaking time when the MES buffer is used.

The Effect of Ultrasonificated Extracts of Spirulina maxima on the Anticancer Activity

The effect of ultrasonic extraction on extraction yields, cytotoxicity, and anticancer activity of Spirulina maxima was investigated in this study. Optimal extraction conditions were determined as 60kHz frequency at 60°C for 30min with 120W intensity, which resulted in 19.3% of extraction yields and 19.1% of cytotoxicity on normal human cells. Yields from conventional water and ethanol extraction were 15.8% at 100°C and 8.3% at 80°C, respectively. It was found that the extracts obtained by ultrasonic extraction process selectively inhibited the digestive-related cancer cell lines, such as human stomach cancer cells, having 89% of the highest inhibition ratio and 4.5 of the highest selectivity. In adding 0.5mg/mL of the extract, human promyelocytic leukemia cells' cell differentiation was increased 1.72 times over that of the control. Expression level of B cell lymphoma-2 from Hep3B cell was also effectively suppressed by the extract obtained at 60kHz and 60°C, leading to the inhibition of the early step of carcinogenesis. This work suggests that anticancer activity of the extracts is due to water-soluble polysaccharides rather than proteins and is further supported by the result that the ultrasonification extraction process can efficiently extract relatively intact polysaccharides rather than digesting the proteins in S. maxima by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and high performance size exclusion chromatography chromatogram analyses. Therefore, ultrasonic extraction increases both extraction yield and the biological activity of S. maxima extracts, which might be useful as an alternative natural anticancer agent in the medical and food industries.

Supercritical CO 2 extraction of glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana leaves: Identification and optimization

The aim of this work was to optimize the glycoside composition of Stevia rebaudiana leaves using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). A Box-Behnken statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of various values of pressure (150–350 bar), temperature (40–80 °C) and concentration of ethanol-water mixture (70:30) as co-solvent (0–20%) by CO 2 flow rate of 15 g min −1 for 60 min. The most effective variables were co-solvent concentration ( P < 0.005) and temperature ( P ≤ 0.005). Evaluative criteria for both dependent variables (stevioside and rebaudioside A yields) in the model was assigned maximum. Optimum extraction conditions were elicited as 211 bar, 80 °C and 17.4% which yielded 36.66 mg/g stevioside and 17.79 mg/g rebaudioside A. Total glycosides composition were close to those obtained using conventional water extraction (64.49 mg/g) and a little higher than ethanol extraction (48.60 mg/g) demonstrating challenges for industrial scale application of SFE.

High Resolution Pore Water δ2H and δ18O Measurements by H2O(liquid)−H2O(vapor) Equilibration Laser Spectroscopy

A new H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) pore water equilibration and laser spectroscopy method provides a fast way to obtain accurate high resolution deltaD and delta18O profiles from single core samples from saturated and unsaturated geologic media. The precision and accuracy of the H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) equilibration method was comparable to or better than conventional IRMS-based methods, and it can be conducted on geologic cores that contain volumetric water contents as low as 5%. Significant advantages of the H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) pore water equilibration method and laser isotopic analysis method include dual hydrogen- and oxygen-isotope assays on single small core samples, low consumable and instrumentation costs, and the potential for field-based hydrogeologic profiling. A single core is sufficient to obtain detailed vertical isotopic depth profiles in geologic, soil, and lacustrine pore water, dramatically reducing the cost of obtaining pore water by conventional wells or physical water extraction methods. In addition, other inherent problems like contamination of wells by leakage and drilling fluids can be eliminated.

Ultrasound-assisted analyte extraction for the determination of sulfate and elemental sulfur in zinc sulfide by different liquid chromatography techniques

The speciation and determination of sulfate (SO4(2-)) and elemental sulfur (S degree) in zinc sulfide (ZnS) using ion-chromatography (IC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) respectively is described. Three sample pretreatment approaches were employed with the aim of determining sulfate: (i) conventional water extraction of the analyte; (ii) solid-liquid aqueous extraction with an ultrasonic probe; and (iii) elimination of the zinc sulfide matrix via ion-exchange dissolution (IED). The separation of sulfate was carried out by an anion-exchange column (IonPac AS17), followed by suppressed conductivity detection. Elemental sulfur was extracted ultrasonically from the acid treated sample solution into chloroform and separated on a reversed phase HPLC column equipped with a diode array detector (DAD) at 264 nm. The achievable solid detection limits for sulfate and sulfur were 35 and 10 microg g(-1) respectively.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction enhances flavonoids in water-soluble propolis

Two propolis, obtained from Brazil and China, were ground and individually treated using supercritical carbon dioxide to enhance the extraction and water solubility of nine flavonoids. Co-solvent effects of ethanol and water were examined. Extractions were carried out semi-batchly at 5 mL/min CO2, at pressures ranging from 2000 to 5000 psig, at temperatures ranging from 35 to 65℃, and with propolis to co-solvent ratios of 1:2 and 1:5 (w/v). After supercritical extraction of 500 liters of CO2, the residual propolis in the extractor was further extracted by means of normal solvent extraction using 95% ethanol (ReE extract was obtained) and de-ionized water (ReW extract was obtained). Nine active propolis flavonoids in the extracts were analyzed to verify their inhibitory effects on leukemia cancer cells. Experimental results indicated that the dry SC-CO2 extract mainly contained low-polar wax-like materials. The crude yield of Brazilian propolis in the dry SC-CO2 extract reached around 10% at 45℃ and 4000 psig extraction. The amounts of the nine flavonoids in the Brazilian ReE and ReW extracts were 5% and 120%, higher than those obtained by means of conventional ethanol and water extraction, respectively. The Brazilian ReW extracts clearly contained a few water-soluble compounds and, especially, enhanced amounts of the nine flavonoids. All the extracts were tested for viability and cell proliferation of leukemia HL-60 and U937 cancer cells, and most exhibited a postivie inhibitory effect. The results also suggested that something other than the nine flavonoids in dry SC-CO2 extract was importantly involved in the inhibitory effect.