Conventional Treatment Techniques Research Articles

Revolutionizing cancer treatment: an in-depth exploration of CAR-T cell therapies.

Cancer is a leading cause of fatality worldwide. Due to the heterogeneity of cancer cells the effectiveness of various conventional cancer treatment techniques is constrained. Thus, researchers are diligently investigating therapeutic approaches like immunotherapy for effective tumor managements. Immunotherapy harnesses the inherent potential of patient's immune system to achieve desired outcomes. Within the realm of immunotherapy, CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T) cells, emerges as a revolutionary innovation for cancer therapy. The process of CAR-T cell therapy entails extracting the patient's T cells, altering them with customized receptors designed to specifically recognize and eradicate the tumor cells, and then reinfusing the altered cells into the patient's body. Although there has been significant progress with CAR-T cell therapy in certain cases of specific B-cell leukemia and lymphoma, its effectiveness is hindered in hematological and solid tumors due to the challenges such as severe toxicities, restricted tumor infiltration, cytokine release syndrome and antigen escape. Overcoming these obstacles requires innovative approaches to design more effective CAR-T cells, which require a competent and diverse team to develop and implement. This comprehensive review addresses numerous therapeutic issues and provides a strategic solution while providing a deep understanding of the structural intricacies and production processes of CAR-T cells. In addition, this review explores the practical aspects of CAR-T cell therapy in clinical settings.

Cost-Effective Synthesis of MXene Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) for Heavy Metal Removal.

Background Environmental contamination resulting from the release of untreated industrial wastewater has emerged as a critical worldwide issue. These effluents frequently have high levels of heavy metals and antibiotics, which are bad for aquatic ecosystems and human health. Oftentimes, conventional wastewater treatment techniques fall short of effectively eliminating these pollutants. Innovative materials that may efficiently absorb or break down contaminants from contaminated water sources are, therefore, desperately needed. Hydrothermally produced MXene cadmium sulfide (CdS) composites have shown great promise as an adsorbent material because of their special qualities, which include high surface area, chemical stability, and customizable surface functions that improve their adsorption capacity for heavy metals and antibiotics alike. Aim The aim of this study is to produce MXene-CdS nanoparticles in a cost-effective method for the simultaneous removal of heavy metals from aqueous contaminants for water pollution control. Methods and materials MXenes were synthesized by selectively etching Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase ceramics using aqueous HF. CdS nanoparticles were synthesized separately and integrated with MXenes via a hydrothermal process. The resulting MXene CdS nanocomposites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) for elemental composition, X-ray diffraction(XRD) study for phase identification, and removal of heavy metals viaMXene CdS. Results Consistent distribution of CdS nanoparticles on the MXene surface and the creation of MXene CdS nanomembranes with a well-defined shape were observed by SEM analysis. Ti, C, Cd, and S elements, indiciaries of a successful composite formation, were confirmed to be present by EDS. The crystalline structure of both the MXene and CdS phases was confirmed by the distinctive peaks seen in the XRD patterns. MXene-CdS composites facilitate the effective removal of chromium ions from contaminated water. The excellent hydrophilicity of the produced nanomembrane allowed for effective interaction with watery contaminants. Conclusion This study showcases the successful synthesis and characterization of MXene-CdS nanocomposites for environmental remediation, particularly in removing toxic metals like chromium from industrial effluents. SEM analysis confirmed the uniform distribution of CdS nanoparticles on the MXene surface, while elemental composition validated their integration. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline structures of both components. The nanocomposite exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, enhancing the efficient adsorption of heavy metals. Its large surface area and chemical stability contribute to high adsorption efficiency, making it ideal for wastewater treatment. The scalable synthesis process supports practical applications. This research highlights MXene-CdS nanocomposites as a cost-effective, sustainable solution for water pollution control.

Effects of muscle energy technique overhold relax on pain and range of motion in patients with post-surgical elbow stiffness

Background. An elbow joint that can move and is stable is important for work, play, and sports. Stiffness in the elbow after surgery is common and can make it difficult to perform daily activities. This is a significant problem for therapy. Therapeutic exercises, especially stretching exercises, are a crucial part of physiotherapy for alleviating elbow stiffness. Muscle Energy Technique (MET) is a manual therapy that uses mild isometric contractions to utilize the muscles’ energy to help with limited limb movement. On the other hand, Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is one of the best ways to improve motor performance and speed up recovery by increasing the range of motion and flexibility. The goal is to determine how MET over Hold‑Relax affects pain and range of motion when rehabilitating stiffness in the elbow after surgery. Methods. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 12 patients post-elbow fracture fixation. Group A was given MET, while Group B received the Hold-Relax Technique three times a week for three consecutive weeks after the immobilization period. As baseline treatment, both groups received active ROM exercises. Pain (Visual Analog Scale) and ROM (goniometer) were assessed pre- and post-3 weeks. Results. In the third week, the two treatment groups showed a statistically significant difference in all parametric values (P < 0.05). However, Group B Hold-Relax’s mean difference and paired and unpaired t-test values were greater compared to Group A MET at the end of the third week. Conclusion. This study concludes that implementing PNF stretch (Hold-Relax) in conjunction with conventional treatment techniques in post-surgical stiffness is beneficial in enhancing the subject’s quality of life by reducing pain and restoring ROM. Hence, PNF (Hold-Relax) can be the best treatment option in physiotherapy practice.

Biodegradation of the cyanobacterial toxin anatoxin-a by a Bacillus subtilis strain isolated from a eutrophic lake in Saudi Arabia.

Anatoxin-a (ATX-a) is a neurotoxin produced by some species of cyanobacteria. Due to its water solubility and stability in natural water, it could pose health risks to human, animals, and plants. Conventional water treatment techniques are not only insufficient for the removal of ATX-a, but they also result in cell lysis and toxin release. The elimination of this toxin through biodegradation may be a promising strategy. This study examines for the first time the biodegradation of ATX-a to a non-toxic metabolite (Epoxy-ATX-a) by a strain of Bacillus that has a history of dealing with toxic cyanobacteria in a eutrophic lake. The Bacillus strain AMRI-03 thrived without lag phase in a lake water containing ATX-a. The strain displayed fast degradation of ATX-a, depending on initial toxin concentration. At the highest initial concentrations (50 & 100µg L- 1), total ATX-a degradation took place in 4 days, but it took 6 & 7 days at lower concentrations (20, 10, and 1µg L- 1, respectively). The ATX-a biodegradation rate was also influenced by the initial toxin concentration, reaching its maximum value (12.5µg L- 1 day- 1) at the highest initial toxin concentrations (50 & 100µg L- 1). Temperature and pH also had an impact on the rate of ATX-a biodegradation, with the highest rates occurring at 25 and 30 ºC and pH 7 and 8. This nontoxic bacterial strain could be immobilized within a biofilm on sand filters and/or sludge for the degradation and removal of ATX-a and other cyanotoxins during water treatment processes, following the establishment of mesocosm experiments to assess the potential effects of this bacterium on water quality.

Emerging pollutants in waste water: Challenges and advancements in treatment technology

Abstract Microplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and other emerging contaminants in wastewater have all caused serious environmental and public health issues. The effectiveness of conventional wastewater treatment techniques to remove these pollutants, such as activated sludge, membrane bioreactors, and coagulation-flocculation, is often insufficient. The difficulties and improvements in treatment technology for eliminating developing contaminants from wastewater are examined in this thorough review study. The review gives a general overview of the most important subcategories of emerging pollutants, the shortcomings of traditional wastewater treatment techniques, and the developments in treatment technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption-based methods, and novel biological treatment approaches. The obstacles mentioned include the need for sustainable and energy-efficient solutions, regulatory and monitoring concerns, and technological and economic hurdles. A number of suggestions are made as a response to these difficulties, such as boosting oversight and regulating procedures, fostering cooperation and information sharing, encouraging industry participation, and supporting research and development. These suggestions may be put into practice in order to reduce the hazards posed by developing contaminants in wastewater and safeguard our water resources and the ecosystem over the long run. The article emphasizes the value of using a multidisciplinary and cooperative approach to solving the problems caused by new contaminants. In order to create original solutions, advance best practices, and build suitable regulatory frameworks, it underlines the necessity for ongoing research, policy development, and stakeholder collaboration. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to provide academics, decision-makers, industry stakeholders, and the general public with a useful resource in their quest to comprehend and resolve the complicated problem of developing contaminants in wastewater.

Artificial intelligence integration in conventional wastewater treatment techniques: techno-economic evaluation, recent progress and its future direction

Artificial intelligence integration in conventional wastewater treatment techniques: techno-economic evaluation, recent progress and its future direction

Exploring the potential of biofiltration for mitigating harmful gaseous emissions from small or old landfills: a review.

Landfills are widely employed as the primary means of solid waste disposal. However, this practice generates landfill gas (LFG) which contains methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, as well as various volatile organic compounds and volatile inorganic compounds. These emissions from landfills contribute to approximately 25% of the total atmospheric CH4, indicating the imperative need to valorize or treat LFG prior to its release into the atmosphere. This review first aims to outline landfills, waste disposal and valorization, conventional gas treatment techniques commonly employed for LFG treatment, such as flares and thermal oxidation. Furthermore, it explores biotechnological approaches as more technically and economically feasible alternatives for mitigating LFG emissions, especially in the case of small and aged landfills where CH4 concentrations are often below 3% v/v. Finally, this review highlights biofilters as the most suitable biotechnological solution for LFG treatment and discusses several advantages and challenges associated with their implementation in the landfill environment.

Multicomponent Synergistic Antibacterial Hydrogel Based on Gelatin-Oxidized Carboxymethyl Cellulose for Wound Healing of Drug-Resistant Chronic Infection.

Bacterial invasion hinders the healing process of wound, leading to the formation of chronic infected wound; meanwhile, the misuse of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of numerous drug-resistant bacteria. The application of conventional antimicrobial methods and wound treatment techniques is not appropriate for wound dressings. In this paper, quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) (QPVA) and pomegranate-like copper uniformly doped polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA@Cu) were introduced into a gelatin-oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose system to form a multicomponent synergistic antibacterial hydrogel (GOQ3P3). Polydopamine improves the biocompatibility and prevents the detachment of Cu nanoparticles. It can achieve synergistic antibacterial effects through quaternary ammonium salt-inorganic nanoparticle photothermal treatment under 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. It exhibits highly efficient and rapid bactericidal properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) with an antibacterial rate close to 100%. The gel scaffold composed of macromolecules gives the hydrogel excellent mechanical properties, adhesive capabilities, self-healing characteristics, biocompatibility, and pH degradation and promotes cell adhesion and migration. In a full-thickness wound healing model infected with MRSA, GOQ3P3 controls inflammatory responses, accelerates collagen deposition, promotes angiogenesis, and enhances wound closure in the wound healing cascade reaction. This study provides a feasible strategy for constructing dressings targeting chronic infection wounds caused by drug-resistant bacteria.

A comparative analysis of 3D bioprinted gelatin-hyaluronic acid-alginate scaffold and microfracture for the management of osteochondral defects in the rabbit knee joint.

This study aims to compare the radiological, biomechanical, and histopathological results of microfracture treatment and osteochondral damage repair treatment with a new scaffold product produced by the three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting method containing gelatin-hyaluronic acid-alginate in rabbits with osteochondral damage. A new 3D bioprinted scaffold consisting of gelatin, hyaluronic acid, and alginate designed by us was implanted into the osteochondral defect created in the femoral trochlea of 10 rabbits. By randomization, it was determined which side of 10 rabbits would be repaired with a 3D bioprinted scaffold, and microfracture treatment was applied to the other knees of the rabbits. After six months of follow-up, the rabbits were sacrificed. The results of both treatment groups were compared radiologically, biomechanically, and histopathologically. None of the rabbits experienced any complications. The magnetic resonance imaging evaluation showed that all osteochondral defect areas were integrated with healthy cartilage in both groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in the biomechanical load test (p=0.579). No statistically significant difference was detected in the histological examination using the modified Wakitani scores (p=0.731). Our study results showed that 3D bioprinted scaffolds exhibited comparable radiological, biomechanical, and histological properties to the conventional microfracture technique for osteochondral defect treatment.

Pharmaceuticals in the Water: Emerging Concerns and Innovative Remediation Solutions

Abstract: Pharmaceutical contamination, resulting from the discharge of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other related compounds into the water, has become a growing concern due to its potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. This review article aims to examine the many facets of pharmaceutical contamination and highlight the most recent developments in its remediation. The effects of pharmaceuticals, sources, and pathways of pharmaceutical contamination, as well as the difficulties in detecting and evaluating its toxicities, have been included in the present manuscript. Nowadays various remediation strategies are employed to mitigate pharmaceutical contamination in water. Conventional wastewater treatment techniques, including activated sludge processes and membrane filtration, are effective in removing a portion of the pharmaceutical compounds. However, advanced oxidation processes such as ozonation and photocatalysis have shown promising results in enhancing the degradation of recalcitrant APIs. Nanotechnology-based approaches, such as the use of nanoparticles for adsorption and degradation, and bioremediation methods utilizing microbial degradation, enzymatic processes, and phytoremediation, offer potential future directions for efficient and sustainable remediation. This review describes the most recent developments, current status, and potential research directions with the future prospects of pharmaceutical pollutants.

A Review on Various Bio-Resources as a Tool to Reduce Water Pollution Via Eco-Friendly Adsorption Technology

Pollution of water bodies is a raising concern in today’s world. Water pollution occurs when harmful compounds enter water bodies and lowers the water quality. It is necessary to treat wastewater before its final disposal into aquatic bodies and environment. Among all the conventional water treatment techniques, adsorption technology attracted much attention owing to its simplicity and eco-friendly nature. Several studies were reported with the application of different kinds of adsorbents in the treatment of both organic and inorganic pollutants in wastewater. However, demand for the development of more suitable adsorbent with selective pollutant removal capacity and good economic feasibility is still rising. Therefore, this review aims to provide a detailed review about the adsorption technology and its mechanisms in pollutant removal process. The adsorption ability of certain important adsorbents were discussed along with future perspectives. Effective, economical, and environmentally friendly wastewater management should be the ultimate objective of any wastewater treatment process. Keeping that in view, this review article highlighted the importance of wastewater management and treatment via adsorption technology.

Conventional and Advanced Wastewater Treatment Techniques; Development of Sustainable Environment and Production of Biofertilizers

Conventional and Advanced Wastewater Treatment Techniques; Development of Sustainable Environment and Production of Biofertilizers

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as a Modulator of Autonomic Functions: A Narrative Review

Introduction: The transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been explored for its benefits in a variety of conditions, and has been reported to have significant impact on the autonomic functions such as heart rate, heart rate variability, sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow via the neural modulation. Aim: To study the potential effects tDCS on the autonomic functions. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted on healthy young adults with age ranging from 18 to 35 years. For the studies to be segregated, a plethora of studies were looked up the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, Ovid and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). As a result of search, 1007 studies were found out of which 22 experimental studies were found to justify the aim chosen for current study and hence were scrutinised for yielding the result. Results: The scrutiny of the included literature resulted in yielding the nuances that stimulation by tDCS has improved the parameters determined by autonomic nervous system. A total of nine out of 22 studies talked about the cathode placed extra-cephalous, having no statistically appreciable results however, rest 13 studies had the anode and cathode both placed cephalic and had significant impact on heart rate variability, baro-reception and sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow. Though on comparison of the type of tDCS stimulation, stimulation via anode had much pronounced beneficial changes than cathode or sham stimulation. Conclusion: The tDCS is a novel technique that impact-fully deals with impairment in autonomic functions incorporation with the conventional treatment techniques, tDCS can be adjunctively used to deal with autonomic impairments and help achieve better quality at life.

Magnetic recoverable Ag3PO4/Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 nanocomposite

The use of nanomaterials in water treatment is an alternative for the development of new systems to optimize the purification process. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is used for the treatment of wastewaters contaminated with recalcitrant pollutants that cannot be removed with conventional wastewater treatment techniques. Silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) can be used in visible-light driven photocatalysis. An important challenge of heterogeneous photocatalysis is to find a proper support for the photocatalysts to reduce the expense associated with the separation and reuse of these materials. However, the immobilization of the catalyst leads to lower reaction rates because the exposed surface area decreases and the material used as support can also interfere. In the last years, the use of magnetic materials to support photocatalysts has attracted special attention because it allows high surface areas to be exposed. Only few authors have reported the use of Ag3PO4/magnetic nanocomposites for photocatalysis and these need to be continued to improve their efficiency. In this work we synthesized Ag3PO4 and supported it on ferromagnetite (Fe3O4). In this study, Fe3O4 was synthesis following the Massart’s method. Ag3PO4 was synthesised over Fe3O4 from the reaction between silver nitrate (AgNO3) and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4). For characterization, DRS, SEM, XRD and magnetization studies were carried out. Ag3PO4 was synthesised and satisfactorily supported over magnetite (Fe3O423). The photodegradation of 10 mg·L−1 of methylene blue was achieved, although the apparent reaction rate constant was slightly lower for the magnetic composite than for bare Ag3PO4. This is explained because the composite contained 48% of the active Ag3PO4 material, as depicted form XRD studies.

Opportunities in Cancer Therapies: Deciphering the Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Tumour Repopulation.

Tumour repopulation during treatment is a well acknowledged yet still challenging aspect of cancer management. The latest research results show clear evidence towards the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are responsible for tumour repopulation, dissemination, and distant metastases in most solid cancers. Cancer stem cell quiescence and the loss of asymmetrical division are two powerful mechanisms behind repopulation. Another important aspect in the context of cancer stem cells is cell plasticity, which was shown to be triggered during fractionated radiotherapy, leading to cell dedifferentiation and thus reactivation of stem-like properties. Repopulation during treatment is not limited to radiotherapy, as there is clinical proof for repopulation mechanisms to be activated through other conventional treatment techniques, such as chemotherapy. The dynamic nature of stem-like cancer cells often elicits resistance to treatment by escaping drug-induced cell death. The aims of this scoping review are (1) to describe the main mechanisms used by cancer stem cells to initiate tumour repopulation during therapy; (2) to present clinical evidence for tumour repopulation during radio- and chemotherapy; (3) to illustrate current trends in the identification of CSCs using specific imaging techniques; and (4) to highlight novel technologies that show potential in the eradication of CSCs.

Phase stability of uranium monocarbide under laser irradiation in argon and methane environments

Laser irradiation is becoming a technique of choice to study materials behavior under extreme conditions due to its ability of achieving very high temperatures within minute times. Recent studies have indicated that laser irradiation can be used to synthesize inorganic compounds from various organic compounds that usually decompose or oxidize if conventional heat treatment techniques are used. It was also shown that metallic uranium can be synthesized if uranium mononitride is laser irradiated under inert environments. This current study focused on the high temperature (in the order of 2500 K) behavior of laser-irradiated uranium monocarbide (UC) using a 1070 nm laser with a nominal spot size of 37 µm and 50–250 W power and density of 139 – 694 Wcm−2 under argon (Ar(g)) and methane (CH4(g)) environments. Laser irradiation of UC at 50 W did not show significant UC decomposition under Ar(g) where no change in the concentration of UO2 or formation of oxygen-dissolved carbide phases were observed. However, the presence of secondary oxygen-dissolved phases such as UC1-xOx, assuming stoichiometric compositions, and UC2-yOy in UC samples laser irradiated under a similar environment at 50–250 W suggested a slight evolution of carbon from UC in the presence of impurity oxygen. Up to 70 wt.% dicarbide (α-UC2) phase formed when UC was laser irradiated up to 50 W under CH4(g). These observations suggest high thermal stability of UC at macroscale under inert atmosphere in the absence of oxygen impurities and a high reactivity of UC with carbon-rich environment up to 50 W laser irradiation. Crystallographic properties such as lattice strain and crystallite sizes of these different phases showed complicated variation without significant correlation to the laser irradiation conditions, and these observations are also discussed here.

Using the Fenton reactions to eliminate Total Organic Carbon (TOC) from industrial effluents

Industrial effluents are produced in large quantities in underdeveloped nations, where they cannot be handled using conventional treatment techniques. In this study, hydroxyl radicals (HO•) were successfully generated for the treatment of industrial wastewater represented in TOC removals by combining aferrouscatalystwithhydrogenperoxidein the Fenton reaction. The effects of operating conditions of pH, ferrous dose, H2O2 dose, time, and initial TOC concentration were studied for the Fenton process and different operating parameters were studied for the coagulation process to optimize and control the removal efficiency. The results showed that Fenton oxidation processes are able to reduce about 86 % for initial TOC level of 2000 and 95 % for initial TOC level of 400 after using 0.15 g/L ferrous dose, 10 mL/L of 30 % H2O2 for 30 min at acidic pH 4. Finally, this study recommends removing organic materials from industrial effluent using the Fenton oxidation method.

A Novel Endovascular Double-Disc Implant for Sealing Intimal Tears in Aortic Dissection

Postdissection thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm incidence after thoracic endovascular aortic repair for type B aortic dissection is high, with residual distal tears being a major reason for persistent blood flow in the false lumen. The EndoPatch is an endovascular double-disc implant for sealing re-entry tears in aortic dissection, isolating blood flow in the false lumen and promoting thrombosis formation. Compared with conventional endovascular treatment techniques, this endovascular double-disc implant’s small size and minimal working space requirements may reduce the risk of spinal ischemia and offer flexible vascular access. Although several barriers still impede this endovascular device’s broad application, its innovative design, flexible vascular access, and streamlined surgical process make it a promising alternative for managing intimal tears in aortic dissection, either alone or as a supplementary method combined with conventional endovascular techniques. (Guo’s Entry Tear Repair: The First in Man Study of Endopatch System; NCT04745039)

Novel strategy for treating high salinity oilfield produced water: Pyrite-activated peroxymonosulfate coupled with heterotrophic ammonia assimilation

Existing conventional biological treatment techniques face numerous limitations in effectively removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and ammonia (NH4+-N) from oilfield-produced water (OPW), highlighting the pressing need for innovative pre-oxidation and biological treatment processes. In this study, a pyrite-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-coupled heterotrophic ammonia assimilation (HAA) system was established to achieve satisfactory system performance for OPW treatment. Pyrite sustained-release Fe2+-activated PMS was used to produce SO4•− and •OH, and 71.0 % of TPHs were effectively removed from the oil wastewater. The average TPHs and NH4+-N removal efficiencies in the test group with pre-oxidation were 96.9 and 98.3 %, compared to 46.5 and 77.1 % in the control group, respectively. The maximum fluorescence intensities of tryptophan protein and aromatic protein in the test group declined by 83.7 %. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed that pre-oxidation degraded more long-chain hydrocarbons and aromatic family compound, whereas the HAA process produced more proteins and carbohydrates. Pyrite-PMS promoted the enrichment of ammonia-assimilating bacteria, alleviating the explosive increase in extracellular polymeric substances and reducing sludge settleability. The low cost, efficiency, green chemistry principles, and synergies of this approach make it a powerful solution for practical OPW treatment to reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainable wastewater treatment.

Recent Advancements in the Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater

The treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) is of great interest in industrial wastewater management. This wastewater contains a diverse concentration of contaminants such as oil and grease, petroleum hydrocarbons, phenols, ammonia, and sulfides, as well as other organic and inorganic composites. Refinery wastewater treatment has been attempted through various processes, including physical, biological, chemical, and hybrid methods, which combine two or more techniques. This review aims to summarize current research studies involved in the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater using conventional, advanced, and integrated treatment techniques. Furthermore, it critically highlights the efficiencies and major limitations of each technique and the prospects for improvements. Several conventional treatment techniques (basically, the physicochemical and biological processes) are discussed. In this context, advanced oxidation processes (AoPs), especially electrochemical oxidation and photocatalysis, as well as integrated/hybrid processes are found to be effective in removing the recalcitrant fraction of organic pollutants through their various inherent mechanisms. These techniques could effectively remove COD and phenol concentrations with an average removal efficiency exceeding 90%. Hence, the review also presents an elaborate discussion of the photocatalytic process as one of the advanced techniques and highlights some basic concepts to optimize the degradation efficiency of photocatalysts. Finally, a brief recommendation for research prospects is also presented.