Conventional Scenario Research Articles

Influence of conservation agriculture-based production systems on bacterial diversity and soil quality in rice-wheat-greengram cropping system in eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.

Conservation agriculture (CA) is gaining attention in the South Asia as an environmentally benign and sustainable food production system. The knowledge of the soil bacterial community composition along with other soil properties is essential for evaluating the CA-based management practices for achieving the soil environment sustainability and climate resilience in the rice-wheat-greengram system. The long-term effects of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment (TCE) methods on earthworm population, soil parameters as well as microbial diversity have not been well studied. Seven treatments (or scenarios) were laid down with the various tillage (wet, dry, or zero-tillage), establishment method (direct-or drill-seeding or transplantation) and residue management practices (mixed with the soil or kept on the soil surface). The soil samples were collected after 7 years of experimentation and analyzed for the soil quality and bacterial diversity to examine the effect of tillage-cum-crop establishment methods. Earthworm population (3.6 times), soil organic carbon (11.94%), macro (NPK) (14.50-23.57%) and micronutrients (Mn, and Cu) (13.25 and 29.57%) contents were appreciably higher under CA-based TCE methods than tillage-intensive farming practices. Significantly higher number of OTUs (1,192 ± 50) and Chao1 (1415.65 ± 14.34) values were observed in partial CA-based production system (p ≤ 0.05). Forty-two (42) bacterial phyla were identified across the scenarios, and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most dominant in all the scenarios. The CA-based scenarios harbor a high abundance of Proteobacteria (2-13%), whereas the conventional tillage-based scenarios were dominated by the bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi and found statistically differed among the scenarios (p ≤ 0.05). Composition of the major phyla, i.e., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were associated differently with either CA or farmers-based tillage management practices. Overall, the present study indicates the importance of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment methods in shaping the bacterial diversity, earthworms population, soil organic carbon, and plant nutrient availability, which are crucial for sustainable agricultural production and resilience in agro-ecosystem.

Biochar from animal manure: A critical assessment on technical feasibility, economic viability, and ecological impact

AbstractAnimal manure has been used to manage soil fertility since the dawn of agriculture. It provides plant nutrients and improves soil fertility. In the last decades, animal husbandry has been significantly expanded globally. Its economics were optimized via the (international) trade of feed, resulting in a surplus of animal manure in areas with intensive livestock farming. Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), pathogenic microorganisms, antibiotic residues, biocides, and other micropollutants in manure threaten animal, human, and environmental health. Hence, manure application in crop fields is increasingly restricted, especially in hotspot regions with intensive livestock activities. Furthermore, ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during manure storage, field application, and decomposition contribute to air pollution and climate change. Conventional manure management scenarios such as composting and anaerobic digestion partially improve the system but cannot guarantee to eliminate sanitary and contamination risks and only marginally reducing its climate burden. Hence, this review discusses the potential of pyrolysis, the thermochemical conversion under oxygen‐limited conditions as an alternative treatment for animal manure providing energy and biochar. Manure pyrolysis reduces the bioavailability of PTEs, eliminates pathogenic microorganisms and organic micropollutants, and reduces GHG emissions. Pyrolysis also results in the loss of nitrogen, which can be minimized by pretreatment, that is, after removing soluble nitrogen fraction of manure, for example, by digestion and stripping of ammonia–nitrogen or liquid–solid separation. However, conclusions on the effect of manure pyrolysis on crop yield and fertilization efficiencies are hampered by a lack of nutrient mass balances based on livestock unit equivalent comparisons of manure and manure biochar applications. Hence, it is essential to design and conduct experiments in more practically relevant scenarios and depict the observations based on the amount of manure used to produce a certain amount of biochar.

Transforming Experimental Teaching of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer Courses Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

The academic situation due to the COVID-19 lockdown forced teachers to transform conventional lessons to a fully online mode. The experimental component of chemical engineering degrees is an essential part of the courses, wherein the students usually attend a pilot plant and develop practical skills in a hands-on way. The present study shows the different methodologies developed and implemented during three academic years in the experimental component of two courses: fluid mechanics and heat transfer. Therefore, the year 2018–2019 represents a conventional scenario, in which the lessons and evaluation were conducted in a traditional mode (face-to-face). Later, the cessation of on-site teaching in the middle of the year 2019–2020 compelled the teaching staff to adapt methodologies to a distance mode. This transformation was based on the creation of new learning material: explanatory videos, online seminars, solved exercises and online tests. Finally, the end of the lockdown in the year 2020–2021 allowed the return to a mixed mode (face-to-face lessons in addition to online lessons), which enabled the redesign of the experimental part of the courses. After the end of the courses, the usefulness of the implemented methodologies was evaluated by means of collecting academic marks and student surveys. The results show that, in general, the yields were similar during the three years studied, except in the lockdown period of the fluid mechanics course in which it was slightly higher than the others. With regard to the opinion of the students, their feedback about the transformations made was generally positive.

P-252 A roadmap to normal human embryo development – a timelapse study of embryos resulting in the live birth

Abstract Study question What are the morphokinetic parameters of preimplantation development in normal human embryos? Summary answer We provide a timeline of early developmental events and the incidence of embryo morphological features compatible with childbirth. What is known already Timelapse embryo monitoring provides unique insight into early human development. Implementation of this technique in clinical practice allows for assessing developmental dynamics for improved embryo selection. Several markers and ranking algorithms have been proposed to predict blastulation or implantation outcomes, but only a few studies assessed time-lapse data with live birth as the primary endpoint. Therefore, the comprehensive morphokinetic profile of embryos that gave rise to live birth has not been defined. Study design, size, duration Retrospective observational analysis of 300 time-lapse records of IVF embryos known to develop into healthy newborns. Out of total 73 quantitative/qualitative signs annotated, we focused on 9 developmental events and 14 morphological features and evaluated their timing, duration, and incidence. The influence of potential confounding factors (i.e., egg age, donor egg, donor sperm, sperm quality, and sex of the child) was evaluated by advanced statistical methods. Participants/materials, setting, methods Embryo monitoring was performed by a GERI-timelapse incubator. Image acquisition of individual embryo development lasted 5-6 days, starting 10 minutes after ICSI, which was used as reference time point. Transmitted light images were automatically captured in 5-minute intervals and 7-11 focal planes. The embryo selection for transfer was based solely on its morphology. The annotation data represent the consensus of minimum 3 experienced embryologists. Generalized linear models were used to explore relationships between dataset variables. Main results and the role of chance The average age of female participants was 27.5 years; 71.67% of embryos were derived from young donor eggs without fertility disorders. The severe andrological factor was present in 8% of male patients; donor sperm was used in 23% of cases; 16% of embryos were derived from dysmorphic oocytes. Both sexes were equally represented among analyzed embryos. Our analysis showed that early development was characterized by remarkably short first mitosis (2.68 ± 0.73h) and the interval between the second and third division (t4-t3 = 0.65 ± 0.66h), whereas the third cleavage was less synchronous (t8-t5 = 5.46 ± 4.9h) No association between quantitative signs and confounding factors was found. Interestingly, 2-cell stage embryos often contained multiple nuclei in at least one blastomere (51%), but multinucleation was reduced at the 4-cell stage (8%). Multipolar divisions were absent during zygotic division and rare (2.3%) during the second cleavage. Preterm and partial compaction was observed in 26.6% and 34% of embryos, respectively. Importantly, we noticed that 11.6% of embryos in our dataset deviated from conventional scenario of cleavage dynamics. These “atypical” embryos were characterized by a significantly higher incidence of multipolar divisions during the second cleavage compared to “typical,” regularly dividing embryos. Additionally, the odds of partial compaction increase 10 times in “atypical” embryos. Limitations, reasons for caution The presented analysis only involved embryos confirmed to result in a live birth after transfer. The comparison with data from embryos that did not produce pregnancy was not performed because it would be impossible to discriminate between the role of the embryo and endometrial factors in implantation failure. Wider implications of the findings Human embryos may develop into healthy children despite irregular cell division. A high incidence of partial compaction in “atypical” embryos suggests a self-correction mechanism rescuing their developmental potential. A larger-scale analysis of features compatible with live birth is needed to improve embryo selection criteria for evidence-based decision-making. Trial registration number not applicable

Rashba-like spin splitting around non-time-reversal-invariant momenta

The ubiquitous Rashba spin splitting occurring around time-reversal-invariant momenta (TRIM) reflects the fundamental interplay between spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and crystalline symmetry. Unexpectedly, recent measurements reveal novel Rashba spin splitting around the momenta lacking time-reversal symmetry (non-TRIM), whose mechanism remains elusive. Here, we theoretically elucidate the microscopic origin of Rashba spin splitting around non-TRIM and identify the design principles for its appearance. Conventionally, a Zeeman-like spin splitting dominates around non-TRIM due to the broken time-reversal symmetry and diminishes the Rashba-like features. Our results show that the Bloch wave function with specific orbital representation at certain non-TRIM could eliminate the first-order SOC effect. As a result, the corresponding little group hosts a type of quasisymmetry that commutes with the dominating SOC Hamiltonian, leading to a tiny SOC gap and helical spin texture. Furthermore, such a quasi-symmetry-induced tiny gap could manifest large Berry curvature, which is desirable for various topological applications. Our work expands the concept of Rashba physics beyond the conventional TRIM scenario, paving an avenue for designing novel spin-splitting materials through the cooperation of symmetry and orbital engineering.

A Review of Practical Applications of Fluid Flow and Associated Heat Transfer Modeling in Wellbores

Investigations on two-phase gas/liquid flow in pipes have been under study for nearly six decades. These studies have significantly assisted in managing fluid flow in the wellbore and surface networks, leading to the separation of phases and transmission of oil and gas into the market. This study summarizes some of the main lessons learned in flow through wellbores. Besides understanding some of the fundamental principles, we focused on the practical items of interest: Conventional production scenarios for oil and gas wells; Liquid loading in gas wells; Production in geothermal wells; Heat flow from fluid flow; Transient non-isothermal wellbore modeling; Well blowout in drilling operation; Estimating static geothermal and flowing-temperature gradients in gas wells; Heat mining with fluid circulation in wellbores. Given the diversity of the methods mentioned above, understanding flows in the wellbore and the reservoir becomes equally important. One critical item is the fluid temperature measurement associated with the fluid flow that enables validation of the fluid flow rate, besides revealing information about the reservoir characteristics.

A multi-method study of the emotional mechanism linking seaside destination attributes and tourists’ revisit intention

ABSTRACT The advent of the post-pandemic era has increased the emotional rewards destinations need to provide. However, the psychological process of generating tourists’ revisit intention remains unclear in research on destination attributes and revisit intention. Existing research has many drawbacks, suggesting important research gaps, including using generalized mediating variables, focusing on conventional tourism scenarios, and overreliance on regression-based techniques. This study fills the gaps using multiple methods (qualitative and quantitative methods and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis) to examine the linkage between seaside destination attributes and tourists’ revisit intentions using Sanya, China, as a case study. The innovations of this study include the detailed emotional path of tourists’ revisit intention, the use of multiple methods, and the identification of the critical emotional variable. Managerial implications about marketing and service entry point are also provided.

Orbital Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in an Ising superconductor.

In superconductors possessing both time and inversion symmetries, the Zeeman effect of an external magnetic field can break the time-reversal symmetry, forming a conventional Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state characterized by Cooper pairings with finite momentum1,2. In superconductors lacking (local)inversion symmetry, the Zeeman effect may still act as the underlying mechanism of FFLO states by interacting with spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Specifically, the interplay between the Zeeman effect and Rashba SOC can lead to the formation of more accessible Rashba FFLO states that cover broader regions in the phase diagram3-5. However, when the Zeeman effect is suppressed because of spin locking in the presence of Ising-type SOC, the conventional FFLO scenarios are no longer effective. Instead, an unconventional FFLO state is formed by coupling the orbital effect of magnetic fields with SOC, providing an alternative mechanism in superconductors with broken inversion symmetries6-8. Here we report the discovery of such an orbital FFLO state in the multilayer Ising superconductor 2H-NbSe2. Transport measurements show that the translational and rotational symmetries are broken in the orbital FFLO state, providing the hallmark signatures of finite-momentum Cooper pairings. We establish the entire orbital FFLO phase diagram, consisting of a normal metal, a uniform Ising superconducting phase and a six-fold orbital FFLO state. This study highlights an alternative route to achieving finite-momentum superconductivity and provides a universal mechanism to preparing orbital FFLO states in similar materials with broken inversion symmetries.

Conservation agriculture reduces climate change impact of a popcorn and wheat crop rotation.

Urgent action is needed to ensure humanity's future under climate change. Agriculture faces major challenges as it is both influenced by and contributes to climate change. Conservation agriculture sequesters carbon (C) in the soil due to practices such as reduced tillage and planting of cover crops. This study assessed effects of an innovative conservation agriculture popcorn (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop rotation in south-western France on soil C sequestration, GHG emissions and several environmental impacts. Two complementary approaches were used: i) a comparison based on field data and expert judgement to assess short-term effects and ii) modelling of three scenarios to quantify long-term outcomes. In both approaches Life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to compare popcorn and wheat rotations. The conventional rotation used ploughing, and its soil was bare between wheat harvest and popcorn sowing. Conservation agriculture used reduced tillage, cover crops, and compost of green waste. Impacts of compost production were allocated mainly to its waste treatment function, based on waste treatment cost and compost price. Simulation modelling of soil C was used to estimate the amount of C sequestered by the conservation and conventional crop rotations. LCA was combined with soil C modelling over 100 years to assess the long-term climate change impact of three scenarios for the popcorn and wheat rotation. These scenarios were 1) Conventional agriculture, 2) Conservation agriculture with cover crops only, 3) Conservation agriculture with cover crops + compost. Mean annual C sequestration and net climate change impact were -0.24 t/ha and 3867 kg CO2-eq./ha, respectively, for the conventional rotation and 0.91 t/ha and 434 kg CO2-eq./ha, respectively, for the conservation rotation. The climate change impact of the conservation rotation depended strongly on the allocation of composting impacts between the waste treatment and compost production functions. Compared to the conventional rotation, the conservation rotation had a lower marine eutrophication impact (-7%) but higher impacts for terrestrial acidification (+9%), land competition (+3%), and cumulative energy demand (+2%). Modelling over 100 years revealed that, at near soil C equilibrium, a conventional scenario lost 9% of soil C, whereas conservation agriculture scenarios gained 14% (only cover crop) and 26% of soil C (cover crop + compost). Conservation agriculture resulted in soil C sequestration over several decades, until a new soil C equilibrium was reached.

Costs of Gasification Technologies for Energy and Fuel Production: Overview, Analysis, and Numerical Estimation

During recent years, gasification technology has gained a high potential and attractiveness to convert biomass and other solid wastes into a valuable syngas for energy production or synthesis of new biofuels. The implementation of real gasification facilities implies a good insight of all expenses that are involved, namely investments required in equipment during the project and construction phases (capital expenditures, CapEx) and costs linked to the operation of the plant, or periodic maintenance interventions (operational expenditures, OpEx) or costs related to operations required for an efficient and sustainable performance of a gasification plant (e.g., feedstock pre-treatment and management of by-products). Knowledge of these economic parameters and their corresponding trends over time may help decision-makers to make adequate choices regarding the eligible technologies and to perform comparisons with other conventional scenarios. The present work aims to provide an overview on CapEx associated with gasification technologies devoted to convert biomass or solid waste sources, with a view of reducing the carbon footprint during energy generation or production of new energy carriers. In addition, an analysis of technology cost trends over time using regression methods is also presented, as well as an evaluation of specific capital investments according to the amount of output products generated for different gasification facilities. The novelty of this work is focused on an analysis of CapEx of existing gasification technologies to obtain distinct products (energy and fuels), and to determine mathematical correlations relating technology costs with time and product output. For these purposes, a survey of data and categorization of gasification plants based on the final products was made, and mathematical regression methods were used to obtain the correlations, with a statistical analysis (coefficient of determination) for validation. Specific investments on liquid biofuel production plants exhibited the highest decreasing trend over time, while electricity production became the least attractive solution. Linear correlations of specific investment versus time fitted better for electricity production plants (R2 = 0.67), while those relating the product output were better for liquid biofuel plants through exponential regressions (R2 = 0.65).

Integration of ecosystem services and life cycle assessment allows improved accounting of sustainability benefits of nature-based solutions for brownfield redevelopment

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative to conventional remediation for brownfield redevelopment. One of the key advantages of NbS is that they provide ecosystem services (ES) during and after remediation. However, traditional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) does not fully account for the advantages of ES. To address this limitation, we propose a holistic sustainability assessment framework that integrates ES valuation and LCA for brownfield redevelopment planning. The framework is designed to support decision-making by providing a comprehensive environmental analysis of the impacts of different remediation scenarios. The proposed framework is applied to the London Olympic Park mega remediation project as a case study. Three considered scenarios are a business-as-usual scenario, a conventional remediation scenario, and an NbS scenario. The primary and secondary impacts of each scenario, the temporal efficacy of remediation, and the impact on ES are evaluated using the framework. The results suggest that the NbS scenario provides the best trade-off between mitigating contamination risks and economic costs within a reasonable timeframe due to the added benefits of ecosystem services. Overall, the proposed framework provides a comprehensive approach that considers the multiple aspects of environmental sustainability.

Assessing the environmental impacts of product service systems in the digital-devices market: An application of attributional and consequential life cycle assessment

Product Service Systems (PSS) have received increasing attention as a means for realizing a circular economy. Although PSS are expected to help mitigate the causes of climate change and slow the consumption of scarce natural resources, there is a risk of unintended consequences, resulting in a net increase in environmental impact. Despite this possibility, no effective evaluation method for PSS has been devised. In this study, consequential and attributional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approaches, combined with a consumer survey, were conducted to quantify the environmental consequences of PSS using a case study of digital camera rental services in Japan. Attributional LCA showed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the rental scenario would actually increase relative to the emissions in the conventional purchase-only scenario, from 5.22 kg-CO2 eq. to 18.8 kg-CO2 eq. per individual's use of a digital camera for one year in the case of Digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR) due to package production and delivery transportation. At the same time, rental services showed the possibility of reducing abiotic depletion potential (ADP) compared to conventional purchase, from 0.667 g Sb-eq. to 0.622 g Sb-eq. in the case of DSLR. The survey revealed four consumer segments emerging after the introduction of PSS: camera owners, hybrid users, shifting rental users, and new rental users, each with different environmental implications. Through consequential LCA, the environmental impacts on a countrywide scale were estimated. For example, GHG emissions were projected to increase by approximately 150 %, mainly caused by delivery processes following the broad acceptance of the camera rental services, whereas ADP increased only slightly due to the comparatively small number of devices needed by these services. The approach used in this study, combining consequential LCA with a consumer survey, points to the need for a better service design that addresses the potential of unintended consequences caused by the introduction of PSS well in advance of any large-scale implementation.

Environmental consequences of pig production scenarios using biomass from rotational grass-clover leys as feed

Production of pork based on monoculture cereal-based cropping systems causes substantial environmental pressures and feed-food competition. This study evaluated the environmental consequences of five different scenarios involving inclusion of rotational grass-clover leys and incorporation of grass-clover biomass in pig diets: (1) a conventional reference scenario without grass-clover biomass; (2) a conventional scenario with replacement of feed with grass-clover silage in a total mixed ration, i.e., with grass-clover biomass replacing other feed; (3) an organic scenario using grass-clover silage for enrichment purposes only; (4) an organic scenario using grass-clover silage for enrichment purposes and additional grass-clover leys for green manuring; and (5) an organic scenario using grass-clover silage and pasture to replace feed. The functional unit was 1 kg of pork slaughter weight and the system boundary was from cradle to farm gate. We used life cycle assessment, the introductory carbon balance method and human edible feed conversion efficiency to assess the performance of the pig production system. Introducing grass-clover biomass as a total mixed ration in conventional pig diets, reduced the climate impact (-17%), eutrophication (-7.1%), marine eutrophication (-15%), energy use (-13%), and feed-food competition (-20%) per kg of pork meat, while acidification (+2.7%) and land use (+1.5%) were slightly increased compared with the reference. The lower climate impact (without considering soil carbon change) was attributable to reduced fertilizer and diesel needs due to pre-crop effects. Overall, feeding grass-clover biomass decreased several environmental impact categories, feed-food competition and improved cereal-based cropping systems by the introduction of grass-clover leys.

The Conventional Construction Scenario and the Emergence of Advance Technologies in the Bridge Construction: Implementation, Impediments, and Case Study

The Conventional Construction Scenario and the Emergence of Advance Technologies in the Bridge Construction: Implementation, Impediments, and Case Study

Safety Tunnel-Based Model Predictive Path-Planning Controller With Potential Functions for Emergency Navigation

The potential functions (PFs) have generally shown good performances in real-time path planning with computation efficiency conforming to the requirements of lower control systems in autonomous driving. However, several inherent limitations exist in using the PFs, including a local minimum in specific scenarios and no passage between closely spaced obstacles. Recent studies have focused on conventional scenarios where PFs are assumed to work normally, without malfunctioning, occurring during perilous situations. Therefore, we propose a specific safety tunnel (ST)-based model predictive controller (MPC) combined with PFs (PF-STMPC) to handle path-planning in extreme-emergency traffic scenarios (e.g., emergency braking and lane-changing obstacles). To further guarantee driving safety, we improve PFs with the responsibility-sensitive safety (RSS) model that accurately calculates the minimum safe longitudinal and lateral distances. Furthermore, a sigmoid-based ST is designed for emergency navigation if the PFs fail to plan a safe path due to the aforementioned inherent limitations, enabling the controller with planning functionality if necessary. The ST is embedded in the MPC-based tracking controller as a safe constraint sensitive to surrounding environments (e.g., road structure and obstacles). The proposed PF-STMPC was co-simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim Simulator under the constant speed condition. Compared with the state-of-the-art method, the proposed method demonstrated better performance in finding a safe path and eliminating severe yawing of the ego-vehicle (82.8% less in sideslip yawing amplitude and 57.7% shorter in the oscillation period of yaw angle) when facing traffic emergencies.

Investigating the distribution of double neutron stars and unconventional component mass

ABSTRACTThe mass distribution of double neutron stars (DNSs) can help us to understand the evolution of binary systems, which can also contain information about DNSs induced by gravitational wave radiation. Henceforth, for the 25 pairs of DNS systems so far discovered by radio observations, we have only statistically analysed 13 systems with precisely measured masses of two-component NSs, by employing the classical Gaussian mixture models based on the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. The result infers that the mass distributions for recycled and non-recycled NSs follow a double-Gaussian and single-Gaussian distribution, respectively. In the conventional scenario of DNS formation, the mass of the first formed recycled NS is higher than that of the second-formed companion NS. However, there exist some unconventional cases with a reverse mass ratio. To explore the phenomenon of this ‘unconventional component mass’ of DNSs, we employed Monte Carlo sampling. We find that the unconventional DNS systems occupy about 27.7 per cent of all DNSs, which could be a useful reference for the future gravitational wave detection by LIGO/Virgo. Furthermore, we discuss a possible explanation for the unconventional DNS mass ratio, which involves the recycling process and its birth rate. This also has an implication for the mass distribution of the DNS progenitors.

MECInOT: a multi-access edge computing and industrial internet of things emulator for the modelling and study of cybersecurity threats

In recent years, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has grown rapidly, a fact that has led to an increase in the number of cyberattacks that target this environment and the technologies that it brings together. Unfortunately, when it comes to using tools for stopping such attacks, it can be noticed that there are inherent weaknesses in this paradigm, such as limitations in computational capacity, memory and network bandwidth. Under these circumstances, the solutions used until now in conventional scenarios cannot be directly adopted by the IIoT, and so it is necessary to develop and design new ones that can effectively tackle this problem. Furthermore, these new solutions must be tested in order to verify their performance and viability, which requires testing architectures that are compatible with newly introduced IIoT topologies. With the aim of addressing these issues, this work proposes MECInOT, which is an architecture based on openLEON and capable of generating test scenarios for the IIoT environment. The performance of this architecture is validated by creating an intelligent threat detector based on tree-based algorithms, such as decision tree, random forest and other machine learning techniques. Which allows us to generate an intelligent and to demonstrate, we could generate an intelligent threat detector and demonstrate the suitability of our architecture for testing solutions in IIoT environments. In addition, by using MECInOT, we compare the performance of the different machine learning algorithms in an IIoT network. Firstly, we present the benefits of our proposal, and secondly, we describe the emulation of an IIoT environment while ensuring the repeatability of the experiments.

No-go theorem for scalar-trispectrum-induced gravitational waves

We show that the contribution of the primordial trispectrum to the energy density of the scalar-induced stochastic gravitational wave background cannot exceed the one from the scalar power spectrum in conventional inflationary scenarios. Specifically, we prove in the context of scale-invariant theories that neither regular trispectrum shapes peaking in so-called equilateral configurations, nor local trispectrum shapes diverging in soft momentum limits, can contribute significantly. Indeed, those contributions are always bound to be smaller than an order-one (or smaller) number multiplying the relative one-loop correction to the scalar power spectrum, necessarily much smaller than unity in order for the theory to be under perturbative control. Since a no-go theorem is only worth its assumptions, we also briefly discuss a toy model for a scale-dependent scalar spectrum, which confirms the robustness of our no-go result.

Spin–orbit and exchange proximity couplings in graphene/1T-TaS2 heterostructure triggered by a charge density wave

Proximity-induced fine features and spin-textures of the electronic bands in graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures can be explored from the point of tailoring a twist angle. Here we study spin–orbit coupling and exchange coupling engineering of graphene states in the proximity of 1T-TaS2 not triggering the twist, but a charge density wave (CDW) in 1T-TaS2—a realistic low-temperature phase. Using density functional theory and effective model we found that the emergence of the CDW in 1T-TaS2 significantly enhances Rashba spin–orbit splitting in graphene and tilts the spin texture by a significant Rashba angle—in a very similar way as in the conventional twist-angle scenarios. Moreover, the partially filled Ta d-band in the CDW phase leads to the spontaneous emergence of the in-plane magnetic order that transgresses via proximity from 1T-TaS2 to graphene, hence, simultaneously superimposing along the spin–orbit also the exchange coupling proximity effect. To describe this intricate proximity landscape we have developed an effective model Hamiltonian and provided a minimal set of parameters that excellently reproduces all the spectral features predicted by the first-principles calculations. Conceptually, the CDW provides a highly interesting knob to control the fine features of electronic states and to tailor the superimposed proximity effects—a sort of twistronics without twist.

Supervised learning approaches to modeling pedestal density

Pedestals are the key to conventional high performance plasma scenarios in tokamaks. However, high fidelity simulations of pedestal plasmas are extremely challenging due to the multiple physical processes and scales that are encompassed by tokamak pedestals. The leading paradigm for predicting the pedestal top pressure is encompassed by EPED-like models. However, EPED does not predict the pedestal top density, , but requires it as an input. EUROPED (Saarelma et al 2019 Phys. Plasmas 26 072501) employs simplified models, such as log-linear regression, to constrain with tokamak machine control parameters in an EPED-like model. However, these simplified models for often show disagreements with experimental observations and do not use all of the available numerical and categorical machine control information. In this work it is observed that using the same input parameters, decision tree ensembles and deep learning models improves the predictive quality of by about 23% relative to that obtained with log-linear scaling laws, measured by root mean square error. Including all of the available tokamak machine control parameters, both numerical and categorical, leads to further improvement of about 13%. Finally, predictive quality was tested when including global normalized plasma pressure and effective charge state as inputs, as these parameters are known to impact pedestals. Surprisingly, these parameters lead to only a few percent further improvement of the predictive quality. The corresponding code for this analysis can be found at github.com/fusionby2030/supervised_learning_jetpdb.