Conventional Remedies Research Articles

Using Restorative Justice to Respond to and Prevent Sexual Harm: A Qualitative Study of Formal Practices in Six Countries.

Sexual violence (SV), which causes sexual harm, is a significant public health issue globally. In many nations, conventional legal remedies are the prevailing responses to SV. Restorative justice (RJ) shows promise as a potential alternative way to address sexual harm, given evidence that RJ better aligns with expressed needs and safety concerns of those directly impacted by SV. However, few empirical studies exist concerning best practices for and the effectiveness of using RJ for this purpose. This study helped address this research gap by conducting in-depth interviews to understand how organizations choose to use RJ to address sexual harm; how RJ is being operationalized to address sexual harm; how those involved in offering RJ to address sexual harm define success or positive outcomes; and factors that present challenges for or contribute to the success of RJ processes addressing sexual harm. We conducted 24 semi-structured key informant interviews with RJ practitioners and researchers in six countries. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and emergent themes were identified through a rigorous, iterative coding process. Informants discussed using formal RJ practices with a subset of sexual harm cases, typically instances of adult sexual assault or to resolve sexual harm adults experienced as children. These responses generally adhered to this sequence: referral, assessing appropriateness for participation, preparing participants, and conducting the process. Informants shared anecdotal examples of RJ benefits and measurable indicators of program success like participant satisfaction, increased coping skills, and signs that harm will not recur, although, most were not formally evaluating their programs. Challenges included limited resources, unsupportive RJ-related beliefs, and COVID-19. Factors that aid success include funding, partnerships, and positive RJ-related views. Study findings underscore the need for more research on using RJ to address sexual harm with exploration of best practices for delivering such services to diverse communities.

Multi-Path Mechanism of Phytoconstituents in Herbal Remedies for Obesity

Obesity, a metabolic disease with multiple manifestations, has become an epidemic around the world, necessitating efficient and long-term solutions. Since there is an extensive list of phytoconstituents and mechanisms for effective conventional herbal remedies, there has been a lot of focus on potential applications for managing obesity. This study focuses on multiple ways that plant-based compounds in various herbal remedies may help combat obesity. The strategies include modifying adipogenesis, ceasing lipogenesis, accelerating lipolysis, regulating appetite, helping insulin respond more effectively, and altering the gut microbiota. We address the function and clinical evidence of key phytoconstituents from plants like bitter oranges (synephrine), green tea (catechins), and Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) in maWe also consider potential complications and explore opportunities for investigating and developing herbal weight loss solutions. We may be able to use plant phytoconstituents as additional treatments or prevent overweight and associated problems by understanding their intricate working methods.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis, <i>In-vitro</i> Evaluation of Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity of <i>Cleome aspera</i> Aerial Part Extracts

Various species of the Cleome genus belong to the circle of relatives Cleomaceae family, and order Brassicales, constitute flowering flora with a long record of use in conventional remedies, and have been related to the prevention of many illnesses. Cleome aspera has not been thoroughly investigated in the medicinal area; however, it may offer a therapeutic choice in favour of the management of various disorders. In this recent study, the aerial parts of C. aspera were extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol sequentially in ascending polarity order. Ethanol extract exhibited a rich phytochemical profile and antibacterial and anti-cancer action among the solvent extracts. The phytochemical analysis of three extracts exhibited the existence of many secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids tannins, polyphenols, steroids, glycosides, and terpenoids. The antibacterial activity against two Gram (+) bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), as well as two Gram (-) bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) was assessed at three concentrations (50, 100, 200 μg/ml) of each extract. The broth dilution method tested the extract’s minimum inhibitory concentration against four bacterial strains. Using the MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay, the three extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and ethanol) of C. aspera were evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxic activity. The extracts were detected to have substantial antibacterial activity against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. The ethanol extract of C. aspera showed notable anticancer efficacy after comparing it with petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate extracts. This study proved that the plant C. aspera has potential as a source of plant-based drugs and has therapeutic qualities like antibacterial and anticancer activities. It may provide a healing choice for the control of several diseases. A further extensive study on the isolation of active ingredients, purification, characterization, and elucidation of viable mechanisms can be executed.

Current Development and Application on Inclusion of Herbal Phytochemicals in Novel Herbal Drug Delivery System

Abstract: Herbal phytochemicals as secondary metabolites are present in herbal medicines. Herbal medicines can be used to treat a wide range of illnesses and diseases. The Novel herbal drug delivery system approach includes transfersomes, ethosomes, microspheres, phytosomes, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and nanocapsules. The novel herbal drug delivery systems have several benefits over conventional herbal remedies. Herbal medicines are less expensive and have fewer serious side effects than generic medications. The novel herbal drug delivery systems have several benefits over conventional herbal remedies. These include improved solubility and bioavailability, protection from side effects, improved pharmacological action, increased stability, better delivery to tissue macrophages, consistent delivery, and defense against active ingredients' physical and chemical breakdown. There is a need for a novel method of active components of drugs to apply on target organs or sites of the human body to avoid repeated administration of dosage forms and enhance patient adherence. Scientists have tried to focus on advanced mechanisms or processes for delivering herbal components into the human body. Novel Herbal Drug Delivery System helps to boost drug efficacy by lessening side effects and enhancing the blood level of the drug. Novel herbal formulations can reduce recurrent administration of medicines and noncompliance of patients.

Investment centre manager's multiperiod fairness perceptions and intertemporal dependency

AbstractThis paper explores the motivation of investment centre managers when their investment centre's performance is affected by decisions made by their predecessor. Through a qualitative case study of a Japanese manufacturer, the effectiveness of conventional remedies for motivational issues and further motivational issues caused by the same remedies, as identified in the extant literature, are examined. The field data underscore managers' multiperiod as opposed to period‐by‐period fairness perceptions as key to preventing the further motivational issues. This paper also demonstrates the potential usefulness of the vignette technique as a data collection method in qualitative accounting research.

Does Pakistan's Copyright and Antitrust Law Protect Creators of AI-Generated Content? A Comparative Study with European Union Jurisdictions

With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), how should copyright and antitrust law handle AI-created creative work? The Copyright Ordinance 1962 and Competition Act 2010 are examined in this context to examine Pakistan's legal system. This study compares Pakistan's legal system to the EU's. The study focuses on the DMA and the EU Copyright Directive (2019/790). These two laws measure Pakistan's legal strength. Compare and contrast the legal systems of Pakistan with those of the European Union to find weaknesses and opportunities for progress in Pakistan's legal structure. This study may assist Pakistani policymakers and stakeholders in finding the best methods to adapt and update current regulations to handle the evolving environment of AI-generated content creation. Additionally, the article examines how antitrust laws affect AI-generated material and whether competition limits are enough to prevent AI corporations from monopolizing authors' rights. The article examines monopolization, norms, and AI-powered media. The research intends to illuminate artists' rights issues and identify legal loopholes that might hinder AI-generated material protection. It also suggests clarifying or amending rules to accommodate AI innovation. This detailed study illuminates Pakistan's complex copyright and antitrust relationship with AI-generated material. The findings of the research have added to the digital intellectual property rights conversation by revealing future rules and safeguards for artists working with AI-generated creations. Questions have been raised about how AI-generated material affects creative rights laws. The study begins with Pakistani AI content production IP rights. The research explores authorship, originality, and rights in the future when human programmers and algorithmic computers collaborate on creative creations. The study found that Pakistan's copyright and antitrust legislation does not address rising infringement problems, so aggrieved parties may have to use conventional remedies.

GENETIC VARIABILITY OF ROSELLE (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.) GENOTYPES

Roselle is more than an eye-catching crop and has been used in a number of dishes, beverages, and conventional remedies for diseases for centuries. It is a source of antioxidants and anthocyanin, which acts as a free radical scavenger and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Five Roselle genotypes were evaluated in the Kharif 2 season in 2021 to assess genetic variability, association of traits, and path differentiation of different characters. A field experiment was conducted at the BIRTAN regional station farm in Noakhali, Bangladesh, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on twelve plant attributes. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the five genotypes for most of the characters studied except petiole length (cm) and fruit diameter (cm). The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation for all the studied traits. Phenotypic as well as genotypic coefficients of variability were high for the trait branches per plant (75.92% and 77.81%) and fruits per plant (69.33% and 77.01%), whereas they were medium for calyx per fruit and low for fruit diameter. High heritability estimates (>0.70) were recorded for plant height (cm), leaves per plant, branches per plant, fruit length (cm), calyx per fruit, fruit weight (g), and fruits per plant. On the other hand, the yield components showed medium heritability estimates (<0.70). Medium heritability coupled with a high expected genetic gain was observed for leaves per plant and fruit yield per plant. The highest genetic advance as a percent of men was also observed in branches per plant (152.59%). Fruit yield per plant was found to have a positive and highly significant correlation with branches per plant and fruits per plant, both at genotypic and phenotypic levels, whereas only at the genotypic level for leaf length and fruit diameter. Partitioning the correlation coefficients of various components direct effects on fruit yield into direct and indirect contributions revealed that fruits per plant have the maximum direct effect on fruit yield, followed by fruit weight and branches per plant at the genotypic level. High positive correlation coefficients for branches per plant were due to the indirect effects of fruits per plant. Hence, selection for the traits fruits per plant, branches per plant, and leaf length may be successful for fruit yield improvement in roselle. According to morphological traits and yield attributes the genotype RL 2 is the best among the studied genotypes.

Caregivers’ socio-cultural influences on health-seeking behavior for their wasted children among forcibly displaced Myanmar Nationals and their nearest host communities

IntroductionA total of 19% of forcibly displaced Myanmar Nationals (FDMNs) Bangladesh fall within the age range of under five years old, while an average of 1% exhibit severe malnutrition. Cox’s Bazar is the closest host community for FDMNs, with similar traditional culture and religion and shared linguistic, ethnic, and cultural ties.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted to investigate the impact of socio-cultural factors on the healthcare-seeking behavior of caregivers of critically malnourished children in FDMN camps and neighboring host communities.ResultsThe utilization of informal healthcare by caregivers in both populations can be attributed to cultural attitudes, taboos, and peer pressure. The healthcare by practices in the FDMN camps and host towns were primarily affected by household responsibilities, familial assistance in accessing medical services, decisions made by husbands or mothers-in-law, and the availability and accessibility of healthcare facilities. Certain features were identified that prompt caregivers to seek formal treatment in both groups. The efficacy of the treatment was a primary consideration. In instances where conventional remedies and informal treatments proved ineffective in restoring the health of children, others who were invested in their well-being, such as family members and neighbors, advised caretakers to pursue professional medical care.DiscussionEnhanced caregiver awareness of severe wasting, enhanced healthcare accessibility, and increased community volunteer engagement have the potential to facilitate early identification of severely wasted children and mitigate delays in treatment.

Diuretic Activity of Various Herbs in India: A Mini Review

One of the primary uses of medicinal plants is as a diuretic. Both mono- and polyherbal-based diuretic formulations have been used in various parts of the world, including in India. One estimate states that more than 650 mono- and polyherbal formulations are in clinical use, including decoctions, tinctures, pills, and capsules made from over 75 plants. Many studies have been conducted supporting the diuretic properties of conventional herbal remedies. This article discusses many herbal plants from India that have historically been used as diuretics and identifies the chemical components with diuretic activity. In addition, this brief review also discusses several plant drugs and their pharmacological profile, concentrating on the administered dose and the bioactive extracts involved in the diuresis process. For researchers, searching for the best therapeutic plants for diuretic research may be a significant turning point in using various herbs from India.

An Update on the Pharmacological Activity and Phytochemistry of Artemisia Absinthium L.

Abstract: Plants have been used since the earliest times to manage various diseases, and many of these plants are being used as conventional remedies for various disorders today. Biologically active ingredients isolated from medicinal plants and extracts are receiving a lot of attention these days, partly because modern-day medication has a lot of side effects and somewhat because pathogenic microorganisms are becoming more resistant to antibiotics and many other treatments. Artemisia is the broadly dispersed genus of the family Asteraceae and encompasses almost five hundred species. Amongst these species, Artemisia absinthium L. is a familiar herb called Wormwood in English and Urdu, generally known as Afsanteen. In history, this species was recognized as important, and in old Europe, it was called “the most important master against all exhaustion”. A. absinthium has various benefits in treating pathological conditions such as gastric problems, fever, inflammation, and urinary disorders. The official European medicine uses A. absinthium in both allopathy and homeopathy. The herb was used to treat bladder diseases, anemia, helminthiasis, insomnia, fever, and trouble healing wounds and to treat gastrointestinal disorders in Asian and European traditional medicine. Mono and sesquiterpenes are the major pharmacologically active constituents of A. absinthium. Wormwood is a valuable resource of chemically new constituents and requires comprehensive screening approaches to emphasize the phytoconstituents and pharmacological actions at the molecular level. The core focus of this review is to provide complete information about the scientific evidence-based pharmacological activities, traditional uses, and phytoconstituents from A. absinthium. The collation of literature has been done by using references from main databases such as PubMed, Research gate, Scopes, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Chemical Abstracts, Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts, classical books, and pharmacopeias.

Amelioration of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Plant-derived Natural Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors through Incretin Degradation Lowering Effect: An Updated Review

Abstract: Glucagon-like peptide-1 and Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides are the most investigated gut peptides concerned with the biological glucose milieu. Early and late metabolism of incretin governs glucose homeostasis in diabetes mellitus. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, present in pancreatic alpha cells, is responsible for incretin degradation. Emerging biotechnological and molecular approaches established the pathophysiological role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 and incretin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, various conventional synthetic Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors have been formulated, but they have serious adverse effects such as cancer, pancreatitis, cardiovascular risks, hepatic dysfunctions, etc. So, the concoction of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitor entity with less or no severe adverse event becomes a need for society and medical corridor. Over the last two decades, natural or conventional herbal remedies have emerged as an alternate therapy for diabetes and treating its complications. This review summarized various plants (Emblica officinalis, Adenia viridiflora, Cleome droserifolia, Lens culinaris, Hedera nepalensis Melicope glabra, etc.) Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors, which have been preclinically proven for hyperglycemia treatment.

Sources, blood concentrations, and approaches for reducing exposure to lead: A critical appraisal on lead poisoning

Lead, a non-essential metal, enters the body in various ways, making it a major public health issue. Painters and smelters report lead poisoning in children and staff. Mining and battery workers risk lead exposure. Traditional and cultural remedies may include dangerous quantities of lead, producing lead poisoning. These drugs must be properly understood and regulated to avoid toxicity. Lead poisoning symptoms vary by duration and severity. Lead first impairs cognition, development, and behaviour by damaging the neural system. Time degrades reproductive and haematological systems. Lead's quiet entry into the body makes it deadly. Acute lead nephropathy damages kidneys at 100mg/dL. Lead levels exceeding 150mg/dL may induce encephalopathy. Blood lead levels indicate lead poisoning severity. Lead levels over 10g/dL in children and 40g/dL in adults are hazardous. Lead toxicity affects various organs. Lead may induce hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It may also cause chronic kidney disease and renal failure. Lead exposure may impede fertility, cause miscarriages, and alter foetal development; hence the reproductive system is vulnerable. Symptoms and lead levels may be treated with different approaches. Lead chelation treatment is frequent. Other vitamins and medications may enhance organ function and treat lead poisoning. Lead poisoning prevention requires widespread awareness. Strict standards and education regarding lead-contaminated products and conventional remedies should reduce occupational lead exposure. Regular blood lead level monitoring, especially in youngsters and lead workers, may help detect and treat lead poisoning early. Lead poisoning has serious health consequences. Understanding lead exposure pathways, identifying symptoms, and preventing lead poisoning is essential to public health and organ system protection.

A mechanistic perspective on the role of phytoconstituents-based pharmacotherapeutics and their topical formulations in chronic wound management

Prolonged inflammation and infection are the major factors that promote chronicity of the wound. Despite the substantial advancements in therapeutic modalities, the treatment of chronic wounds still represents a major clinical challenge. Conventional remedies are associated with several complications like drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and serious side effects that need to be addressed. This necessitates the development of safe and alternative pro-healing agents for efficient wound repair. In this scenario, the application of phytoconstituents has garnered much attention due to their safety profile and cost-effectiveness. They enhance the wound repair process by modulating various signaling pathways like TGF-β, NFκB, Nrf2, MAPK, etc, and promote cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, and inhibit inflammation. The topical route of drug administration is the most preferable method of drug delivery for the effective management of chronic wounds. Currently, much emphasis has been given to the formulation of different phytoconstituents-based topical delivery systems like hydrogels, films, foam, sponges, fibers, nanoformulations, etc. These topical formulations improve the pharmacokinetic and physicochemical features of phytoconstituents. The main emphasis of the present review is to discuss the therapeutic potential, pharmacological importance, and current clinical status of various phytoconstituents-based topical formulations as well as their associated molecular mechanisms in chronic wound management.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF MEDICATED HERBAL CANDY OF MAHUA FOR SORE THROAT

Madhuca longifolia commonly known as Mahua belonging to family Sapotaceae, is an Indian tropical tree, known for its sweet flowers which are edible and used by tribals for its medicinal purpose. The known pharmacological activity of the flowers of Madhuca longifolia are anti- inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-pyretic and wound healing properties and has no side effect even after consumption of larger doses. The prevalence of throat infections is rising day-by-day due to the increasing pollution, bacterial infection, gastro- intestinal disease, injury, allergies etc. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate medicated herbal candy of Mahua flowers for sore throat. The candy was prepared using a combination of natural ingredients such as dried Mahua flowers, clove, cardamom, cinnamon, honey, corn syrup and lemon juice. The candies were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters and antibacterial properties. The antibacterial property was evaluated by measuring the Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) obtained from the experiment. The results showed that the candy had desirable taste, color, and texture and can be an alternative to conventional sore throat remedies. KEYWORDS: Madhuca longifolia, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial

Evaluation of cardiopreventive effects of Ximenia americana (Linn.) and Pappea capensis (Eckl. and Zeyh.) leaf aqueous extracts in rat models with myocardial infarction

BackgroundMyocardial infarction is a significant health issue in both wealthy and underdeveloped nations. Globally, it is the leading cause of deaths among cardiovascular diseases. In 2012, myocardial infarction-related deaths were about 14.1 million out of 17.5 million cardiovascular disease-related deaths. Clinical management of myocardial infarction remains a challenge because most conventional drugs provide symptomatic relief only. In addition, conventional remedies are associated with numerous advese effects and arguably, in many cases are quite expensive. Hence, herbal remedies, which are widely available, with comparatively fewer side effects, and are affordable, provide a more attractive therapeutic alternative. This study aimed at determining cardiopreventive effects of aqueous leaf extracts of X. americana and P. capensis. Phytochemical screening was done using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Wistar albino rats were employed to test for cardiopreventive effects of the extracts and were randomized into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Groups I, II, and III were normal, negative, and positive controls, respectively, and rats were given normal saline, salbutamol (7.5 mg/Kg bw), and propranolol, respectively. Groups IV, V, and VI rats were treated with extracts dose levels 50, 100, and 150 mg/Kg bw, respectively. Biochemical analysis was done to determine effects of the extracts on levels of serum cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase-1, and lipid profiles. Levels of oxidative stress markers were determined in the heart tissue.ResultsThe LC–MS analysis revealed different phytocompounds in the extracts, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, glycosides and tannins, which are known to confer cardioprotective activities. The extracts significantly prevented increase in cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase-MB, lactate dehydrogenase-1, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and MDA levels, as well as a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and HDL levels.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that Ximenia americana and Pappea capensis extracts have the potential to prevent myocardial infarction in rats. Generally, P. capensis extract showed better activity as compared to X. americana extract. The effects of the extracts could be attributable to the presence of various cardioactive phytocompounds. Therefore, these plants can be considered in the development of potent and safe cardiopreventive drugs.

Role of RUNX2 in breast cancer development and drug resistance (Review).

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy and ranks second among the causes of tumor-associated death in females. The recurrence and drug resistance of breast cancer are intractable due to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), which are adequate to initiate tumor formation and refractory to conventional remedies. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), a pivotal transcription factor in mammary gland and bone development, has also been related to metastatic cancer and BCSCs. State-of-the-art research has indicated the retention of RUNX2 expression in a more invasive subtype of breast cancer, and in particular, triple-negative breast cancer development and drug resistance are associated with estrogen receptor signaling pathways. The present review mainly focused on the latest updates on RUNX2 in BCSCs and their roles in breast cancer progression and drug resistance, providing insight that may aid the development of RUNX2-based diagnostics and treatments for breast cancer in clinical practice.

Cognitive enhancing properties of aqueous leaf extract of Vigna unguiculata in ketamine-induced memory damage in mice

Conventional remedies for management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related cognitive deficits are not curative but relieves the symptoms and they cause adverse side effects. Alternatively, use of herbal therapies to manage cognitive illnesses has increased substantially. Vigna unguiculata is commonly utilized for nutritional benefits and management of neurological disorders in herbal medicine. The present study evaluated cognitive enhancing potential of V. unguiculata leaf aqueous extract in mice with ketamine-induced AD-like cognitive deficits. Cognitive performance indicated by step-through latency was assessed using passive avoidance test. Anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) and antioxidant potential of the extract was assessed using brains of the test animals. Further, phytochemical constituents of the extracts were determined using LC-MS. Aqueous extract of V. unguiculata leaf demonstrated significant prowess to combat cognitive deficits in the test animals. This was evidenced by significantly higher (p < 0.001) step-through latencies in extract-treated mice than the untreated cognitively damaged mice. Moreover, cognitively damaged mice given the studied extract exhibited significantly less (p < 0.001) malondialdehyde levels and acetylcholinesterase activity than the negative control mice. This result confirmed antioxidant and anti-AChE properties of V. unguiculata, indicating its potential to attenuate oxidative stress in the brain and augment cholinergic transmission. Notably, some conventional therapies for cognitive disorders especially AD are AChE inhibitors. The studied extract contained phytocompounds such as flavonoids and phenolics with confirmed antioxidant and anti-AChE activities, thus, its cognitive enhancing efficacy could be attributed to these phytoconstituents. Collectively, this study upholds V. ungiculata usefulness in management of cognitive illnesses.

A REVIEW ON REPORTED ETHANOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF ARAVALLI DISTRICT, GUJARAT, INDIA

Aravalli ranges are one of the crucial components of western piece of India which runs from Gujarat to Delhi. The "nals" of southern piece of Aravallis are particularly wealthy in restorative plant diversity. This paper concentrates on worries huge ethno-veterinary data on plants customarily utilized by the natives. The species were organized family tight clamp as per the verdure of Gujarat state. Data were gathered from the tribals and neighborhood individuals living in the villages of the remote backwoods area. Ethnobotany is a fundamental technique for research, Suitable for social affair data on the utilization of plants. Millions of individuals in the third world utilize natural furthermore conventional remedies. The herbal assortments of early pioneers and the later ethnobotany played significant parts in the development of new medications for a long time. Somewhat recently interest in this approach declined drastically, yet has risen again during its last ten years, and new foci have created.

Marine Antimicrobial Peptides-Based Strategies for Tackling Bacterial Biofilm and Biofouling Challenges.

An assemblage nexus of microorganisms enclosed in a composite extracellular polymeric matrix is called as a biofilm. The main factor causing biological fouling, or biofouling, is biofilms. Biofilm-mediated biofouling is a significant detrimental issue in several industries, including the maritime environment, industrial facilities, water treatment facilities, and medical implants. Conventional antibacterial remedies cannot wholly eradicate bacterial species owing to the structural rigidity of biofilm and the eventual growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Consequently, several approaches to disrupt the biofilm have been investigated to address this particular phenomenon. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a promising contender in this category, offering several advantages over traditional solutions, including broad-spectrum action and lack of antibiotic resistance. Because biofouling significantly impacts the marine industry, AMPs derived from marine sources may be suitable natural inhibitors of bacterial proliferation. In this article, we discuss the range of physicochemical and structural diversity and the model of action seen in marine AMPs. This makes them an appealing strategy to mitigate biofilm and biofilm-mediated biofouling. This review also systematically summarizes recent research on marine AMPs from vertebrates and invertebrates and their industrial significance, shedding light on developing even better anti-biofouling materials shortly.

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Review of Antiviral Potential Herbal Medicines

In Wuhan, China, a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged, causing serious symptoms in patients such as fever, dry cough, and exhaustion. This fatal pandemic spreads over the globe, causing significant infections in humans, mainly in the respiratory tract. To date, researchers have paid close attention to new therapeutic methods, particularly promising antiviral medicines and vaccines. Especially, existing synthetic antivirals have been used against viruses that prevent replication, entry into the cell, and transmission of the virus. These antiviral agents have been the subject of the basis of drug discovery studies that directly affect COVID 19. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, a variety of conventional herbal remedies have been employed either alone or in combination with current medications to treat infected people with encouraging results. Flavonoids, lectins, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenes, lectins and essential oils are some natural ingredients with demonstrated antiviral activity. These secondary metabolites have been shown to be effective against a wide range of viruses in the studies on this subject. In this review, we investigated the potential herbal medicines against various RNA, and DNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. We also investigated the bioactive substances from medicinal plants and their potential antiviral efficacy.