Conventional Implicature Research Articles

Everyone's been wondering what are the mechanisms for interpreting embedded root clauses in German and English…

This paper compares three types of embedded root clause (verb second in complement clauses, embedded imperatives and embedded inverted interrogatives) in German and English. It will describe in detail how these constructions differ from their non-root counterparts syntactically and pragmatically, and how equivalent constructions in German and English differ from each other. I will then use Farkas's (2022) version of the Table model to formalise how the pragmatic characteristics of these constructions falls out from a mixture of the generations of a conventional implicature and language-specific rules on how perspectives may shift under attitude predicates.

Analysing Metaphor and Implicature in Poetry

Metaphors convey embedded meanings, which implies an interpretation beyond the literal meaning, and pragmatics is concerned with the contextual implicatures of an utterance or piece of communication. Hence, this study investigates the intertwining roles of metaphor and implicature in Obari Gomba's Poetry. The study uses the Searlian account of metaphor and Grice's Principle of implicature to analyse the poems. The research findings indicate that the poet used metaphor and conventional implicature to express his angst about the ill effects of pollution in oil-bearing communities, the deplorable conditions of living in some Nigerian cities, and the misfortunes of colonialism. The study concludes that metaphors and implicatures play a significant role in literary works by helping the poet to explain his experiences, emotions, and conjectures without ambiguity and too many clarifications.

Implikatur Pidato Politik Anies Baswedan Terima Deklarasi Capres Pilpres 2024 Dari Nasdem

This research is motivated by the implicature in the video of Anies Baswedan's first political speech receiving the presidential candidate's declaration for the 2024 presidential election from Nasdem on the YouTube platform. The aim of this research is to describe the types and meaning of implicatures in Anies Baswedan's speech in the video of his first political speech accepting the presidential candidate's declaration for the 2024 presidential election. This research is included in qualitative research using a descriptive approach. The data in this research is oral data in the form of speech which has been classified based on the type and meaning of implicatures contained in the video of Anies Baswedan's first political speech receiving the presidential candidate declaration for the 2024 presidential election from Nasdem. The research results show that there are types and meanings of implicatures in Anies' speech in the video of the declaration of his first political speech. Anies Baswedan received the presidential candidate declaration for the 2024 presidential election from Nasdem. The types of implicatures found in this research are conventional implicatures and conversational or non-conventional implicatures. Meanwhile, the meaning of implicatures found is in the form of referential and non-referential meanings.

Violation of the Principle of Cooperation and Implicature in the Drama One Liter of Tears

The objective of this study is to provide a description of the various instances where the cooperation principle is violated and implicatures are present in the drama One Litre of Tears. The data on violation of the cooperation principle and implicatures are analyzed using Grice's theory of cooperation principle (1975) and Yule's theory of implicatures (2006). This research is a descriptive study conducted using a qualitative approach. The primary data source utilized in this study is the television drama series titled "One litre of tears." The research data consist of utterances that include breaches of the collaboration principle and encompass implicatures. Data gathering approaches employ the method of listening and recording. Data analysis techniques employ intralingual and extra-lingual correspondence methods, utilizing advanced comparison linking techniques to achieve both equalization and differentiation. The study findings indicate that there are 8 instances of violating the quantity maxim, 6 instances of violating the quality maxim, 6 instances of violating the relevance maxim, and 6 instances of violating the way maxim. These violations result in a total of 10 general conversational implicatures, 6 specialized conversational implicatures, 6 scaled implicatures, and 4 conventional implicatures.

Implicature in Online Comics of ``Komik Grontol" Instagram: A Pragmatics Study

Language on social media frequently exploits various objectives through its implicatures. One of the more intriguing applications of this technique is the use of language implicatures in digital comics on the Instagram account “Komik Grontol”. The purpose of this study is to describe the form and function of implicature used in Online Comics of “Komik Grontol” Instagram. This research employed a descriptive-qualitative approach. The data source in this research is the Instagram social media account of “Komik Grontol”. The data taken from the source consists of written speech in humor posts on the “Komik Grontol” Instagram, which contains implicature. The results of the data analysis show two forms of implicature: conventional implicature and conversational implicature. Conversational implicature dominates with 24 instances, while the remaining is a form of conventional implicature with four instances. Furthermore, the data from “Komik Grontol” Instagram posts revealed five functions: representative (6 instances), directive (7 instances), expressive (12 instances), commissive (2 instances), and isbati (1 instance). This online comic uses implausibility to satirize current social events.
 Keywords: implicature, Instagram; komik grontol, pragmatics

The information status of iconic enrichments: modelling gradient at-issueness

Abstract Linguistic structures can contribute different types of meaning alongside standard assertions, such as conventional implicatures and presuppositions, which have long been described as being non-at-issue meaning contributions. Although information status has long been handled as a binary opposition between non-at-issue and at-issue content, recent research suggests that a gradient approach may be more appropriate. Building on new – and in the formal linguistic framework so far mostly neglected – data targeting spoken and gestural iconicity, specifically iconic gestures and ideophones, this paper investigates the information status of such iconic contributions in spoken language and suggests a new theoretical concept of at-issueness by spelling it out as a gradient category. The paper highlights a range of factors which can affect the information status of iconic contributions, proposing a scale for iconic phenomena based on these factors. To formally model this scale, we propose an approach in which at-issueness is analysed as a gradient property based on a given structure-inherent at-issueness status and the corresponding proposition’s relevance to a Question Under Discussion in a given context. This analysis accounts for the variations in information status observed between different iconic enrichments and their impact on truth conditions and paves the way for an approach to Common Ground updates using this model. The analysis outlined here allows for a more nuanced understanding of non-at-issue content and its interaction with at-issue content and provides predictions which can guide further experimental work on information status and the factors that influence it.

Dutch slurs and the descriptive-expressive distinction

There is a lot of debate about the meaning of slurs, which are words that refer to a certain group of people in a derogative manner. Many scholars (e.g. McCready 2010; Croom 2011; Gutzmann 2015) consider slurs, unlike their ‘neutral’ counterparts, to have both descriptive and expressive content. In this squib, I discuss initial data on the use of Dutch slurs and related terms on Twitter. The Dutch data show that ‘neutral’ labels sometimes seem to behave like slurs to some degree and that some slurs can be used as swear words without (seemingly) conveying any descriptive property. Based on these observations, I suggest that slurs may be part of a continuum of labels, ranging in the degree to which they have descriptive versus expressive content, entailing a gradual distinction between conversational and conventional implicatures in the lexical domain. A gradual view on conventionality in the lexical domain would moreover pave the way for a less fundamental distinction between expressive and social meaning. It is concluded that the debate on slurs would benefit from a broader and more empirical approach to pejorative terms for (groups of) people, as their actual use and interpretation can show a mixture of (degrees of) descriptive, expressive and social meaning.

Kant and the king: Lying promises, conventional implicature, and hypocrisy

AbstractImmanuel Kant promised, ‘as Your Majesty's loyal subject’, to abstain from all public lectures about religion. All past commentators agree this phrase permitted Kant to return to the topic after the King died. But it is not part of the ‘at‐issue content’. Consequently, ‘as Your Majesty's loyal subject’ is no more an escape clause than the corresponding phrase in ‘I guarantee, as your devoted fan, that these guitar strings will not break’. Just as the guarantee stands regardless of whether the guarantor ceases to be your devoted fan, the compliance conditions of Kant's promise are not affected by Kant's ceasing to be the king's loyal subject. For good or ill, Kant made a lying promise to King Friedrich Wilhelm II in 1794.

IMPLICATURE ANALYSIS ON ONLINE LECTURE COURSES OF ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

This research aims to reveal the types and implied meaning of implicature found in an online lecture courses of English education study program at one of the university in Yogyakarta. In this research using descriptive qualitative research methods by a theory from Grice (1975). The data findings consist of the three main implicatures consist of generalized conversational implicature with 14.3%, particularized conversational implicature with 8.6% and conventional implicature with 8.6%. Then, the four implicature functions are reach the intended meaning with 20%, deliver an entertainment as humor with 8.6%, boosting the power's of person's message with 14.3%, and specific information needs to be added with 25.6%. By adding up the total between main implicature and implicature functions, it turns out to be 100%. The three main implicature most widely used is generalized conversational implicature. As well as the most frequently used in the implicature function is, specific information needs to be added.

Conversation Implications in the Stand Up Comedy "Youtuber Many Haters" on Raditya Dika's Youtube Chanel

Stand Up Comedy is a form of modern comedy art performance. Raditya Dika is an Indonesian comic who is well-known and widely recognized in the world of stand-up comedy. He is also known as a writer, director, and actor. Raditya Dika's comedy style tends to rely on his personal experience and observations of everyday life. He uses a spontaneous, honest, and often absurd storytelling style, which makes the audience laugh. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. This study aims to describe the types of implicatures in the stand-up comedy show "Youtubers Lots of Haters" on Raditya Dika's youtube channel. This study uses the method of free engagement talk, recording, and taking notes. The results of this study indicate that there are 2 types of implicature, namely conventional and non-conventional. the results of the conversational implicature analysis conducted by the author on Raditya Dika's Stand Up Comedy entitled Youtuber Many Haters which aired on December 19 2017 on Raditya Dika's YouTube channel, researchers found conventional implicature and non-conventional implicature. The researcher also found 4 implicature functions, namely Assertive function, Expressive function, Directive function, and Commissive function. However, in this stand-up comedy, the researcher did not find a declarative function because the text is more likely to express the author's emotions, opinions, invitations, or intentions than to convey factual statements.

Implicature, Technique, and Function of Humor on Instagram Memes

Nowadays, humor is a phenomenon that emerges and is enjoyed by social media users. On social media, humor develops in a new form of communication namely “internet memes”. In addition, internet memes with humorous nuances come with certain ideas and functions intended by the meme maker. This study furthermore attempts to examine the themes or ideas of memes, conventional implicatures, humor creation techniques, and the functions of internet memes uploaded by @memecomic.id Instagram account. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, which data was collected by screen capture technique. The data were subsequently analyzed using qualitative descriptive method and pragmatic approach in exploring the implicature or implied purpose as well as the function behind the meme creation. It was shown in the study result that social phenomenon memes are presented using humor allusion and definition techniques. Moreover, the function of social phenomenon memes is solidarity which includes sharing experiences, obtaining advantage of shared experiences, ridiculing without hurting, and psychologically addressing life common problems with humor to soothe the psyche. What is more, social phenomenon memes are created to share behaviors or social problems experienced by most people. Consequently, the memes will seem ridiculous and humorous without hurting anyone.

Conventional Implicatures in Ukrainian Discourse

The present study aims at the analysis of conventional implicatures (Grice, 1991) actualized in Ukrainian dialogical discourse. The distinction between conventional and conversational implicatures is described. We argue that what is commonly considered conventional implicature is in fact implicature only in discourse. Implicatures are inherently conversational because they are intended by the speaker and derived by the addressee in discourse. Therefore, it makes sense to regard conventional implicatures as such that are actualized not only in discursive context (such being the case with conversational implicatures), but by certain language means in virtue of their semantics. They serve as triggers allowing the addressee to derive implicature through its conventional meaning. Implicature triggers are culture-specific, since their semantics is determined by conventions of a particular natural language. Depending on language status of the trigger, conventional implicatures are divided into lexical, paroemiac and syntactic.

Investigating the Translation of Arabic Conventional Implicatures into English

This paper examines the translation of Arabic conventional implicatures into English exemplified with synonymy and terms of address in two genres: religious (Quranic) texts and literary texts. The objective is to explore the conventional implicated meanings in Arabic cognitive synonyms and address terms which pose difficulties to translators. The data of the study consists of 12 excerpts drawn from Arabic source text and their 12 counterpart excerpts from the English translation. In case of conventional implicatures triggered off by synonyms, the study reveals that the translation of these implicatures depends mainly on the purpose behind their contextual use. If they are used to communicate certain implicated meaning as is the case in religious texts, conveying their inner meanings in translation becomes a necessity. For conventional implicatures triggered off by address terms, translators need to pay attention to their multi-dimensional semantics which are determined by the conventional meaning of the expressions uttered. In both cases translators are urged to use communicative and /or formal translation methods in order to emphasize and convey the message intended by the SL text.

Mandarin overt wh-fronting as focus movement

This study reexamines the syntactic encoding of information structure embodied by Mandarin overt wh-fronting questions. The sentence patterns that this paper is concerned with are wh-questions containing one or more fronted wh-phrases surfacing in (i) a clause-initial position (in root or non-root contexts) or (ii) a position immediately following a topicalized subject (also in root or non-root contexts). Departing from previous literature that obscures the exhaustifying effect exerted by a clause-initial shi ‘be’, I propose a more fine-grained classification of the focus interpretations of this type of question: a bare wh-fronting question coerces a plain (non-exhaustive) contrastive focus or a mirative focus reading (when the wh-phrase is prosodically marked) of the wh-variable, and shi-marked wh-fronting questions are shown to enforce an exhaustive focus in the answer. These three types of focus-associated interpretations are treated as conventional implicatures following Bianchi et al. (2015).

REPRESENTASI FEMINISME DAN IMPIAN HIDUP DAMAI TIONGKOK: STUDI TINDAK TUTUR ASERTIF DAN IMPLIKATUR KONVENSIONAL

The Chinese government as one of the influential countries for world development also participates in efforts to protect equal women's rights and peace life realization. This was heard in the Chinese government's speech to the United Nations on October 1, 2020. This study aims to discuss the contents of the speech which represents the actions of feminism and dream of peace life by China by applying the theory of assertive speech acts and conventional implicatures to provide new understanding and knowledge related to real social issues developing now. Through this research, it can be seen that in the speech text, there are 3 purposes of assertive speech acts, namely 5 data to state, 4 data to claim, and 1 data to conclude. Each of these objectives has implicatures resulting from document studies supported by speech and news data that are realized in linguistic and social contexts. The stated goals are that China has actively voiced gender equality through the Beijing World Conferences on Women since 1995, is concerned about women's work, the existence of women is very influential in the 21st century, will always fight for women's rights, and long for an equal society. The purpose of the claim is that China claims the existence of women to create peace, oversees the progressive development of the existence of women's rights, guarantees women's protection rights, and that the country is an active country in voicing gender equality. The purpose of the conclusion is that China concludes that Chinese women love their country and are willing to fight for the safety of their people regardless of differences. The results of this study provide a description that China is now a country that struggles to protect women and yearns for a peace life.

Implicatures of proper name vocatives in English

Proper name vocatives sometimes induce implicatures. The phenomenon is probably well-known but not necessarily easy to explain in a pragmatically consistent fashion. The reason is that the same kind of name vocative yields implicatures in one occasion but sounds quite neutral in another. The goal of this paper is to advance a system by which we can predict when a given name vocative engenders implicatures in English. The system is based on the concept of conventional implicature, one of the three types of implicature delineated by Grice (1961, 1975, 1989). There is a special kind of conventional implicature inducer in which implicature is not directly encoded in a lexical item but in a contrastive pair of lexical items (like vous and tu in French). I propose that a set of competing proper name vocatives, namely, the full name, the (title plus) family name, the first name and the shortened first name (of a given addressee), is taken as one of those contrastive conventional implicature inducers. By capitalizing on Terkourafi's (2001; 2005a, 2008, 2009, 2012) concept of conventionalization (standardization), I develop a theory in which private level linguistic habits play a crucial role in inducing implicatures of proper name vocatives.

The Analysis of Implicature and Cooperation Principles in Animation Web Drama a Day Before us: Pragmatic Study

This research aims 1) to find the types of implicature and examine the realization of the cooperative principle found in animated web drama speech, 2) to examine the realization of the cooperative principle found in animated web drama speech. The success of communication can be seen in the use of language in relation to context (pragmatics) and it is also not uncommon in films, and there are many implied meanings expressed in the form of implicatures to be conveyed. This research used Grice’s theory (1975) of cooperative principles and implicatures. The data used speech and conversational dialogues that contain forms of implicatures and cooperative principles. The research method used qualitative. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 data of conventional implicatures were found and 14 data of conversational implicatures. The form of the principle of cooperation from the observance of the maxims was found in 10 data 4 maxims of quality, 1 maxim of quantity, 2 maxims of relevance, 3 maxims of manner and the manifestation of the principle of cooperation from violation of the maxims was found in 11 data 3 maxims of quantity, 5 maxims of relevance, 3 maxim of way).

Критерии различия пресуппозиций и конвенциональных импликатур

This article explores conventional implicatures and presuppusitions as the main parts of utterance’s content expressing its implied meaning. The article considers a discussion around taxonomy of meaning types, which is an important problem for the philosophy of language. The main shared properties of these semantic components are examined on various examples: projection, conventionality, and non-cancellability. The article provides a criteria for differentiation of these parts od meaning: implicatures are speaker-oriented. This unique semantic property is explained within the epistemic approach using the concepts of common knowledge and agent’s beliefs. At the end, the logical explanation of the differences between conventional implicatures and presuppositions is compared with the theory of impositions and formal discursive approach.

Conventional Implicatures in Argumentation

Despite the ubiquity of conventional implicatures in language and the critical role they play in argumentation, they have heretofore been almost entirely absent from theories of argument and the linguistic expression of reasoning. In this paper, we discuss conventional implicatures (cis) as an interesting phenomenon at the interface of semantics, pragmatics and argumentation by harnessing research in semantics and pragmatics and extending an existing account for argument diagramming with this type of implicit meaning. In particular, we show that cis are unlike enthymemes, which are extremely challenging to conceptualise and to specify precisely. Instead, cis are anchored on the linguistic surface, trigger a largely predictable discourse contribution and are therefore more apt for argument analysis. By surfacing conventionally implicated material, we can unpack a wider variety of ways in which arguments are triggered by, composed of, and demolished by implicit discourse material, in particular inferential structures, conflicts and references to ethos. This also allows us to model the complex interplay between conventional implicature and argumentation, which in turn sheds new light on the interplay of meaning and argumentation in general.

DEICTIC MITIGATION VS COMMISSIVE ACTS IN POLITICAL INTERVIEW (BASED ON THE MODERN EUROPEAN DISCOURSE OF AID TO UKRAINE)

The article deals with the problem of correlation between the illocutionary force of indirect commissive acts and shields as deictic mitigating markers that reduce the level of promises by influencing their felicity conditions. The purpose of the article is to clarify the types of deictic shields and their function in weakening the illocutionary force of indirect promises in the European political discourse of assistance to Ukraine. The purpose is achieved by solving the following objectives that determine the research algorithm, including (a) felicity conditions revealing for commissives, weakened by shields that affect the illocutionary force of acts; (b) identifying those deictic coordinates of statements, the reference to which weakens the illocutionary force of commissives; (c) lexical-semantic and syntactic deictic mitigators complex determination. To achieve the purpose and objectives set in the article, the following research methods are used: the method of speech acts analysis and the method of inferencing the shields-based conventional implicatures, supplemented by elements of componential analysis. The article reached the following principal results. Firstly, among the felicity conditions for commissives weakened by shields, the article highlights the condition of speaker’s sincerity and the preparatory condition of his / her ability to perform a promissive act. Due to the shields, the promise is transferred from the scope of the action to the scope of the speaker’s possibilities. Secondly, based on the understanding of shields as the markers affecting either the speaker’s / addresser’s face-protecting attitude to the proposition or the deictic space-temporal-object coordinates of the utterance, the paper has identified that the illocutionary force of indirect commissives is mitigated by personal, temporal and object shields. Thirdly, we have singled out and specified a set of illocution-mitigating deictic devices, including means of role-playing deixis, epistemological modal verbs and their substitutes, which denote or connotate semes of “capabilities” and “possibilities”, means of negation, temporary deixis devices, i.e. the lexical and grammatical markers of future tense, resulting in the vagueness of promises / obligations; presuppositional adverbs with inference pattern of “impediment to a promised action”; passive structures that withdraw the speaker from the position of phrasal subject and an agent of the promising action; verbs and adverbs, which in their inference patterns contain the denotative or contextually connotated semes of a temporal reference to an indefinite future; metonymic generalization of the agent of action. The prospect for further research is the analysis of all types of mitigators, including bushes, hedges and shields, in their projection on rhetorical and manipulative methods of argumentation in political discourse as manifested by the discourse-forming concept “Caution”.