Conventional Feed Research Articles

Sweet vs. Salty Former Food Products in Post-Weaning Piglets: Effects on Growth, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Blood Metabolites

Simple SummaryNowadays, researchers need to find a solution to the growing demand for sustainable animal productions. Livestock animal’s nutrition is the component with major impacts on environment and economy. The biggest challenge is to find alternative feed ingredients to minimize and valorize the food leftovers. Food industry leftovers, also called former food products, could be a valid alternative to grains in young pigs’ nutrition. From a nutritional point of view, these ingredients are very similar to standard cereals, like corn. The results from this study suggest that a partial substitution of standard ingredients with two different sources of former food products in the diets of post-weaned pigs is possible, without any negative effects on growth performance and health of animals.Former food products (FFPs) have a great potential to replace conventional feed ingredients. This study aimed to investigate the possibility to partially replace standard ingredients with two different types of FFPs: bakery (FFPs-B) or confectionary (FFPs-C) FFPs and their effects on growth performances, feed digestibility and metabolic status in post-weaning piglets. Thirty-six post-weaning piglets were randomly assigned to three experimental diets (n = 12 per diet) for 42 days: a standard diet (CTR), a diet where 30% of standard ingredients were replaced by confectionary FFPs (FFPs-C) and a diet where 30% of standard ingredients were replaced by bakery FFPs (FFPs-B). Individual body weight and fecal dry matter were measured weekly. Feed intake (FI) was determined daily. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Fecal samples were collected daily for three days/week to determine apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (ATTD). At day 0, 21 and 42, blood samples were collected from all the piglets. No significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups were found in growth performances and metabolic profile. However, ATTD in FFPs-B group was lower (p < 0.05) compared to the CTR group at the end of the experiment. This study confirmed the possibility to formulate homogeneous diets integrated with 30% of both categories of FFPs. Further investigations are needed to clarify the effects of bakery former food products on the digestibility of the diet.

Rumen bacterial community profile and fermentation in Barki sheep fed olive cake and date palm byproducts

Rumen bacteria make the greatest contribution to rumen fermentation that enables the host animal to utilize the ingested feeds. Agro-industrial byproducts (AIP) such as olive cake (OC) and date palm byproducts (discarded dates (DD), and date palm fronds (DPF)) represent a practical solution to the deficiency in common feed resources. In this study, thirty-six growing Barki lambs were divided into three groups to evaluate the effect of untraditional diets including the AIP on the growth performance. Subsequently, nine adult Barki rams were used to evaluate the effect of experimental diets on rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria. Three rations were used: common concentrate mixture (S1), common untraditional concentrate mixture including OC and DD (S2), and the same concentrate mixture in S2 supplemented with roughage as DPF enriched with 15% molasses (S3). The animals in S2 group showed higher dry matter intake (DMI) and lower relative growth rate (RGR) as compared to the animals in S1 group. However, the animals in S3 group were the lowest in DMI but achieved RGR by about 87.6% of that in the S1 group. Rumen pH, acetic and butyric acids were more prevalent in animals of S3 group and rumen ammonia (NH3-N), total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), propionic acid were higher in S1. Rumen enzymes activities were higher in S1 group followed by S3 and S2. The bacterial population was more prevalent in S1 and microbial diversity was higher in the S3 group. Principal coordinate analysis revealed clusters associated with diet type and the relative abundance of bacteria varied between sheep groups. The bacterial community was dominated by phylum Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; whereas, Prevotella, Ruminococcus, and Butyrivibrio were the dominant genera. Results indicate that diet S3 supplemented by OC, DD, and DPF could replace the conventional feed mixture.

Role of conventional and split feeding of various limestone particle size ratios on the performance and egg quality of Hy-Line® W-36 hens in the late production phase

As progress is made towards extending the production cycle of the modern laying hen beyond 60 weeks of age, it is vital to develop effective nutritional strategies to sustain egg production and maintain eggshell quality. A 20-week study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding various ratios of fine (FL) and coarse (CL) limestone continuously (conventional) or only in the afternoon (split) on egg production and egg quality. The experiment was designed as randomized complete blocks with split plots over hen age. A 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of two feed distribution regimens (conventional and split) and four ratios of fine and coarse limestone (35:65, 25:75,15:85, and 0:100 FL:CL, respectively) were studied. Eight feeding regimens were tested with 4 feeding regimens that received the same diet in the morning and afternoon and the other 4 feeding regimens that received a diet without limestone in the morning but 4 diets with all the added limestone in the afternoon. An interaction was observed between feeding regimens and age of birds for mean eggshell breaking strength (P = 0.044), indicating that the split feeding regimen maintains eggshell breaking strength compared to conventional feeding regimen. There was an interaction (P < 0.001) between limestone particle ratio and age for feed intake indicating that higher amount of feed is consumed when fine limestone is not added to the diet. The main effect of limestone ratio was observed for tibial breaking strength (TBS) (P = 0.026), where the birds fed 35FL:65CL or 25FL:75CL ratio diets had a greater TBS than 15FL:85CL and 0FL:100CL. Split feeding alone was not able to improve the eggshell breaking strength. Therefore, future research should focus on a combined strategy of improved genetics, nutrition, feeding regimen, and management strategy to maintain the eggshell quality in the late production phase.

Pemberdayaan Peternak Itik Melalui Pakan Fermentasi Dalam Upaya Menghasilkan Telur Rendah Kolestrol (Teresol) Di Desa Bate Puteh Kecamatan Langsa Lama Kota Langsa

Langsa City is currently one of the centers for laying ducks. One of the sub-districts currently developing laying duck farming is Langsa Lama District, Langsa City. In the laying duck cultivation business, there are several problems faced by breeders, including the handling of seeds in general is still in a simple/traditional manner. One of them is a nursery method that has not been touched by technology so it takes a long time to get laying duck seeds. Teresol is a feed mixing technology by adding 3% tea leaf powder to conventional feed. The addition of tea is very efficient because it does not reduce the production of the ducks, because if it is more than 3% then the ducks will experience quite a lot of energy disassembly and result in a decrease in production. In this community service, farmers are first given counseling about fermented feed, how to make it and the benefits felt for farmers by increasing the productivity of duck eggs that are kept. After the training activities with demonstrations were carried out, an evaluation was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the participants to see the level of knowledge of the participants before and after the activity. Duck farmers can increase family income and welfare by producing low-cholesterol eggs with high selling value.

Estimation of the ideal dietary essential amino acid pattern for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in the later-juvenile growth phase

This study aimed to estimate the ideal pattern of dietary essential amino acids (EAAs) for pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus ) in the later-juvenile growth phase (weighing 460–560 g) by the amino acid (AA) deletion method. A total of 231 pacu in the later-juvenile growth phase (with initial average body weight of 460 ± 4.65 g) were equally distributed in a completely randomized design among 33 fiber tanks of 1000-L (7 fish per tank) in a closed water recirculation system. The trial consisted of 11 treatments including a control diet (CD) and 10 EAA-deficient diets (DDs), with three replicates (tanks) per treatment. The CD consisted of 45% synthetic amino acids and purified feed ingredients and 55% non-purified conventional feed ingredients. The 10 DDs represented the same nutritional composition of the CD but each DD was maintained deficient in 45% of the respective test EAA. During the 60-day experimental duration, fish were fed with extruded diets three times a day until apparent satiation. The present results revealed that fish fed with CD showed better growth performance, feed utilization and body N deposition as compared to DDs. The ideal pattern of dietary EAAs was estimated through the relationship between body nitrogen retention and the amount of amino acid deleted from the control diet. Based on the deletion method, the ideal pattern of dietary EAAs for pacu in the later-juvenile growth phase (expressed relative to lysine requirement of 100%) was estimated as: arginine (84.33%); phenylalanine (55.21%); histidine (29.52%); isoleucine (55.06%); leucine (73.82%); methionine (24.86%); threonine (46.08%); tryptophan (10.42%); and valine (57.00%). • Deletion method can efficiently estimate the ideal EAA pattern for pacu in the later-juvenile • growth phase • 2: Estimation of ideal ratios of EAAs is required for obtaining maximum performance of fish • 3: Diets with ideal EAA ratios may optimize the feed utilization efficiency of fish • 4: Estimation of ideal EAA profiles could help to economize the protein content of feed

W-Band Low-SLL Size-Reduction Microwaveguide Array Antenna Using TE120-Mode-Cavity Dual-Layer Power Divider

In this letter a W -band small-size low sidelobe level (SLL) 6 × 16 microwaveguide slot array antenna is proposed based on the silicon micromachining technology. The feeding network within the limited available area consists of several stages of equal T-junctions and TE120-mode-cavity dual-layer power dividers able to build the desired tapering power distribution over a relatively wide bandwidth. The TE120-mode-cavity dual-layer power divider is at the end of the feeding network, which can implement the layer-to-layer transition and the power division simultaneously. Thus, the whole size of the array antenna can be reduced by about 25% compared with the conventional five-stage tree-like feeding network. The overall antenna size is 60 mm × 20 mm × 1.85 mm. The measured maximum gain is 26.1 dBi at 94 GHz, and the corresponding radiation efficiency is 69.2%. The measured SLL in E -plane is below than −18.5 dB within the frequency band from 92 to 96 GHz.

Solving the problems of underwater mecha-nized and automatic arc welding of various metal structures with a wet method

A complex of problems related to semi-automatic and automatic underwater wet welding, concerning both equipment and ways of implementation of arc process, has been considered. An analysis of existing developments in the considered field of welding has been carried out, and the most rational designs of semi-automatic machines for welding with flux-cored electrode wire have been revealed. It is shown that the semiautomatic device with a submerged block is the most rational design; the feeding mechanism, placed in the block, has its own additional body, filled with insulating-lubricating liquid, in which the drive motor is submerged. It is noted that a peculiarity of welding-in-fusion in aqueous medium is unpleasant formation of joints on the vertical plane. The most effective ways of improving semi-automatic and automatic machines related to modulated processes and processes with controlled pulse feeding of electrode wire are presented. It is shown that lately the most effective choice of electric motor is its valve design. At the same time, the feeding mechanism in the gearless version is possible. Specially designed computerized control and regulation system is used for realization of semiautomatic machine's work cycle and the chosen algorithm of electrode wire feeding. The results of electrode wire pulse feeding application on properties of welded joints are given. It is determined that characteristics of pulse feeding (frequency, duty cycle) influence geometric characteristics of the weld, as well as strength properties, in particular yield and time resistance limits, which, among other things, is caused by reduction of nonmetallic inclusions in the weld metal and the weld zone. External types of beads welded in aqueous medium on the vertical plane are given, it is obvious that formation when using pulse and modulated modes is significantly better than when conducting electric arc process with conventional feeding of the electrode wire. The ways of further improvement of the equipment for welding in aqueous medium by a wet method are shown. One of the most promising ways to improve technical and technological capabilities of mechanized equipment for welding in aqueous medium is the creation and application of systems with combined influence on the process.

Novel Insights on the Sustainable Wet Mode Fractionation of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens) into Lipids, Proteins and Chitin

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is a sustainable ingredient for feed applications, biofuels, composite materials and other biobased products. Processing BSFL to obtain lipid and protein fractions with enhanced functional properties as a suitable replacement for conventional feed ingredients has gained considerable momentum. In this regard, a novel and sustainable wet mode fractionation (WMF) scheme for BSFL was explored. Fresh BSFL were steam blanched and pulped to obtain BSFL juice and juice press cake. Subsequent treatment of BSFL juice employing homogenization or enzyme incubation and further centrifugation resulted in the obtention of four different BSFL fractions (Lipid—LF; Cream—CF; Aqueous—AF; and Solid—SF). Total energy consumption for a batch BSFL (500 g) WMF process was 0.321 kWh. Aqueous and solid fractions were the predominant constituents of BSFL juice. Lauric acid (44.52–49.49%) and linoleic acid (19.12–20.12%) were the primary fatty acids present in BSFL lipids. Lipid hydrolysis was observed in lipids belonging to the solid (free fatty acids &gt; triacylglycerides) and cream fractions. Aqueous fraction proteins (ctrl) displayed superior emulsion stability and foam capacity than other treatments. Juice press cake retained 60% of the total chitin content and the rest, 40%, was found in the solid fraction (ctrl). The material distribution of principal constituents in different fractions of the WMF process and amino acid profile was elucidated. Overall, the versatile WMF process proposed in this study involves simple unit operations to obtain functional ingredients from BSFL, which can be further explored by researchers and industry stakeholders.

Prandial Correlations and Structure of the Ingestive Behavior of Pigs in Precision Feeding Programs.

Simple SummaryA better understanding of pig feeding behavior can provide critical information for improving feeding strategies, productivity, and animal well-being. However, the availability of information is very limited in this research field. Data collected using electronic feeders were used in this study to generate information on pig feeding behavior, such as the time, size, and duration of each visit and meal. Later, data were used to calculate prandial correlations that could be interpreted as hunger or satiety-regulating mechanisms. The results indicated that the hunger-regulating mechanisms were slightly stronger than the satiety-regulation mechanisms in the studied animals. A decrease in both regulating mechanisms was observed during animal growth. Feeding programs showed little influence on the feeding regulating mechanisms, with conventional feeding systems (a group of animals fed diets adjusted by phase) slightly differing from precision feeding programs (animals receiving diets adjusted daily to meet the individual nutritional requirements). The use of electronic feeders in research and field conditions is increasing, as well the variety of sensors available in the market. Thus, more studies focusing on pig feeding behavior must be developed in the coming years to further understand such a complex and interesting animal.The feeding behavior of growing-finishing pigs was analyzed to study prandial correlations and the probability of starting a new feeding event. The data were collected in real-time based on 157,632 visits by a group of 70 growing-finishing pigs (from 30.4 to 115.5 kg body weight, BW) to automatic feeders. The data were collected over 84 days, during which period the pigs were kept in conventional (by phase and by group) or precision (with daily and individual adjustments) feeding programs. A criterion to delimit each meal was then defined based on the probability of an animal starting a new feeding event within the next minute since the last visit. Prandial correlations were established between meal size and interval before meal (pre-prandial) or interval after meal (post-prandial) using Pearson correlation analysis. Post-prandial correlations (which can be interpreted as hunger-regulating mechanisms) were slightly stronger than pre-prandial correlations (which can be interpreted as satiety regulation mechanisms). Both correlations decreased as the animals’ age increased but were little influenced by the feeding programs. The information generated in this study allows a better understanding of pigs’ feeding behavior regulation mechanisms and could be used in the future to improve precision feeding programs.

Analysis of Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Using Enogen Corn in Beef Cattle Rations.

Simple SummaryThis study presents a comparative lifecycle assessment of the environmental performance of Enogen® corn as an ingredient in beef rations. We show that the reductions in environmental impact per unit of live weight gain are approximately 5% across four primary impact categories: climate change, embedded energy, land use, and water use. These conclusions are robust under a series of evaluations considering different phases of the supply chain.Agricultural production systems have been identified as significant sources of anthropogenic impacts across several environmental key performance indicators (KPIs). Livestock husbandry is growing in global importance as the demand for high-quality protein continues to increase. It is therefore imperative to have sustainable intensification technologies, and we describe one such technology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of Enogen® corn grain compared to conventional feed corn when used as an ingredient in backgrounding and feed yard beef rations using life cycle assessment. The project was conducted in compliance with ISO standards, including a third-party panel review. A series of scenarios were analyzed to evaluate the impacts of boundaries and functional units on the outcomes. The use of Enogen corn as a feed component in beef production showed a quantifiable benefit in terms of the sustainability metrics of primary interest in this study. The gate-to-gate improvements at the feed yard and backgrounding based on full field trial datasets from field trials conducted at Kansas State University and at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln showed 3.4 and 5.8 percent reductions in Global Warming Potential, respectively. It is particularly noteworthy that the improvement in feed conversion ratio at the feed yard results in approximately 6 percent improvement in the four key environmental performance metrics of beef production, which demonstrates potential for the sector to meet its sustainability targets.

PSXIII-4 Effects of “País” grape marc on in vitro methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters of a forage diet

Abstract Grape marc (GM) is a viticulture by-product used as cattle supplement in periods of shortage of conventional feed sources. It contains fats, high concentrations of polyphenols and has been reported to reduce enteric methane (CH4) emissions. In-vitro batch culture was used to study the effects of substitution of mixed hay (MH) for a traditional Chilean variety (Vitis vinifera “País”) of GM on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), rumen fermentation parameters (short chain fatty acids, pH, partitioning factor), gas and CH4 production in a 60% forage diet (dry matter, DM). The study was a randomized complete design with 3 treatments and 3 replicates, incubated for 24 h at 39º C. Treatments were: T1 (Control): 20% MH, 40% corn silage, 40% concentrate; T2 = 10% MH, 10% GM, 40% corn silage, 40% concentrate; T3 = 20% GM, 40% corn silage, 40% concentrate. Means were compared with the Tukey test (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and polynomial contrasts. Substitution of MH with GM significantly reduced ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) by 50% (P &amp;lt; 0.05), although it did not affect IVDMD, gas production or other rumen fermentation parameters (P &amp;gt; 0.05). Total CH4 (mg) linearly decreased (P = 0.013) as concentrations of GM increased. Methane production (mg/g DM incubated) and yield (mg/g DM digested) decreased linearly (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively) as inclusion of GM increased. Inclusion of GM at 20% reduced CH4 production by 19% and CH4 yield by 16.4%. These results indicate that partial substitution of dietary fiber sources with traditional Chilean País GM in high fiber diets is a viable feeding alternative, and can decrease environmental impact (lower CH4 and ammonia emissions) of ruminant livestock, without negatively affecting rumen fermentation parameters.

Development of a Controlled Continuous Low-Dose Feeding Process

This paper proposes a feed rate control strategy for a novel volumetric micro-feeder, which can accomplish low-dose feeding of pharmaceutical raw materials with significantly different powder properties. The developed feed-forward control strategy enables a constant feed rate with a minimum deviation from the set-point, even for materials that are typically difficult to accurately feed (e.g., due to high cohesion or low density) using conventional continuous feeders. Density variations observed during the feeding process were characterized via a displacement feed factor profile for each powder. The characterized effective displacement density profile was applied in the micro-feeder system to proactively control the feed rate by manipulating the powder displacement rate (i.e., computing the feed rate from the powder displacement rate). Based on the displacement feed factor profile, the feed rate can be predicted during the feeding process and at any feed rate set-point. Three pharmaceutically relevant materials were used for the micro-feeder evaluation: di-calcium phosphate (large-particle system, high density), croscarmellose sodium (small-particle system, medium density), and barium sulfate (very small-particle <10 μm, high density). A significant improvement in the feeding performance was achieved for all investigated materials. The feed rate deviation from the set-point and its relative standard deviation were minimal compared to operations without the control strategy.

Explore the Effect and Target of Liraglutide on Islet Function in Type 2 Diabetic Rats by miRNA Omics Technology.

PurposeTo analyze the effect and potential therapeutic targets of liraglutide in type 2 diabetes through miRNA expression profiling.MethodsTen of 30 SPF Wistar rats, males at 4 weeks old, were randomly selected as the control group and given conventional feed, the other rats adopted high-sugar and high-fat diet combined with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish a T2DM model. One unsuccessful rat was excluded, and the remaining rats were randomized to the model and the liraglutide group. Liraglutide group was subcutaneously injected with liraglutide 0.11 mg/kg for 8 weeks. The biochemical indicators and staining HE were detected. The expression of miRNA in pancreatic tissue was detected by miRNA sequencing. The intersection of miRNA difference was used to predict the target gene, then functional enrichment was performed to identify its possible biological functions and signal transduction paths. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to verify the results.ResultsCompared to the model group, the level of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucagon and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in the liraglutide group were significantly decreased, fasting insulin (FINS) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were increased. Nine differential miRNAs (miR-135a-5p, miR-144-5p, miR-21-3p, miR-215, miR-451-5p, miR-486, miR-122-5p, miR-181d-5p and miR-345-5p) were identified at the intersection through two miRNA sequencing. A total of 3359 related target gene predictions were obtained. GO and pathway analyses demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were closely related to cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and proteolysis. Significant signaling pathways included PI signaling system, autophagy, FoxO and HIF-1 signaling pathway.ConclusionLiraglutide could improve islet function by regulating nine miRNAs, and the related signaling pathways included PI signaling system, autophagy, FoxO and HIF-1 signaling pathway. Our study provided the basis and direction for further exploring the molecular mechanism of liraglutide on T2DM.

Effect of β-Caryophyllene on insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of high fat diet and fructose-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

High fat diet feeding results in hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which is a major pathological feature of type-2 diabetes mellitus. The use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs is limited due to its deleterious side effects and there is a need to find more efficacious agents for diabetes management. Hence, it is of interest to show the mechanism of action of β-Caryophyllene on insulin signalling molecules in gastrocnemius muscle of high fat diet - induced type-2 diabetic rats. An oral effective dose of with β-Caryophyllene (200 mg/kg b.wt) was given for 30 days to high fat diet (comprising 2% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, 30% coconut oil, 67% conventional rat feed) and fructose fed type-2 diabetic rats to find out whether β-Caryophyllene regulates IRS-1/Akt pathway of insulin signalling. The data shows that, β-Caryophyllene treatment significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor (IR) in diabetic rats whereas there is no significant difference in mRNA expression of insulin receptor-substrate-1 (IRS-1) was observed among groups. The Akt mRNAand GLUT-4mRNA and protein level were also improved in gastrocnemius muscle of type-2 diabetic rats. Thus, we concluded that β-Caryophyllene could be used as potential phyto medicine for type-2 diabetes management.

Performances of Crossbred Chickens Fed Fermented Papaya Leaf and Seed Powder at High Stocking Density

The study evaluated the influence of fermented papaya leaf and seed powder (FPLS) and/or multienzymes on the growth, physiology, antioxidant, and gut ecology of the Indonesian crossbred chicken (ICC) at high stocking density. Three hundred and seventy ICC were randomly allotted to LSD (chicks fed conventional feed at low stocking density), HSD (chicks fed conventional feed at high stocking density), HSD+mE (chicks fed conventional feed plus multienzyme at high stocking density), HSD+FPLS (chicks fed FPLS at high stocking density) and HSD+FPLS+mE (chicks fed FPLS plus multienzyme at high stocking density). Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. Two ICC were taken from each pen (10 chicks per treatment group) at week 10 for sampling. The study was arranged based on a completely randomized design with five treatment groups, each consisted of five replicates. Except for performance, analysis of variance was conducted on two chicks from each replicate (10 chicks per treatment group). Chicks in LSD consumed more (p&lt;0.05) feed and had a higher (p&lt;0.05) feed conversion ratio. Platelet distribution width (PDW) was lower (p&lt;0.05) in HSD, HSD+FPLS, and HSD+FPLS+mE chicks than in LSD chicks. Lymphocyte counts were lower (p&lt;0.05) in HSD relative to HSD+mE chicks. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was higher (p&lt;0.05) in HSD and HSD+FPLS+mE chicks than in LSD, HSD+mE, and HSD+FPLS chicks. High-density lipoprotein was smaller (p&lt;0.05) in HSD+mE chicks than in LSD, HSD, and HSD+FPLS chicks. Compared to the other treatment groups of chicks, HSD+FPLS chicks had a lower (p&lt;0.05) albumin level. Creatinine level was lower (p&lt;0.05) in HSD chicks than in the other group of chicks. Enterobacteriaceae counts were lower (p&lt;0.05) in HSD+FPLS cecal content of chicks than in LSD and HSD chicks. The redness values of breast meats were lower (p&lt;0.05) in HSD+FPLS chicks than the chicks in HSD+mE and HSD+FPLS+mE dietary treatments. LSD chicks had higher (p&lt;0.05) redness values of thigh meat than the other treatment groups of chicks. LSD chicks also had higher (p&lt;0.05) yellowness values than HSD+mE and HSD+FPLS+mE chicks. In conclusion, high stocking density resulted in mild stress conditions, as was demonstrated by the increased SOD and decreased PDW and redness meat values. A combination of FPLS and multienzyme ameliorated the adverse influence of high stocking density in ICC.

Milk fatty acid profile of Indian dairy cows reared under organic and conventional feeding management

In this study, milk fat content and milk fatty acid profile of 3 Indian dairy cattle breeds, viz. Sahiwal, Tharparkar and Gir was studied under organic and conventional feeding system. Milk fat content differed significantly among the breeds and varied from 3.74 to 4.57% across the breeds, however the feeding system did not influence the milk fat contents. Fatty acids contents were similar among breeds and feeding systems, however, the unsaturated fatty acids were comparatively higher in organic feeding system.

P–797 A novel method for establishing human embryonic stem cells independent of feeder cells

Abstract Study question Is there a efficient establishing method of human embryonic stem cells directly from the human blastocysts independent of feeder cells? Summary answer We established a novel method of generating human embryonic stem cells directly from human blastocysts independent of feeder layer cells. What is known already Establishing embryonic stem cells lines mainly needed to coculture ICM clumps with feeder cells (like mouse or human fibroblasts) ,this brought in potential heterogeneous pollution.Although there had be some reports about generating human ESCs independent of feeder cells,but the efficiency was low and conditioned medium were unstable and also had the biological contamination. Study design, size, duration We used ten day5/6 donated human blastocysts from our reproductive center ,most of them were genetically diseased embryos with abnormal PGT diagnosis.After establishing ESCs procedure , all the cell lines were identified with pluripotency and differentiation potential tests.The success rate of system was calculated and compared with the conventional methods. Participants/materials, setting, methods In brief, ICM clumps were separated mechanically by using a micromanipulation system,and then transferred to a 30ul mTESR plus culture media drop pretreated with the geltrex (1:100 dilution) matrix and oxygen concentration was 5%. When cells attached and migrated,we also used laser to destroy the remaining trophoblast cells.About 10 days,the typical ES clone can be mechanically passaged and cells can be cultured in normal oxygen concentrations after passage 2. . Main results and the role of chance Using this method we had successfully established nine embryonic stem cell lines from donated human blastocysts ,the success rate was 90% (9/10). Each cell lines had passed the evaluation test of embryonic stem cell. When compared with the conventional feeder cells dependent method,our novol methods not only eliminated the pollution from heterogeneous cells,but also had higher success rate (90% vs 25%). Limitations, reasons for caution Due to the scarcity of donated human blastocysts, this experiment was a single-center experiment with small samples. Wider implications of the findings: We speculated that the batch differences of culture dishes, matrix and culture medium might affect the establish efficiency , and how to carry out a high level of quality control work might be the key factor to keep the system stable. Trial registration number basic research

P-797 A novel method for establishing human embryonic stem cells independent of feeder cells

Abstract Study question Is there a efficient establishing method of human embryonic stem cells directly from the human blastocysts independent of feeder cells? Summary answer We established a novel method of generating human embryonic stem cells directly from human blastocysts independent of feeder layer cells. What is known already Establishing embryonic stem cells lines mainly needed to coculture ICM clumps with feeder cells (like mouse or human fibroblasts), this brought in potential heterogeneous pollution. Although there had be some reports about generating human ESCs independent of feeder cells, but the efficiency was low and conditioned medium were unstable and also had the biological contamination. Study design, size, duration We used ten day5/6 donated human blastocysts from our reproductive center, most of them were genetically diseased embryos with abnormal PGT diagnosis. After establishing ESCs procedure, all the cell lines were identified with pluripotency and differentiation potential tests. The success rate of system was calculated and compared with the conventional methods. Participants/materials, setting, methods In brief, ICM clumps were separated mechanically by using a micromanipulation system,and then transferred to a 30ul mTESR plus culture media drop pretreated with the geltrex (1:100 dilution) matrix and oxygen concentration was 5%. When cells attached and migrated,we also used laser to destroy the remaining trophoblast cells. About 10 days,the typical ES clone can be mechanically passaged and cells can be cultured in normal oxygen concentrations after passage 2.. Main results and the role of chance Using this method we had successfully established nine embryonic stem cell lines from donated human blastocysts, the success rate was 90% (9/10). Each cell lines had passed the evaluation test of embryonic stem cell. When compared with the conventional feeder cells dependent method,our novol methods not only eliminated the pollution from heterogeneous cells,but also had higher success rate (90% vs 25%). Limitations, reasons for caution Due to the scarcity of donated human blastocysts, this experiment was a single-center experiment with small samples. Wider implications of the findings We speculated that the batch differences of culture dishes, matrix and culture medium might affect the establish efficiency, and how to carry out a high level of quality control work might be the key factor to keep the system stable. Trial registration number basic research

A Low-Profile, Wide-Scan, Cylindrically Conformal X-Band Phased Array

A low-profile, wide-scan antenna array operating in the 6-12 GHz band with planar and conformal variants is reported in this letter. The design comprises capacitively coupled dipoles, integrated with an artificial magnetic conductor layer to achieve a low profile (<; 0.2λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> ). A patch with feed via is used as a conventional feed balun. In addition, a via fence is employed for resonance mitigation and improved impedance matching at the lower end of the frequency band. The array exhibits a wide-angle scan capability (±60°) in E-, H-, and D-plane for active voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) <; 3. A 16 × 3 conformal array, axially mounted onto a cylindrical surface with a radius of 250 mm (10λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">h</sub> ) and 8 × 8 planar array configurations, is simulated and analyzed. The measurement results of the conformal array prototype show good agreement with the simulations in terms of VSWR, radiation pattern, and realized gain. Therefore, the proposed design is an attractive candidate for planar and conformal wireless devices at C, X-band frequencies.

Feeding value of sorghum stover fed to tropical hair sheep as complete rations in chop, mash, pellet, and block forms.

Background and Aim:Poor palatability, low bulk density, and low nutritive value restrict the utilization of the crop residues as animal feeds. Altering the physical characteristics of feed by blending the roughage and concentrates in the form of complete feed improves the nutrient use efficiency and reduces the feed wastage, feed cost, and labor cost. The study aims to determine suitable processing methods (mash, pellet, or block forms) for efficient utilization of sorghum stover-based complete rations vis-a-vis conventional feeding methods in sheep.Materials and Methods:The sorghum stover was incorporated in complete rations with roughage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 proportion in a growth trial of 120 days. The feed ingredients were chaffed, ground in a hammer mill, passed through expander-extruder, and compressed by feed block machine to prepare chop, mash, pellet, and block form of rations, respectively. Twenty-four male intact growing Nellore×Deccani cross lambs (3.5±0.5 months age, 14.50±0.41 kg (mean ± SD) at the start of the experiment) were divided into four experimental groups of six animals each in a complete randomized design. The experimental rations were randomly allotted to each group and evaluated for their intake, nutrient utilization, and growth performance.Results:The sheep fed on pellet-based ration consumed a higher (p<0.05) quantity of dry matter. The digestibility coefficients of organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber were higher (p<0.05) in processed rations (mash, pellet, or block). Further, the nitrogen balance (g/d) was higher (p<0.05) in the mash, pellet, and block form of rations, compared to chopped ration. The processing method did not influence calcium or phosphorous balance parameters, except for their urinary losses, which showed an increasing trend (p=0.07). The ram lambs fed with pelleted ration showed higher (p<0.05) weight gain than mash, block, or chaff forms. The efficiency of feed utilization in gaining one kg body weight was higher (p<0.05) in lambs fed a pelleted diet. Feeding pelletized ration was more economical to gain one kg body weight. The bulk density was highest for block-based ration followed by pellet, mash, and conventional rations, and the carrying capacity of truck was highest with the least transport cost in block-form of rations.Conclusion:Physical processing (mash, pellet, and block) of sorghum stover-based complete rations increased the nutrient utilization and growth performance of sheep compared to conventional chopped form. Pelleting the mash with expander-extruder procedure was found to be more profitable. Nevertheless, the cost economics revealed blocks as more preferable forms for transporting the complete rations to larger distances.