Conventional Facilities Research Articles

Enhancement of carbamazepine removal rate using Tetradesmus obliquus KNUA061 and NaOCl and utilization of the resulting biomass

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are discharged into receiving water bodies mainly from sewage treatment plants. Due to the inefficient removal in conventional wastewater treatment facilities, PPCPs have become a major concern to aquatic ecosystems, water quality, and public health worldwide since they cause harmful effects on aquatic life and human even at low doses. Among the PPCPs, carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drugs and consumed more than 1,000 tons per year. Due to its structural complexity, CBZ is known as recalcitrant compound highly stable during wastewater treatment. Consequently, it has become one of the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in waste water, surface water, and even drinking water. In this study, Korean indigenous microalgae strains were tested as eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions for CBZ removal. Based on the preliminary biological CBZ degradation tests, Tetradesmus obliquus KNUA061 demonstrating the best CBZ removal rate was selected for further experiments. In order to increase strain KNUA061's CBZ removal efficiency, NaOCl, which is widely accepted in the water purification process, was used as an additional stimulus to induce stress conditions. At around 20 μg L−1 CBZ, addition of 1.0 mg NaOCl resulted in approximately 20% of removal rate increase without suppressing cells growth. Roughly 90% of CBZ remained its original form and the composition of the transformed secondary metabolites was less than 10% during the biodegradation process by the microalga. Based on the results of the antioxidant enzyme activities, degree of lipid oxidation, and amino acid contents, it was concluded that the redox-defence system in microalgal cells may have been activated by the NaOCl treatment. Biomass analysis results showed that higher heating value (HHV) of strain KNUA061 biomass was higher than those of lignocellulosic energy crops suggesting that it could be utilized as a possible renewable energy source. Even though its biodiesel properties were slightly below the international standards due to the high PUFA contents, the biodiesel produced from T. obliquus KNUA061 could be used as a blending resource for transportation fuels. It was also determined that the microalgal biomass has acceptable feasibility as a sustainable dietary supplement feedstock due to its high essential amino acid contents.

Exploring the benefits of utilizing small modular device for sustainable and flexible shale gas water management

Growing shale gas extraction in recent years has triggered wide discussions on the associated freshwater requirement and wastewater management. Many optimization approaches have been developed for shale gas water management; however, most of the studies assumed permanent utilization of wastewater treatment facilities with fixed capacities. Considering the rapidly declining characteristics of shale gas wastewater production, these treatment facilities could remain largely underutilized after the first few months/years of production, making them less economically attractive. To maximize the capacity utilization of treatment facilities and further improve the economic performance of shale gas development, this study develops a systematic optimization framework, where the capacity strategy of conventional treatment facilities and utilization of the recent concept of modular manufacturing are both considered for flexible shale gas water management. The proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model simultaneously optimizes the design and planning of integrated shale gas and water supply chain, with a focus on capacity planning for both large-scale conventional treatment facilities and small-scale modular devices. A series of Marcellus-based case studies are performed to illustrate the applicability of the proposed model and provide general insights into the trade-offs between the multiple types of treatment facilities. The optimization results reveal that the combinatorial utilization of conventional facilities and modular devices for wastewater treatment (66% by conventional facilities and 34% by modular devices) brings 9.3% more reused water for other well development and 6.2% savings in water-related costs, compared to flexible management of only conventional facilities. This work suggests that taking modular device as auxiliary equipment for shale gas water management is most beneficial to increase the capacity utilization of treatment facilities and achieve a more economic and sustainable shale gas production system.

Fabrication of nano-biocomposite for the removal of Eriochrome Black T and malachite green from aqueous solution: isotherm and kinetic studies.

The increasing generation of toxic dye wastewater from various enterprises continues to be a serious public health issue and happens to be of environmental concern, posing a significant challenge to existing conventional water treatment facilities. Malachite green (MG) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) are extremely hazardous and carcinogenic substances; hence it is crucial to remove them from water bodies. A well-known cleaner, more economical, and environmentally friendly treatment method is adsorption. The kind of adsorbent material employed determines how well the treatment procedure works. A physiologically compatible nanocomposite adsorbent (HAP@CT@MNP) was fabricated from laboratory synthesized hydroxyapatite (HAP) and magnetite (MNP) for its application in the wastewater remediation process. The ability of the fabricated nanocomposite to remove the harmful dyes EBT and MG from a simulated wastewater was evaluated. The impact of operational parameters including pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature was examined to gauge the maximum adsorption capacity of the developed nanocomposite. The optimum pH for the eradication of EBT and MG were found to be 3 and 7.4, respectively. The maximum capacity evaluated was 222mg/g and 500mg/g at room temperature and at contact time of 50 and 40min respectively. The binding of either EBT or MG followed the monolayer Langmuir model and kinetic studies revealed the suitability of pseudo-second-order model. Studies using spectroscopy and isotherm modeling showed that the main mechanism controlling the adsorption of EBT and MG onto HAP@CT@MNP is physisorption. The efficacy of the adsorbent to be reused with 8% loss in its efficiency reveals the economic viability of HAP@CT@MNP. The current work showed that a biocompatible nanocomposite could be successfully fabricated and used as an enhanced adsorbent for the quick and effective removal of the toxic dyes EBT and MG from wastewater.

Diversity of medicinal plants and their therapeutic usages of Kachin people (Jinghpaw) in the central part of Kachin State, Myanmar

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe traditional medical system plays a major role in healthcare in Kachin State, Myanmar, where long-term political instability persists and conventional healthcare facilities are inadequate. A knowledge of the traditional medicinal plants therefore benefits the Kachin people, yet documentation and records of the uses of these plants are rare. In this study, we attempt to answer the questions on what medicinal plants and how they are used by the Kachin people. Aim of the studyWe aimed to document knowledge of the traditional medicinal plants and to identify those most frequently used by the Kachin people. Materials and methodsEighty-two informants from eight villages in three townships were interviewed, and their knowledge of medicinal plants was recorded. The reported ailments were classified to the standard categories of the International Classification of Primary Care-2 (ICPC-2) system. Use reports (UR) were employed to evaluate the knowledge consensus of the informants. ResultsWe recorded a total of 117 species used as medicinal plants, of which 22 are newly recorded medicinal plant species for Myanmar. The plants belonged to 103 genera in 52 families, and were used to treat a total of 72 ailments from 17 ICPC-2 disease categories. Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were the most highly represented families of medicinal plants, with eleven and eight species used, respectively. The most cited species based on URs were Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson (URs = 39), Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz (URs = 28), Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. (URs = 26), Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (URs = 24), and Chloranthus elatior Link. (URs = 22). Digestive system disorder was the most prevalent disease category, and was treated with 47 different medicinal plants (URs = 142). Leaves were the most commonly used plant part; decoction was the dominant method of preparation; and oral consumption was the most frequent method of administration. ConclusionOur study documented a list of 117 medicinal plants and their uses in traditional medicine based on the local knowledge of the Kachin people. The study also identified the five most frequently cited species and found that the plants investigated are used to treat a total of 72 diseases. The 642 therapeutic reports we collected showcase a rich and diverse living knowledge of medicinal plant use by the Kachin people. Moreover, we present 22 new medicinal records, enriching the list of known medicinal plants in Myanmar. This exploratory study has enabled us to assemble the local knowledge of the Kachin people into solid dataset that will allow further scientific validation and will potentially contribute to better integration of medicinal plants into the healthcare provision for Kachin people in Myanmar.

Study on numerical PMM test and its application to KCS hull

· A numerical moving tank was applied for the various PMM tests of the KCS model. · Numerical sensitivity of time window, grid resolution, and time step was systematically examined. · The wave patterns and vortices around ship was observed in various PMM test conditions. · A complete set of hull manoeuvring coefficients was obtained. · The manoeuvring coefficients were successfully applied for the prediction of turning tests. The planar motion mechanism (PMM) test is among the most popular methods to evaluate ship manoeuvrability due to its ability to generate manoeuvring coefficients through a series of captive tests. As a replacement for conventional towing tank facilities, the present work applies an open-source-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver to conduct numerical tests, including the static drift, pure sway, pure yaw, and combined drift-yaw tests. The test model is the KRISO container ship (KCS), which has a highly-curved hull with sharp edges and extruded bulbous bow. The original k-ω SST turbulence model has been enhanced to stabilize the turbulence fields near the free surface as well as the hull, and the bow and stern vortices that occur during the ship's PMM motions are displayed in the present CFD analysis. For both the static and dynamic tests, the force and moment predicted by the present CFD solver agree well with the experimental measurements. The numerical PMM tests have generated a complete list of manoeuvring coefficients for the bare hull, and the further application to ship 35° turning circle test has demonstrated a reasonable agreement with the direct free-running experiments.

Hydrogen production from urea in human urine using segregated systems

Removal of nitrogen compounds through biological processes represents the highest energy consumption in conventional centralised wastewater treatment facilities. Alternatively, segregated systems, where wastewater is treated at its source, present the potential to provide value to nitrogen-rich compounds contained in wastewater like urea. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of a novel process to recover energy from human urine based on the pre-isolation of urea to decrease the energy requirements for its thermal decomposition compared to the conventional thermal treatment when in solution, followed by its decomposition into hydrogen. Herein, urea is separated from an aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated carbon. Thermal urea desorption and decomposition into ammonia and CO2 at 250 °C leads to full regeneration of the carbon, showing a constant adsorption capacity for at least 5 consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. Finally, when the regeneration and urea decomposition step is coupled to an ammonia decomposition catalyst, hydrogen is produced to be used as an energy fuel. This process opens the door to a new way of circular economy by energy recovery from hydrogen-rich components in segregated wastewater streams. Preliminary energy balances show that the adoption of this energy recovery system in a city of 160,000 inhabitants would lead to a daily hydrogen production of 430 kg, with a net energy production of 2,500 kWh/day. In addition, such waste-to-energy process would lead to energy savings of 4,600 kWh/day in a conventional wastewater treatment plant reducing its energy consumption by around 35%.

Capacity optimization of pumped storage hydropower and its impact on an integrated conventional hydropower plant operation

The energy sector contributes to around 60% of total greenhouse gas emissions. To limit climate change, the world is going through an energy transition to clean and affordable energy, therefore the share of variable renewable energy is increasing day by day. Power systems require significant flexibility to operate reliably. Pumped storage hydropower allows load balancing and stable integration of intermittent renewable energy in the electrical grid. All energy storage technologies, including pumped storage hydropower, are considered a net negative contributor to the grid since they draw more energy than they deliver. This paper uniquely investigates the true potential of pumped storage hydropower and its optimum operation along with existing conventional hydropower. It considers power, energy production, and utilization for both installations to determine an equilibrium condition for a net positive energy balance. The case study of the 300 MW Balakot conventional hydropower plant in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan indicates that the pumped storage hydropower sites, where additional water streams reach the upper storage reservoir, can reduce pumping energy consumption by up to 166 GWh/year. Accordingly, a pumped storage hydropower facility is proposed at Paras, Pakistan, modeled, and optimized in an integrated manner with the Balakot conventional hydropower plant for a net positive annual energy generation and profitability. The integrated power and energy modeling and capacity optimization of the hydropower complex highlight the importance of suitable site selection for pumped storage hydropower near existing conventional hydropower reservoirs. Value-added contribution of this configuration is that it can enhance annual energy generation from integrated conventional hydropower, reduce the upfront capital cost of the project by 10–15%, squeeze the project implementation schedule and result in a smaller carbon footprint to meet the ultimate objective of limiting climate change. Additionally, it unlocks huge untapped pumped storage hydropower potential besides existing conventional hydropower. Furthermore, the study guides the scientific and engineering organizations on optimum capacity utilization without impeding energy generation from conventional hydropower facilities.

Super-amphiphobic coatings with sub-ambient daytime radiative cooling—Part 2: Cooling effect under real conditions

The cooling effect of a super-amphiphobic self-cleaning radiative cooling coating (RC coating) on various substrates was systematically studied under real working conditions and compared with that of conventional cool white coatings. Under direct sunlight, the surface temperature of the RC coatings was always below the ambient air temperature, even up to 12.9 °C on concrete, whereas that of the conventional cool white coatings on concrete reached 4.1 °C above the ambient air temperature. When the RC coatings were applied to industrial facilities such as carbon-steel-based substation cabinets, the temperatures of the coated ceiling surface and interior remained below the ambient temperature, yielding an interior temperature reduction of 13.7 °C relative to the temperature of an unpainted substation cabinet. When applied to outdoor living facilities, including safety helmets, sunshades, and Roman tents with open and closed curtains, the RC coatings could greatly improve the thermal comfort either by reducing the air temperature beneath the open facilities or by significantly lowering the interior temperature of the closed space of the living supplies. Upon application to concrete buildings, the RC coatings reduced the temperatures of the concrete surface, roof surface, and room interior by 25.7, 12.9, and 11.5 °C below the ambient air temperature, respectively, the decrease in the latter two being 9.8 and 4.8 °C, respectively, relative to the buildings coated with 0.88-solar-reflectance conventional cool white coatings. The measured sub-ambient cooling effect agreed with the theoretical prediction. In summary, RC coatings have wide application prospects in cooling energy conservation and emission reduction. Superamphiphobic self-cleaning radiative cooling coatings were applied to industrial and basic facilities, outdoor living supplies and real buildings. The coating surface temperatures over different basements were below ambient air temperature day and night. The air temperatures beneath the coated roofs/ceilings of facilities in open and closed environments were at least 2.5 °C and 9.0 °C lower than those beneath the conventional white facilities in open and closed environments, respectively. • The subambient daytime radiative cooling coatings were applied in various fields. • The coating greatly reduced outdoor products' surface and interior temperature. • The coating enabled the metals' surface temperature to be below that of the ambient. • The coating greatly reduced concrete buildings' surface and interior temperature.

Wind Energy Analysis and Forecast using Machine Learning

Better prediction tools for future solar and wind power are crucial to reducing the requirement for controlling energy associated with the conventional power facilities. For optimal power grid integrating of highly variable wind power output, a strong forecast is extremely crucial. In this part, we concentration on wind power for the near run projections and conduct a wind unification study in the western United States using data from the National Research Conducted by the university (NREL). Our approach derives functional connections directly from data, unlike physical systems that rely on exceedingly difficult differential calculus. By recasting the prediction problem as a regression problem, we investigate several regression methodologies such as regression models, knearest strangers, and regression algorithms. In our testing, we look at projections for specific machines along with power from the wind parks, proving that a classification algorithm for predicting short-term electricity generation is feasible.

LoTOx 시스템 적용 폐기물 소각로의 경제성 분석 및 효율적 운전 방안

The purpose of this study was to investigate how to improve the combustion gas treatment method of domestic waste incinerator comprising SNCR and SCR by adopting the LoTOx (ozone low-temperature oxidation) system. NOx reduction performance, efficient operation plan, and economic feasibility of the LoTOx system not yet commercialized in domestic field were studied. First, by applying the LoTOx system to actual waste incineration facilities, it was possible to compare and evaluate the NOx reduction performance with conventional SCR facilities currently widely used. The NOx reduction rate was close to 90% based on combustion gas of 110℃. If the temperature of the combustion gas was lowered further, the NOx reduction rate was much closer to the theoretical expected value, and the reduction rate of 90% or more can be shown. Second, economic benefits in terms of initial investment and operating cost were analyzed for an existing combined SNCR and SCR system, by replacing SCR with the LoTOx ozone oxidation system. The initial investment cost was 73.6% compared to the SCR facility, and the longer the operating period, the greater the cumulative operating cost is reduced. The LoTOx system could be predicted to fall to 61.2% of the SCR facility in the fifth year and 55.3% in the tenth year. Third, based on the experiment and existing papers, several factors impacting the efficiency of the operation of the LoTOx system were identified. It was possible to present the most efficient operation plan such as the temperature of the processing gas, the installation method of the cooling water pipe of the ozone generator, input voltage, and gas flow rate.

Technical and environmental performances of alternative treatments for challenging plastics waste

The recovery of resources from streams of mixed plastics waste is a technological and economic challenge since they contain various (and generally non-compatible) polymers, different (and often hazardous) additives, as well as multilayer structures and fiber-reinforced composites. Only a too limited part of these plastics - such as those coming from waste of electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), end-of-life vehicles (ELV) and construction and demolition waste (C&DW) - can be treated by mechanical techniques in the conventional recycling facilities, and a still smaller part is reintroduced into the market. Some innovative treatments have been recently proposed and appear suitable for these challenging waste streams. The paper describes technical characteristics of some of them, and compares their environmental performances with those of currently adopted management options. An environmental life cycle assessment was developed by taking into account the substitutability factor of obtained products and technological readiness level of the analyzed resource recovery processes. The focus is on new treatments of dissolution/precipitation, supercritical fluid extraction, catalytic pyrolysis, and waste-to-energy (WtE) equipped with carbon capture and storage unit (CCS). The results highlight the promising performances of some of these new options, quantify their potential environmental advantages, and suggest to take them into account in the definition of sustainable management schemes for the examined challenging plastics wastes. In particular, physical recycling by dissolution/precipitation process applied to one tonne of WEEE plastics, not treatable by mechanical recycling, can save up to about 2 tCO2,eq. with respect to landfill disposal and WtE with CCS, and more than 3 tCO2,eq. with respect to WtE without CCS. The performances of WtE with CCS appear of interest, particularly for WEEE and ELV mixed plastics, allowing to save up to 0.5 tCO2,eq. and 1.7 tCO2,eq., with respect to pyrolysis and WtE without CCS, respectively.

Commissioning and cryogenic performance of the UKRI STFC Daresbury Vertical Test Facility for jacketed SRF cavities

A novel vertical test facility has been developed at the STFC Daresbury Laboratory. The cryostat is designed to test 3 jacketed superconducting RF cavities in a horizontal configuration in a single cool-down run at 2 K. The cavities are cooled with superfluid helium filled into their individual helium jackets. This reduces the liquid helium consumption by more than 70% in comparison with the conventional facilities operational elsewhere. The facility has now completed commissioning successfully and moved into a 2-year program to qualify 84 high-beta SRF cavities for the ESS (European Spallation Source) as part of the UK’s in-kind contribution. This paper reports on the commissioning program, along with a detailed discussion of the cryogenic operations and performance of the facility, including that of the cryoplant.

TEGO: Un nuevo concepto de teleodontología para adultos mayores a través de una plataforma web y aplicación móvil en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19.

Objective: To develop a new concept of teledentistry for the elderly through a web platform and associated mobile application in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A new concept for attention via teledentistry of the elderly supported by the web platform/app TEGO (Acronym for Tele-platform of Geriatric and Dental Specialties in Spanish) was developed. Priority and urgent dental care for elderly patients in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic was provided onboard a mobile dental clinic equipped with all the necessary conventional dental care facilities as well as state-of-the-art digital technology. Dental care was carried out in five cities of Chile. For the study, 135 elderly patients were treated. The tele-dental care model includes visit-appointment and remote interconsultation with a staff of specialists. To evaluate patient satisfaction aspects, regarding the service / care provided, a user satisfaction survey was applied. Results: A total of 68 questionnaires were completed by patients. The results showed high levels of patients’ satisfaction after the priority or urgent dental care, which reached above 75% in all dimensions of the questionnaire (Access to dental care, user treatment, platform, recommendation). Conclusion: The generation of a technological eco-system for teledentistry can provide a series of important advantages in the attention of elderly patients, by optimizing the dental care coverage by different specialists who can provide attention to a population that has limited or no access to them.

General Practitioners’ Attitudes toward Traditional Indonesian Herbal Medicine and Integrative Care in the Universal Health Coverage System

Implementation of the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Indonesia has created renewed momentum for integrating traditional Indonesian herbal medicine (TIHM) in healthcare delivery under the national health insurance program (NHI). At present, little is known about the attitudes of conventional healthcare practitioners towards the clinical use of TIHM. This study aimed to explore the attitudes of general practitioners (GPs) towards TIHM use in conventional care and their perception of the integration of TIHM in the NHI. A total of 30 GPs from 28 conventional health facilities were purposively selected to participate in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through administered-questionnaire and interviews. The majority of participating GPs demonstrated a favourable view towards TIHM role in conventional care and the potential integration of TIHM under the NHI. Being used as an adjunct therapy in the conventional treatment of chronic diseases, including degenerative disease and metabolic syndrome, and in palliative care, seemed to be the most promising areas to emphasize TIHM role in conventional care in the anticipated integration. However, only a few GPs had formally prescribed TIHM to their patient. The barriers of TIHM use in their practice include knowledge gap, unclear regulatory procedure, unreliable provision of TIHM and exclusion of TIHM in the NHI. While the GPs accepted the idea of integrative care under the NHI, to achieve an institutional integration, their knowledge base in TIHM must be improved while also addressing regulation, development of TIHM’s formal list, and issues of safety of TIHM to ensure evidence-based practice.

Long-term evolution of heap surface of paste tailings under erosion / Evolução a longo prazo de pilha da pasta de rejeitos sujeita a erosão

Many mines are moving from conventional tailings storage facilities to filtered tailings disposal systems. The benefits of these systems include increased water recovery, reduced size of containment landfills, improved facility safety, and reduced environmental impact. In geotechnical terms, the challenges are to find the correct way of waste disposal: whether in piles of dry sandy tailings or co-disposal waste rock. The long-term evolution of the surface of fine and sandy tailings stockpiles is a matter of concern. The goal of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the temporal evolution of a paste tailings pile, using a computational model of landscape evolution. For this, SIBERIA, a simulator of the evolution of landscapes under the action of runoff and erosion, was used. The effect of erosion on a trunk-pyramidal tailings pile with about 21% of slope after long periods of decommissioning (100 and 250 years) was studied. The SIBERIA modelling data considered the surface roughness and the average diameter of the sediment particles and the typical properties of iron ore tailings. The results indicate that for a lower Manning roughness coefficient and larger average apparent diameter of the sediment particles (or clods), the lower the sediment transport will be and, therefore, in the long term, the greater will be the integrity of the tailings pile.

Psychrophilic treatment of municipal wastewater with a combined UASB/ASD system, and perspectives for improving urban WWTP sustainability

According to new paradigms of urban wastewater management, energy savings and resources and energy recovery from sewage will assume an ever-increasing importance. Anaerobic processes, aside from being more energy efficient than conventional aerobic ones, are particularly suited to recover embedded organic energy, improving the overall energy balance of treatment processes, however, their performance is limited by low temperatures and slower kinetics. In this study, a pilot Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was operated to treat municipal wastewater at low temperature regime (16.5–18.5 °C) for 22 weeks, both as standalone process and combined with a sidestream anaerobic sludge digester. Process performance highlighted good system robustness, as proved by stable pH and volatile fatty acid/total alkaline buffer capacity ratio, even though observed methane yield was low. Observed COD and TSS removal efficiencies were in the ranges of 60–69% and 63–73%, respectively. Methane production ranged between 0.106 and 0.132 Nm3CH4/kgCODrem. An economic assessment was carried out to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of implementing UASB pre-treatment of municipal wastewater in existing conventional facilities (activated sludge and anaerobic sludge digestion), showing that significant energy demand reduction could be achieved for both biological secondary treatment and sludge management, leading to considerable operational economies, and possible positive economic returns within a short pay-back period (3–4 yrs).

Analisis Sistem Klasifikasi Keamanan dan Akses Arsip Dinamis Universitas Sebelas Maret

ABSTRACT
 Introduction. One of the four guidelines required in the dynamic archive management process is the Security Classification System and Archive Access. Its existence is needed as a guideline for managing archives in providing access services to dynamic archives. The purpose of this research is so that the public, especially the college community, can know and implement the preparation of college regulations, especially on the Classification of Security and Access to Dynamic Archives, and implement them. The Dynamic Archive Security and Access Classification System at Sebelas Maret University is regulated based on archival legislation and college archival legislation based on rector regulations. 
 Research methods. This research uses qualitative methods with a stud library approach.
 Data analysis. Data is analyzed by studying books, literature, records, and various reports related to research.
 Results and discussion. The archiving governance of Universitas Sebelas Maret refers to government policies and regulations as well as authorized agencies such as ANRI related to archiving. The archive collection consists of textual and non-textual archives. Archives are classified into ordinary, limited, confidential and highly classified information. The classification of archives is assisted by conventional storage facilities and digital storage facilities.
 Conclusions and suggestions. The classification of archival access is a category of restrictions on access to archives based on the authority to use archives related to the implementation of certain tasks and functions. Archival security is a physical protection program and archival information based on its security classification.
 
 Keywords: Security System Classifications,s, Dynamic Archives.

Contribution of Illicit Drug Use to Pharmaceutical Load in the Environment: A Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa.

Illicit drug abuse and addiction are universal issues requiring international cooperation and interdisciplinary and multisectoral solutions. These addictive substances are utilized for recreational purposes worldwide, including in sub-Saharan Africa. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment facilities such as waste stabilization ponds lack the design to remove the most recent classes of pollutants such as illicit drug abuse. As a result, effluents from these treatment schemes contaminate the entire ecosystem. Public health officials are concerned about detecting these pollutants at alarming levels in some countries, with potential undesirable effects on aquatic species and increased health hazards through exposure to contaminated waters or recycling treated or untreated effluents in agriculture. Contaminants including illicit substances enter the environment by human excreta following illegal intake, spills, or through direct dumping, such as from clandestine laboratories, when their manufacturer does not follow accepted production processes. These substances, like other pharmaceuticals, have biological activity and range from pseudopersistent to highly persistent compounds; hence, they persist in the environment while causing harm to the ecosystem. The presence of powerful pharmacological agents such as cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine in water as complex combinations can impair aquatic organisms and human health. These compounds can harm human beings and ecosystem health apart from their low environmental levels. Therefore, this article examines the presence and levels of illicit substances in ecological compartments such as wastewater, surface and ground waters in sub-Saharan Africa, and their latent impact on the ecosystem. The information on the occurrences of illicit drugs and their metabolic products in the sub-Saharan Africa environment and their contribution to pharmaceutical load is missing. In this case, it is important to research further the presence, levels, distribution, and environmental risks of exposure to human beings and the entire ecosystem.

Small scale wind & solar photovoltaic energy conversion system for DC microgrid applications

The rise in demand for electrical energy throughout the globe gives a significant rise in new power generating sources. The Wind and Solar Photovoltaic energy sources are the most propitious power generating sources among them. Nowadays, these sources play an important role to form a Micro Grid with the incorporation of conventional grid and energy storage facilities. This article comprises of the simulations analysis for Wind Energy Conversion System and Photovoltaic Energy System incorporated with DC load for the applications of DC Microgrid. The mathematical model of the WECS and PVES are incorporated and proposed with the Gain Scheduled Proportional Integral controller is proposed in the paper. The WECS and PVES are simulated with interfacing units for the DC load. The results are obtained for Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India for the input solar insolation and wind speed data. The materials used in small wind energy conversion systems and photovoltaic energy systems are discussed for microgrid applications. The performance for the WECS and PVES is analyzed for change in wind speed and change in solar insolation. The incorporation of GSPI controller provides stable results to maintain the voltage regulation. The results are stable over an extensive range under the unpredictable atmospheric conditions the dynamic scheduling is proposed.

Financial and Socio-economic Study of Modular Pyrolysis Facilities as Waste-to-Energy Technology: a Case Study in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines

Industrial, medical, and electronic residual wastes can potentially be an important source of energy with the use of waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion technology. In Metropolitan Manila, Philippines, about 144,000 kg/d of residual wastes were being generated by the hospitals, industrial sectors, and electronic companies. Hence, imploring high potential benefits can be achieved through utilizing these wastes as feedstock for any WtE conversion facility. A technical and financial costing was performed to evaluate the feasibility of putting up a conventional pyrolysis system in Metropolitan Manila. Various modular-type scenarios of a pyrolysis system in the WtE facility were identified based on the geographical attributes of the sectoral residual wastes generators. Results showed that a 10 tons/d pyrolysis plant facility, with Brayton power set-up, can eventually produce 800 kW and generate an annual net income of PHP 83.63 M after a 2-yr breakeven period. In addition, this facility can accommodate at most 11 tons/d of residual wastes for processing. In contrast, a smaller footprint of pyrolysis-Brayton set-up consisting of three tons per day, with 1,000 kg of daily wastes and a power generation of 65 kW, can potentially produce a net income of PHP 18.06 M following a 3-yr breakeven period. The WtE business models of putting up conventional pyrolysis facilities, by presenting both the maximum and minimum scenarios in terms of plant capacity and income when intended for operation and adoption, were computed to be feasible.