Conventional Electrical Energy Research Articles

Cryptocurrency mining as a novel virtual energy storage system in islanded and grid-connected microgrids

Renewable electrical energy (such as: solar and wind energies) generation in microgrids (MGs), is gaining attention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Microgrid operators (MOs) aim to create self-sufficient, environmentally sustainable grids, increasing the capacity of renewable energy sources (RESs) by up to 100%. Despite of the benefits of this trend, challenges arise from non-controlled characteristics of these power generations and their seasonal variations, causing fluctuations and renewable energy curtailment. Although the technical solutions; such as: the demand response (DR) programs, and the conventional electrical energy storage systems (EESSs) can help, however those may face limitations in countries with high seasonal energy generation and consumption variations. This paper introduces cryptocurrency mining loads (CMLs) as innovative virtual energy storage systems (VESSs), named cryptocurrency energy storage systems (CESSs). It proposes a structure to store excess renewable energy in cryptocurrency units (CCUs) like Bitcoin (BTC). CESSs can be charged during off-peak intervals and, conversely, they discharge during high-demand periods to reduce the overall operational cost of MGs. Furthermore, it presents a new energy management system (EMS) formulation for the optimal operation of MGs in the presence of CESSs, providing an opportunity to generate additional electricity from RESs and to mitigate renewable energy curtailment. This paper explores the optimal operation conditions of both islanded and grid-connected MG with the proposed CESS. Utilizing a dataset from an island in Finland as a practical MG, its effectiveness is demonstrated through several case studies. The results of one case study in this paper demonstrate that the proposed CESS can decrease the operating cost of the MG by about 46.5%. Additionally, it is showed that by application of CESS the renewable energy curtailment is significantly reduced, and approached zero.

Energy and economic prospects from the utilization of sawdust waste as biomass briquettes in East Nusa Tenggara

The utilization of sawdust waste in East Nusa Tenggara has not been utilized optimally. This waste is only burned, so it sometimes causes air pollution. So there needs to be an effort to overcome these problems by making alternative energy in the form of briquettes. Analytical description method with observation, literature study and economic and energy analysis is used in this research. Sources of data in this observation came from direct observations in the field through questionnaires and interviews. Based on the data of sawdust waste produced can reach 20-60 kg per day and can be used as other forms of energy. This energy can be used as a source of electrical energy to replace conventional energy which is less environmentally friendly and fuel for burning fishery products in East Nusa Tenggara. Based on the value of the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and payback period, good results were obtained with a value of 2.13 with a return on investment of 0.82 years. The generated electricity biomass can replace conventional electrical energy and provide cost savings of 19.2% per kWh. In addition, the utilization of this energy can have a positive impact on regional income, health, schools, and transportation as well as agriculture.

Maximizing Solar Panel Performance: A Comparative Study of Aluminum and Copper Panel Integration in Off-Grid Systems

Abstract: This study explores the implementation of off-grid solar energy systems with strategically mounted aluminum panels behind solar panels, aiming to devise an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly design. The research builds upon existing literature in the field, focusing on optimizing solar panel performance. Through a comprehensive analysis involving voltage, current, temperature, and solar radiation, the study achieved a notable 1-2% increase in solar panel efficiency. Notably, this enhancement is realized without the need for additional space, making the proposed design a practical and space-efficient solution. The findings underscore the potential of this approach as a permanent, cost-effective, and environmentally conscious solution for PV solar panel installations. With the escalating costs of conventional electrical energy, the study advocates for the adoption of this method, aligning with the global push towards sustainable and eco-friendly energy alternatives. The insights gleaned from this research contribute valuable knowledge to the ongoing discourse on advancing renewable energy technologies, emphasizing the significance of efficient and sustainable solutions in the transition towards a cleaner energy future.

Implementation of Green Management through Dissemination of Solar Renewable Energy (EBT) Technology in the Hand-drawn Batik Association Using Natural Dyes in Klaten

Abstract. The hand-drawn batik association of Kebon Indah is one of the MSMEs batik that uses natural dyes. It is located in Kebon Village, Bayat Sub-district, Klaten District, Central Java Province. This community service specifically aims to disseminate Solar Renewable Energy (EBT) Technology. This community service uses intensive mentoring methods, which include: 1) Observation with the aim of observing various conditions and situations in the field, 2) Dissemination of Solar Renewable Energy (EBT) technology gradually, and 3) Intense assistance, which includes socialization of the use of technology, training, and continuous mentoring. The findings of these activities broadly include several components, namely the success of the implementation time, the achievement of the results obtained from each method, the achievement of the objectives of the service activities, and the development of knowledge of batik craftsmen regarding the Dissemination of Solar Renewable Energy (EBT) Technology. The dissemination of Solar Renewable Energy (EBT) Technology is expected to solve problems related to batik production management to be able to convert conventional electrical energy into renewable electrical energy. Besides, the Dissemination of Solar Renewable Energy (EBT) Technology will enable the adoption of sustainable Green Management practices in this hand-drawn batik association.

Investigation into the hydrogen production performance of a novel 5-kW hybrid-system composed of a solar steam generator directly connected with conventional solid oxide electrolysis cells

Coupling solar energy with solid oxide electrolysis cell has the potential to reduce electricity consumption and improve energy conversion efficiency. This study introduces a pioneering 5 kW direct-connected hybrid system that couples a solar steam generator with solid oxide electrolysis cells utilizing conventional electrical energy for the electrolysis process. The successful demonstration of hydrogen production showcases promising results. When the solar irradiation power is 2.26 kW, the inlet water flow rate is 1.23 kg/h under operations at 700 °C, the hydrogen production efficiency of the system reaches 95.2 %, and the steam conversion ratio approaches 92 %, giving a cumulative hydrogen production yield of 5,840 NL in 6.3 h. The solid oxide electrolysis system is further tested under different operating conditions of the stack and solar irradiation. The experimental results show that a greater operating temperature is conducive to more efficient hydrogen production, while more water vapor at the cathode leads to a larger steam conversion ratio. The results indicate that increasing the irradiation power is beneficial to hydrogen production while decreasing the irradiation power will lead to fluctuations of hydrogen yield. In addition, the system efficiency (45.3 %) is higher than that of a photovoltaic alkaline water electrolysis (12.6 %) or photovoltaic proton exchange membrane electrolysis (14.76 %) system at the same irradiation power. Under the same electrolysis power and cathode inlet temperature, the total power consumption of a traditional solid oxide electrolysis system is significantly greater than that of the proposed hybrid system. The comparison shows that the saved electricity of the proposed hybrid system can account for about 30 %. Therefore, the proposed hybrid system has significant efficiency and power savings advantages.

Prototipe dan Monitoring Penerangan Jalan Umum (PJU) Menggunakan Tenaga Surya

Utilizing solar energy as an alternative energy source for Indonesia's electricity needs is very appropriate because it is located in a tropical area with hot sunlight available all year round. Considering that in rural areas in Indonesia there are still many public road accesses that are not equipped with street lighting and the problem stems from the use of conventional electrical energy as a source of street lighting. The use of photovoltaics (PV) as a tool to produce electrical energy with the advantages of being environmentally friendly, low maintenance costs and zero emissions and the energy needed is available in nature and is always renewable (renewable energy). The 1 DOF (Degree OF Freedom) solar tracker mechanic is used to find the point where the sunlight is optimal, which aims to produce maximum solar panel output during energy conversion. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that solar-powered public street lighting (PJU-TS) using a mechanical solar tracker delay of 2 seconds produces a daily energy conversion of 235.20 Wh, which is more optimal than solar-powered public street lighting (PJU-TS) with solar tracker delay. 2.5 seconds amounting to 218.75 Wh and solar powered public street lighting (PJU-TS) without a solar tracker amounting to 171.34 Wh.

An Overview on Pre and Post COVID 19 Electrical Energy Requirement, Consumption and Generation in India and Present Situation

India’s electrical energy situation has been diverse always. From conventional electrical energy use to non-conventional electrical energy use, from renewable electrical energy use to non-renewable electrical energy use, India has used its potential in every from of electrical energy sector, and tries to generate more electrical energy to satisfy the required demand. From 2019 to 2020, there was a sudden discontinuation in electrical energy generation in India because of the worldwide Covid 19 pandemic situation that resulted in lockdown and closing of schools, colleges, factories, transport and many other sectors that requires electricity. This reduced demand resulted in reduced electrical energy generation. This paper provide an overview over the electrical energy situation in 2019, 2020 pandemic situation, its recovery after 2020 and current electrical energy situation.

Energy in Robotics: An Interdisciplinary Challenge

Energy in Robotics: An Interdisciplinary Challenge

Experimental Research on Heating Transfer Improvement of Materials that Change Phase in Tunnels in Cold Regions

In tunnel heating systems, phase change materials may minimize the consumption of conventional electric energy, which is very considerate in the field of tunnel heating in cold regions. Because of the phase change material’s poor heat conductivity, its annual growth rate heat absorption and release is slower; thus, the majority of phase change heat storage systems must improve heat transmission. In this study, a spiral metal ring is implanted in the paraffin to improve heat transmission to achieve this objective using a concentric sleeve-type paraffin heat storage device as a medium. Experiments were performed out in order to determine the effects of heating rate, hot fluid flow rate, and the use of a spiral metal ring on the heat storage and release process of a thermal storage device. In comparison to the paraffin thermal storage device, the embedding of the spiral metal ring accelerates the internal thermal performance of the composite heat storage device, resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution. When the thermal radiation heating rate is 60°C, 65°C, or 70°C during the heat storage process, the heat storage time of the composite heating storage device is reduced by 59.2 percent, 44.4 percent, and 40.7 percent, respectively. When the ambient temperature is 26°C and the heat storage device’s starting temperature is 65°C, the exothermic time is reduced by 22.6 percent.

Photoassisted Li-ion de-intercalation and Niδ+ valence conversion win-win boost energy storage performance in Ni/CdS@Ni3S2-based Li-ion battery

The development of bifunctional electrode with photoactivity and lithium storage properties is critical for manufacturing high-efficiency solar energy conversion/storage integrated devices. Herein, for the first time, Ni foam supported Ni3S2 nanosheets covered CdS photocatalyst, a core-shell heterojunction nanorods array (Ni/CdS@Ni3S2), is employed as photoelectrode for photo-assisted lithium-ion batteries (PA-LIBs). The assembled PA-LIBs can be off-grid charged by net solar light and on-grid photoassisted charged/discharged, respectively. Without external bias voltage, the overall solar-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency reaches 0.11 %. In addition, during the photo-assisted charging/discharging processes, the solar to electricity energy conversion efficiency is increased to 3.5 % and 2.1 %, respectively, and the total special capacity of such photocell is significantly improved by 13.7 % and 15.9 % compared with its conventional electric energy charging/discharging battery. Impressively, the PA-LIB maintains good photo-responsive activity even after about 250 charge/discharge cycles. Mechanism investigation reveals that photo-assisted Li-ion de-intercalation and Niδ+ valence conversion together boosts the lithium-ion storage reaction more completely, thus improving the energy storage performance of Ni/CdS@Ni3S2-based Li-ion battery.

Evaluation of BIPV performance based on the Greenhouse Standard:

generated from a variety of sources, both renewable and nonrenewable. Switching from nonrenewable to renewable energy sources is one of many strategies that can be used to achieve net-zero buildings. In Indonesia, this strategy is very feasible due to its abundant renewable energy resources, particularly solar energy. This research presents a school building as the proposed case. The school, SCK Citra Garden, is chosen as the pilot project due to its access to solar radiation and its minimum shading conditions. Using Helioscope software, BIPV modelling was simulated on its roof, and the electrical energy output from BIPV was calculated. The substitution percentages of BIPV energy output for conventional electrical energy consumed by the building were then measured. This percentage was compared to the National Energy Mix target and Greenhouse Gas Standard to assess its performance towards net-zero school buildings. The result shows that BIPV has a good performance. Even though the substitution percentage is still below the national energy mix target, it exceeds the greenhouse gas standard target for on-site renewable energy tools.

High-voltage supercapacitors, a viable alternative to conventional electrical energy storage devices

High-voltage supercapacitors, a viable alternative to conventional electrical energy storage devices

Livestock Biomass: Energy source for 26 municipalities in Hidalgo State experiencing high marginalization

The high consumption of natural non-renewable resources has caused an exponential increase in the greenhouse gases which provoke global warming and as a result, every country on the planet suffers environmental issues due to the excessive use of fossil fuels. There are several different sources of gas production, principally caused by human beings, however there is little to no interest in mitigating them. Global interest is instead currently focused on containing them via the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). In the Paris Agreement, participating countries have committed to keeping the rise of the mean global temperature below 2 °C and to limiting its increase to 1.5 °C. Latin America as a whole (and principally, Mexico) has committed to lowering greenhouse gases 25% by 2030 and 50% by 2050 (AZEL, 2018). To achieve this, it is necessary to contribute by applying clean energy alternatives. The current project proposes using bovine and swine organic wastes for the production of biogas and electric energy in 26 cities of high marginalization in Hidalgo, a state in Mexico which contributes to lowering environmental pollution, providing access to better services for raising the quality of life of its inhabitants, and minimizing the use of (therefore saving the money provided for) subsidies for conventional electric energy.

Photophysical Properties of BODIPY Derivatives for the Implementation of Organic Solar Cells: A Computational Approach.

Solar cells based on organic compounds are a proven emergent alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. Here, we provide a computational study of power conversion efficiency optimization of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives by means of their associated open-circuit voltage, short-circuit density, and fill factor. In doing so, we compute for the derivatives’ geometrical structures, energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals, absorption spectra, light collection efficiencies, and exciton binding energies via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations. We fully characterize four D−π–A (BODIPY) molecular systems of high efficiency and improved Jsc that are well suited for integration into bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells as electron-donor materials in the active layer. Our results are twofold: we found that molecular complexes with a structural isoxazoline ring exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE), a useful result for improving the BHJ current, and, on the other hand, by considering the molecular systems as electron-acceptor materials, with P3HT as the electron donor in the active layer, we found a high PCE compound favorability with a pyrrolidine ring in its structure, in contrast to the molecular systems built with an isoxazoline ring. The theoretical characterization of the electronic properties of the BODIPY derivatives provided here, computed with a combination of ab initio methods and quantum models, can be readily applied to other sets of molecular complexes to hierarchize optimal power conversion efficiency.

Battery technology and sustainable energy storage and conversion as a new energy resource replacing fossil fuels

One of the greatest challenges facing our world today is climate change, brought about by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere in large part due to the massive use of fossil fuels to satisfy our society's ever-increasing energy demands. The transition to clean energy resources requires the development of new, efficient, and sustainable technologies for energy conversion and storage. Several low carbon energy resources will contribute to tomorrow's energy supply landscape, including solar, wind, and tidal power, yet rechargeable batteries will likely remain the dominant technology for storing this energy and using it in an economic and efficient manner for decades to come. For instance, the gradual replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles powered by petroleum or diesel by electric vehicles and photovoltaic power charging stations is one way we can lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. Improving the performance of energy storage and conversion devices toward higher energy and power density, and greater efficiency, durability, and safety, hinges on the development of new materials and processes, specifically, on tuning the properties of the component materials by modulating their crystal structure and microstructure, and on optimizing materials processing and device assembly protocols. Today, there is a clear need for a dedicated publication platform to cover high-impact and multidisciplinary scientific contributions that will pave the way to the next generation of energy conversion and storage devices. We expect this journal to grow in the coming years, as part of the fourth industrial revolution featuring the efficient use of renewable energies, in addition to navigating a digital world and accelerated by the current pandemic. Battery Energy is co-published by Wiley and Xijing University, China. Battery Energy covers diverse scientific topics related to the development of high-performance energy conversion/storage devices, including the physical and chemical properties of component materials, and device-level electrochemical properties. Battery Energy is a high-quality, interdisciplinary, and rapid-publication journal aimed at disseminating scholarly work on a wide range of topics from different disciplines that share a focus on advanced energy materials, with an emphasis on batteries, energy storage and conversion more broadly, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, heterocatalysis, and so on. The journal features cutting-edge research covering many forms of electrochemical and photochemical energy, including battery processes, and spanning from conventional electrical energy to the type that catalyzes chemical and biological transformations. This journal is also interested in work that prompts new technologies and processes leading to the green production of battery materials. Upcoming issues of Battery Energy will be composed of research papers, review articles, editorials, and research highlights. We recommend contributors to read through the authors' guidelines (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/27681696/homepage/author-guidelines). This journal adopts an open-access publishing model, and so all published articles are freely accessed through the Wiley Online Library. The editorial team of Battery Energy is composed of world-renowned scientists in the field of energy materials. The Editor-in-Chief is Prof. Yong-Mook Kang from Korea University, Republic of Korea, who has been tackling various important issues for battery technologies. Prof. Anmin Cao (Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), Prof. Raphaële Clément (University of California, Santa Barbara, USA), Prof. Shu-Lei Chou (Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China), Prof. Sang-Young Lee (Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea), Prof. Zongcheng Miao (Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China) are all invested in the successful launch of the journal and in ensuring the publication of research works of the highest quality in Battery Energy. The editorial board is composed of prominent scientists from academia and industry, to consolidate the ties between fundamental understanding and large-scale implementation of energy devices within this journal. We firmly believe that our diverse insights and viewpoints will provide our authors and reviewers a smooth peer review and publication processes. Yong-Mook Kang (Editor-in-Chief) Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Anmin Cao (Associate Editor) Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Raphaële Clément (Associate Editor) University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA. Shu-Lei Chou (Associate Editor) Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China. Sang-Young Lee (Associate Editor) Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Zongcheng Miao (Associate Editor) Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China.

Bio-Inspired Electricity Storage Alternatives to Support Massive Demand-Side Energy Generation: A Review of Applications at Building Scale.

This work has its origin in the growing demands of energy regulations to meet future local targets and to propose a global implementation framework. A literature review related to conventional electrical energy storage systems has been carried out, presenting different cases analyzed at building scale to deepen in nature-inspired processes that propose reductions in environmental impact and present improvements in these storage devices. The use of batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, is the most prominent among the electrical storage applications; however, improvements have been proposed through hydrogen batteries or the implementation of more environmentally friendly materials to manufacture the electrodes. In this sense, oriented to creating systems designed to protect the environment, important advances have been made in the development of storage systems based on biomimetic strategies. The latter range from the generation of energy through the respiratory processes of microorganisms to the recreation of the generation, storage, and release of energy using the thermoelectric and thermoregulatory characteristics of some insects. These facts show that the trend in research towards improving existing systems continues but reinforces the idea that new solutions must be environmentally friendly, so there is still a long way to improving the processes established thus far.

Auctions in Renewable Energy and the Grid Parity Using Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Peru

This paper, of the network parity situation of photovoltaic solar energy with conventional electrical energy sources, such as hydroelectric and thermoelectric for Peru is analyzed. For this purpose, a review of how the electrical tariff is set for the residential end-user of conventional energy sources has been made. Furthermore, it is shown what it consists about, the cost leveled of energy for the case of photovoltaic solar energy and how this has been used for the calculation of the electric rate of this type of source. A review of the auctions of photovoltaic solar plants that are installed in: Moquegua, Tacna and Arequipa is carried out. The solar photovoltaic tariff has been obtained by auctions, between the year 2010 to 2016, these have decreased significantly until reaching network parity. The costs of both energy sources are compared.

Molten Salt Storage for Power Generation

AbstractStorage of electrical energy is a key technology for a future climate‐neutral energy supply with volatile photovoltaic and wind generation. Besides the well‐known technologies of pumped hydro, power‐to‐gas‐to‐power and batteries, the contribution of thermal energy storage is rather unknown. At the end of 2019 the worldwide power generation capacity from molten salt storage in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants was 21 GWhel. This article gives an overview of molten salt storage in CSP and new potential fields for decarbonization such as industrial processes, conventional power plants and electrical energy storage.

Analysis of Performance and Control of DC Microgrids as Electricity Providers for Renewable Energy

The increase in demand for electrical energy is increasing rapidly, in line with economic growth. In developing the electricity system, electrical energy service providers must provide electrical energy according to demand with good quality. The generation of conventional electric energy systems that use fossil fuels faces depleting fossil fuel sources, poor efficiency, and environmental pollution. This technology is known as Distributed Generation (DG). Distributed Generation (DG) or Micro Grid (MG) is a small-scale power plant located close to the load. The use of distributed generators can improve the entire system's efficiency, reduce transmission losses, reduce pollution, and ensure the continuity of the distribution of electrical energy. However, the drastic increase in the use of DG causes problems in the form of voltage and frequency stability which will be disturbed due to rapid changes in the generation and loading rates. If this is left unchecked, it can harm system security and reliability. A proper control strategy will restore system stability in the event of an imbalance.

Subastas en Plantas de Energía Solar Fotovoltaica y la Paridad de Red en el Perú

En el presente trabajo se hace un análisis de la situación de paridad de red entre las fuentes de energía eléctrica convencionales para el caso del Perú, que vendría hacer la energía hidroeléctrica y termoeléctrica, con las recursos de energía renovables o simplemente energías renovables en este caso se analiza las energía solar fotovoltaica instalado entre Moquegua, Tacna y Arequipa. Se ve como se calculan las tarifas que pagan el usuario final de tipo residencial, así como las tarifas actuales proporcionadas por los organismos correspondientes. Posteriormente se ve la evolución de la energía solar fotovoltaica y las cuatro subastas que se dieron en el Perú, y como estos costos han ido descendiendo de manera significativa. Finalmente se ve que al final se logra el objetivo de conseguir la paridad de red.