Convection Heat Transfer Of Nanofluid Research Articles

Hydro-thermal performance on the two phase nanofluid convection heat transfer using the LBM-FD method

This paper is dedicated to the investigation of nanofluid natural convection inside a 2D cavity with various kinds of cold walls. To consider the different nanoparticle distribution in the cavity, Buongiorno’s two-phase model is used. The equations are solved by the homemade hybrid Lattice Boltzmann-Finite Difference (LBM-FD) code. It found that although the nanoparticle concentration is almost uniform inside the cavity, the apparent difference can be observed around the walls and edges of the vortices. The nanoparticles have higher concentrations around the cold wall and the lower concentration adjacent to the hot wall. For all cases, the local and average Nusselt number increases by increasing the solid volume fraction of nanofluid. The configuration of cold walls affects the flow pattern and distribution of temperature significantly. By applying the combination of right-angle and inclined walls, the best heat transfer performance for the present system.

Real-time physical field reconstruction for nanofluids convection using deep learning with auxiliary tasks

Nanofluids has become one of the most promising cooling fluids due to its great thermophysical properties, especially for microchannels. In recent years, to avoid prohibitively expensive simulations in design process or iterative optimization, massive data-driven and machine learning methods have been employed to construct surrogate models for thermophysical properties or concerned performance characteristics. Though the favorable accuracy is validated, this kind of surrogate models ignore the importance of physical fields, which are also an evaluating criterion in heat transfer design scenarios. In this article, we develop a deep learning framework to achieve the main task of real-time reconstruction mapping from design variables to physical fields. In addition, the auxiliary tasks of prediction mapping from physical fields to performance characteristics are tailored to improve the accuracy and generalization of reconstruction mapping. To validate the feasibility of this framework, we assess the ability of the generator alone to reconstruct physical fields and predict performance characteristics for the flow and heat transfer of nanofluid first. The results show that the introduction of auxiliary task can greatly improve the performance of main task. The computational performance analysis indicates that a well-trained deep learning model with GPU-accelerated has three orders of magnitude faster than CFD solver. This proposed approach was expected to provide a real-time predictor with a reasonable level of accuracy for nanofluid convective heat transfer.

Numerical study of natural convective heat transfer of nanofluids within a porous corrugated triangular cavity in the presence of a magnetic field

In the present study, a nonorthogonal multi-relaxation time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was realized to numerically study the natural convective heat transfer characteristics of Al2O3-water nanofluid inside a porous corrugated triangular cavity in the presence of a magnetic field. The comparison of the nonorthogonal MRT-LB model with the orthogonal MRT-LB in simulating the natural convective heat transfer considering the magnetic field effect and the filling of porous media was presented. The effects of Ra (Rayleigh number), Da (Darcy number), Ha (Hartmann number), φ (nanoparticle volume fraction), and the d (structural parameter of the corrugated wall) on the natural convective heat transfer characteristics inside the corrugated triangular cavity were investigated in detail. The results showed that the nonorthogonal MRT-LB model can accurately simulate such problems and it has higher computational accuracy than the orthogonal MRT-LB in simulating the natural convective heat transfer in porous cavities under the magnetic field effect. The magnetic field has no effect on the conduction but suppresses the convection process. The increase of Ha number significantly weakens the heat transfer performance when the convection dominates. When Ra = 104, the heat transfer performance weakens with increasing d. When Ra = 105, the heat transfer performance fluctuates with increasing d, among the structural parameters d in the current study, the optimal is reached at d = 24 while the worst is at d = 72. The average Nusselt number increases with increasing the φ for different Ha numbers at Ra = 104 and Ra = 105.

MHD mixed convection heat transfer of nanofluid containing oxytactic microorganisms inside a vertical annular porous cylinder

For the first time, MHD mixed convection heat transfer of nanofluid containing oxytactic microorganisms is investigated inside a vertical annular porous cylinder. In this work, governing equations presented by Kuznetsov concerning the nanofluid flow inside porous media in the presence of microorganisms are initially extended for the case of cylindrical coordinates, and then numerically solved using the FVM approach. Having conducted a comparison with previous studies, the numerical method's accuracy has been successfully validated. The simulations are undertaken for different parameters including bioconvection Rayleigh number, Hartmann number, product of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, bioconvection Peclet number, traditional and bioconvection Lewis numbers, aspect ratio, and radius ratio for the case of horizontal magnetic field exertion. Obtained results are presented in terms of graphical streamlines, isothermal lines, isoconcentration of nanoparticles, oxygen, and microorganisms as well as physical quantities of interest. Based on outcomes, it is concluded that microorganisms’ presence results in heat transfer attenuation, while an increase in the Hartmann number leads to the average Nusselt number amelioration.

Review on Thermal Performance of Nanofluids With and Without Magnetic Fields in Heat Exchange Devices

Addition of nanoparticles into a fluid can improve the heat transfer performance of the base fluid in heat exchangers. In this work, the preparation method and process of nanofluids are introduced, and thermal properties of nanofluids, such as thermal conductivity and viscosity, are discussed deeply. This paper summarizes various theoretical models of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. A comprehensive literature survey on applications and limitations of nanofluids has been compiled. This paper also aims to review the natural and forced convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids with and without magnetic fields. The discussion for the natural convective heat transfer of nanofluids focuses on the heat transfer performance of non-conventional enclosures and electric heaters. The effects on heat transfer due to variations of heated walls are also investigated. Specific applications of nanofluids in a tube with trapezoidal ribs, double-tube heat exchangers, and plate heat exchangers have been reviewed and presented in a discussion about forced convective heat transfer. The previous results show that the inlet temperature of nanofluids obviously affects the heat transfer characteristics of double-tube heat exchangers, whereas a multi-walled carbon nanotube–water nanofluid shows significant advantages in plate heat exchangers. Finally, this paper studies natural convective heat transfer of magnetic fluids in a square cavity and forced convection heat transfer in a straight tube and a corrugated structure under the action of magnetic fields. It is found that the heat transfer performance of an Fe3O4–water nanofluid is enhanced when a magnetic field is applied to the corrugated plate heat exchangers, and the pressure drop can be reduced by around 10%. It is recommended that natural convection of magnetic fluids needs to be investigated experimentally in a real cavity and a corrugated channel under the influence of a magnetic field. In addition, studies of alternating magnetic field are recommended to reveal any improvements of thermal performance of magnetic fluids in heat exchange devices. This review puts forward an effective solution for improvement of the thermal performance of heat transfer equipment and serves as a basic reference for applications of nanofluids in heat transfer fields.

Effect of Metal Foam on Natural Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in a Photothermal Conversion System

Effect of Metal Foam on Natural Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in a Photothermal Conversion System

Mixture Model for a Parametric Study on Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer of Water-Al2O3 Nanofluid

Nanofluids have become a point of intense interest for its usability in sectors where convective heat transfer is a requirement. Whereas knowing the overall thermal transport characteristics of nanofluids is the key for their proper utilisation, the domain of nanofluids turbulent convective heat transfer is still heavily understudied, where conducting a parametric study on their heat transferring behaviour along with assessing the effect of boundary conditions on their heat transfer enhancement and the available CFD models’ efficiency to account for nanoparticle size are vital necessities. In this study, highly turbulent flow of nanofluids inside a circular pipe under constant wall temperature has been simulated using the Mixture model. Correlations between all the parameters related to nanofluids turbulent convective heat transfer have been established and the impact of variable temperature boundary condition on nanofluids heat transfer enhancement has been investigated. In addition, Mixture models’ ability to assess nanoparticle size variation on heat transfer of nanofluids has been shown. Results suggest that nanofluids heat transfer is dominated by the amount of nanoparticle concentration present in the base fluid when Reynolds number is kept constant. Also, for a certain particle concentration, intensification of heat transfer is guided by the degree of turbulence. The findings also depict that nanofluids heat transferring capability is independent of the temperature boundary conditions used and Mixture model is unable to assess the change in heat transfer due to variation in nanoparticle size.

Particle resolved numerical modeling of unsteady forced convection of nanofluid around a porous cuboid with sinusoidal inlet velocity

Abstract In this research, the laminar, incompressible, unsteady oscillatory flow and convective heat transfer of nanofluid around a porous cuboid were studied two-dimensionally using particle resolved calculations. Several cuboids of different sizes and porosities and with a constant temperature were subjected to a nanofluid flow with a sinusoidal velocity profile. The effects of the Reynolds number (Re = 100–900), the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the aspect ratio of the porous cuboid, the Darcy number and the amplitude and frequency of the inlet velocity on the flow field and heat transfer were investigated. To evaluate the system’s optimal performance, performance evaluation criteria (PEC) were also investigated. The results showed that increasing the Reynolds number improved thermal performance. Increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles increased the Nusselt number; however, the pressure drop coefficient increased more strongly. The heat transfer and pressure drop coefficient increased in line with the growth of the porous cuboid aspect ratio. When the Darcy number was increased, the Nusselt number first increased and then decreased and the pressure drop coefficient continuously decreased. A higher amplitude of the inlet velocity profile augmented the heat transfer and pressure drop coefficient. An increase in the amplitude and frequency of the inlet velocity profile widened the range of drag and lift coefficients. Furthermore, flow at different inlet velocity frequencies (f * = 0–10) behaved differently; as a result, the maximum rate of heat transfer and pressure drop was obtained at f *=5. However, considering the ratio of the Nusselt number to the pressure drop coefficient and PEC parameter, the optimum frequency was f *=9.

Duel Solutions in Hiemenz Flow of an Electro-Conductive Viscous Nanofluid Containing Elliptic Single-/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes With Magnetic Induction Effects

Abstract Modern magnetic nanomaterials are increasingly embracing new technologies including smart coatings, intelligent lubricants, and functional working fluids in energy systems. Motivated by studying the manufacturing magnetofluid dynamics of electroconductive viscous nanofluids, in this work, we analyzed the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) convection flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) past a stretching sheet. Magnetic induction effects are included. Similarity solutions are derived where possible in addition to dual branch solutions. Both single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered taking water and kerosene oil as base fluids. The governing continuity, momentum, magnetic induction, and heat conservation partial differential equations are converted to coupled, nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations. The emerging control parameters are shown to be Prandtl number (Pr), nanoparticle volume fraction parameter (φ), inverse magnetic Prandtl number (λ), magnetic body force parameter (β) and stretching rate parameter (A), and the type of carbon nanotube. Numerical solutions to the ordinary differential boundary value problem are conducted with the efficient bvp4c solver in matlab. Validation with earlier studies is included. Computations of reduced skin friction and reduced wall heat transfer rate (Nusselt number) are also comprised in order to identify the critical parameter values for the existence of dual solutions (upper and lower branch) for velocity, temperature, and induced magnetic field functions. Dual solutions are shown to exist for some cases studied. The simulations indicate that when the stretching rate ratio parameter is less than 1, SWCNT nanofluids exhibit higher velocity than MWCNT nanofluids with increasing magnetic parameters for water- and kerosene-oil-based CNT nanofluids. Generally, SWCNT nanofluids achieve enhanced heat transfer performance compared to MWCNT nanofluids. Water-based CNT nanofluids also attain greater flow acceleration compared with kerosene-oil-based CNT nanofluids.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF MHD NANOFLUID CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE A CUBIC POROUS CONTAINER WITH CORRUGATED BOTTOM WALL

THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF MHD NANOFLUID CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER INSIDE A CUBIC POROUS CONTAINER WITH CORRUGATED BOTTOM WALL

Investigation of laminar forced convection heat transfer of nanofluids through flat plate solar collector

The paper analyzes laminar forced convection heat transfer for both single and mixture phase models utilizing Al2O3-water and CuO-water nanofluids as the working fluid and examines the effect of internal fins in the collector tubes in order to improve collector efficiency. A physical model with governing equations has been defined. Finite volume method has been utilized for discretizing governing equations and finite element method has been utilized for three-dimensional analysis of solar plate model with finned tubes. Convective heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and shear stress have been analyzed for Reynolds numbers from 200 to 700 with 0-5% volume fractions of nanofluid. Moreover, the efficiency of the collector has been investigated for constant flow rates from 0.02 to 0.04 mL/s and variable overall heat loss coefficient for the same range of volume fractions of nanofluid. It has been found that increment of shear stress and heat transfer coefficient occurred with the increment of concentration of nanoparticles and the Reynolds number. Investigation of particle size has not shown any notable variation with the mixture phase model. Mixture-phase model gives comparatively lower values due to the reduction of viscosity near the wall. Noticeable increment of efficiency has been observed by changing working fluid from Al2O3-water to CuO-water which has been further improved by utilizing variable overall heat loss coefficient. Efficiency increases up to 6.5% and 8.7% than the base fluid for utilizing Al2O3-water and CuO-water nanofluid respectively. Additionally, utilizing internal fins to the riser tubes, the efficiency increases up to 11%.

Numerical Analysis of Natural Convection Heat Transfer Inside an Inverted T-Shaped Cavity Filled with Nanofluid

This assessment is centered on the characteristics of natural convection heat transfer of Aluminium Oxide-Air nanofluid inside an inverted T-shaped enclosure with differentially heated sidewalls. The left edges of the enclosed cavity have been treated as a heated wall and are kept at a constant temperature. The right edges are also maintained at a constant temperature but lower than the heated wall. The top and bottom faces of the cavity have been considered adiabatic. The evaluation has been numerically investigated using ANSYS fluent. The effect of different significant parameters like volume fraction of nanoparticles, the shape of the enclosure, and Rayleigh number on the heat transfer characteristics inside an inverted T shape enclosure have been investigated. In this numerical analysis, a series of DNS simulations have been conducted for different Rayleigh numbers in the range of 103 to 106, the volume fraction of particles in the range 0≤ φ ≤0.1, and for the different aspect ratios for the inverted T shape have been conducted. The outcomes of this CFD analysis indicate a remarkable rise in the average heat transfer coefficient with the rising volume fraction of Al2O3 particles in the air. An increase of the average Nusselt number was also observed with the increase of Rayleigh number, but it drops slightly at a higher volume fraction of nanoparticles due to an increase in conductive heat transfer. For Rayleigh numbers ≥ 104, both the average Nusselt number and average heat transfer coefficient decrease up to a certain shape of the cavity aspect ratio. After that cavity aspect ratio, both the parameters value increase. But in the case of Rayleigh number = 103, both of the values decrease with the increase in the cavity aspect ratio.

Numerical study of natural convection nanofluids flow in tilted cavities with a partially thermally heat source

Numerically, natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids in a two-dimensional tilt square enclosure was investigated, with a partial heat source embedded on the bottom wall subject to a fixed heat flux. The remaining portions of the horizontal bottom wall are assumed to be adiabatic, while the upper horizontal wall and the vertical ones are supposed to be at a relatively low temperature. Using the finite volume method and the SIMPLER algorithm, the governing equations have been discretized and solved. Simulations have been carried out for more than one nanoparticle and base fluid, a range of Rayleigh numbers ([Formula: see text] Ra [Formula: see text]), various values of heat source length and location (0.2 [Formula: see text] B [Formula: see text] 0.8 and 0.2 [Formula: see text] D [Formula: see text] 0.5, respectively), solid volume fraction ([Formula: see text]) as well as tilt angle ([Formula: see text]). The results indicate that the heat transfer performance increases by adding nanoparticles into the base fluid. An optimum solid volume fraction raises and reduces the heat transfer rate and maximum temperature of the surface heat source. respectively. Moreover, the results show a significant impact of the tilt angle on the flow, temperature patterns, and the heat transfer rate with a specific tilt angle depending to the pertinent parameters.

Entropy generation for MHD natural convection in enclosure with a micropolar fluid saturated porous medium with Al2O3Cu water hybrid nanofluid

This contribution gives a numerical investigation of buoyancy-driven flow of natural convection heat transfer and entropy generation of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu) within an enclosure square porous cavity. Hybrid nanofluids represent a novel type of enhanced active fluids. During the current theoretical investigation, an actual available empirical data for both thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of hybrid nanofluids are applied directly. Numerical simulation have been implemented for solid nanoparticles, the volumetric concentration of which varies from 0.0% (i.e., pure fluid) to 0.1% of hybrid nanofluids. Heat and sink sources are situated on a part of the left and right sides of the cavity with length B, while the upper and bottom horizontal sides are kept adiabatic. The stated partial differential equations describing the flow are mutated to a dimensionless formulas, then solved numerically via the help of an implicit finite difference approach. The acquired computations are given in terms of streamlines, isotherms, isomicrorotations, isoconcentraions, local Began number, total entropy, local and mean Nusselt numbers. The data illustrates that variations of ratio of the average Nusselt number to the averageNusselt of pure fluid Num+ is a decreasing function of Ha and φ, while e+ is an increasing function of Ha and φ parameters of hybrid nanofluid.

Numerical investigation of forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids within an enclosure

Heat transfer applications normally observed day-to-day are mainly focused on forced convection such as the transfer of hot fluid being pumped through pipes, shell and tube heat exchanger and power plants. The heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids present within a cubical enclosure subjected to forced convection is analysed here. Assisting and opposing forced convection flows are being compared. The inlet through which a nanofluid enters the cubical enclosure at a uniform velocity is positioned at the lower portion of the left wall for the assisting case and situated at the upper portion of the left wall for the opposing case. An in-house solver based on finite difference method is developed using simplified marker and cell algorithm (SMAC) through which the simulation is performed. The nanofluid chosen here is a water-based one with various nanoparticles such as aluminium (Al), silver (Ag), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and singled wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) which are investigated for a Reynolds number range of 103 to 105. Other parametric studies like the volume concentration is also being varied from 0% to 3%. The results of this paper tend to show that heat transfer characteristics increase with an increase in both Reynolds number and volume concentration. Forced convection occurring through assisting flow case is showing better heat transfer than in the opposing flow case.

Correlations for Total Entropy Generation and Bejan Number for Free Convective Heat Transfer of an Eco-Friendly Nanofluid in a Rectangular Enclosure under Uniform Magnetic Field

In this paper, focusing on the study of entropy generation (EGN), the convection flow of an eco-friendly nanofluid (N-F) in a rectangular enclosure is studied numerically. The nanoparticles (N-Ps) used are silver N-P, which are obtained in an eco-friendly manner from natural materials. By suspending these N-Ps in an equal mixture of water and ethylene glycol (E-G), the N-F has been prepared. There are two constant-temperature triangular obstacles with height w and base H that are placed on the hot wall. There is a magnetic field (M-F) in the x-direction. To simulate the N-F flow, eco-friendly N-P relations are used, and the equations are solved using the volume control method and the SIMPLE algorithm. The variables include Rayleigh number (Ra), Hartmann number (Ha), H, W, and the volume fraction of silver N-Ps. The effect of these parameters is evaluated on the EGN and Bejan number (Be). Finally, a correlation is expressed for the EGN for a range of variables. The most important results of this paper demonstrate that the addition of silver eco-friendly N-Ps intensifies the EGN so that the addition of 3% of N-Ps enhances the EGN by 3.8%. An increment in the obstacle length reduces the Be barrier while increasing the Ha, which enhances the Be when the convection is strong. Increasing the height of the obstacle intensifies entropy generation.

Performance Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger by Using Fe3O4/water Nanofluidid

This paper studies the forced convection heat transfer and flow characteristics of nanofluids composed of water and different volume concentrations of Fe3O4/water nanofluids (0.35%, 0.2%) under laminar flow conditions that move in counter current in a vertical shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Fe3O4 nanoparticles having a diameter of about 30 nm were used in this work. Various of Reynolds number were used during practical experiments on the device is (200,600,1000,1400). The results show that for the same mass flow and inlet temperature, the convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluid is slightly larger than that of the base fluid where the improvement ratio is up to 14%, 22% for 0.2%, 0.35%, respectively. Where it was concluded through the results that the total coefficient of heat transfer of the nanofluid has increased compared to the basic fluid, the maximum improvement at (0.2%, 0.35%) was about 34% and 61%, respectively. When the concentration of nanofluids increases sharply, the Nusselt number also increases sharply compared with the base fluid up to 10%, 19%. As the results showed that the friction factor increases when the concentration of nanofluid increase because the density and viscosity is higher than of base fluid, while decrease when the Reynolds number increase, where the ratios reached 25%, 47%. It was found that the effectiveness of nanofluids is higher than that of base fluids is up to 56%, 62%.

Heat Transport Improvement and Three-Dimensional Rotating Cone Flow of Hybrid-Based Nanofluid

The current research aims to study the mixed convection of a hybrid-based nanofluid consisting of ethylene glycol-water, copper (II) oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a vertical cone. A hybrid base blend model is used to examine the nanofluid’s hydrostatic and thermal behaviors over a diverse range of Reynolds numbers. The application of mixed nanoparticles rather than simple nanoparticles is one of the most imperative things in increasing the heat flow of the fluids. To test such a flow sector, for the very first time, a hybrid-based mixture model was introduced. Also, the mixture framework is a single-phase model formulation, which was used extensively for heat transfer with nanofluids. Comparison of computed values with the experimental values is presented between two models (i.e., the model of a mixture with the model of a single-phase). The natural convection within the liquid phase of phase change material is considered through the liquid fraction dependence of the thermal conductivity. The predicted results of the current model are also compared with the literature; for numerical results, the bvp4c algorithm is used to quantify the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction diffusion on the continuity, momentum, and energy equations using the viscous model for convective heat transfer in nanofluids. Expressions for velocity and temperature fields are presented. Also, the expressions for skin frictions, shear strain, and Nusselt number are obtained. The effects of involved physical parameters (e.g., Prandtl number, angular velocity ratio, buoyancy ratio, and unsteady parameter) are examined through graphs and tables.

Parametric Study of Nanoparticles Effects on Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids in a Heated Horizontal Annulus

This paper reports the results of a numerical study on the thermal performance of forced convection laminar flow of nanofluids flowing through a heated horizontal annular duct considering various nanoparticles types has been investigated. A numerical study is carried out for an annular duct filled with ordinary water, and three nanoparticles types of titanium dioxide (TiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and copper (Cu) formed three different nanofluids. The outer cylinder is heated by a uniform and constant heat flux while the inner cylinder is thermally insulated. A numerical solution of the partial differential equations of dimensionless cylindrical coordinates associate with boundary conditions are discretized by the finite volume technique with a second-order precision and solved via a FORTRAN program. Impacts of diverse parameters of the study such as nanoparticles volume fraction from 0 to 6% of titanium dioxide, alumina, copper, and Reynolds number on the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristic are examined. The axial and average Nusselt number increases with increasing nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number. In addition, the skin friction coefficient decreases with increasing Reynolds number. Also, no significant effect on the skin friction coefficient with the increase in nanoparticle concentration. Furthermore, the improvement was seen higher when using nanofluids made of copper (Cu).

Atomistic insights into heat transfer and flow behaviors of nanofluids in nanochannels

Nanofluids have been proved to be novel work fluids with preeminent thermophysical properties to improve the heat dissipation of the micro/nanochannel. Here we provide atomistic insights into heat transfer and flow behaviors of nanofluids in nanochannels using molecular dynamics simulation. Nanoparticles are found to possess suspension and deposition statements during the flow process in the nanochannel. The temperature development can be accelerated and the temperature jump occurs at the wall-fluid interface in nanofluids. The velocity of the near-wall fluid is disturbed by deposited nanoparticles. In comparison with the base fluid, nanofluids can promote the heat transfer and the nanofluid with a higher nanoparticle volume concentration owns the better convective heat transfer performance. It is discovered that nanoparticles with the irregular Brownian motion and spinning motion disturb the fluid flow and intensify collisions among fluid atoms and thus enhance the heat transfer of nanofluids. Deposited nanoparticles act as nano fins to increase heat transfer areas and disturb the near-wall fluid flow, which ameliorates the convective heat transfer of nanofluids in the nanochannel.