Abstract
The current research aims to study the mixed convection of a hybrid-based nanofluid consisting of ethylene glycol-water, copper (II) oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a vertical cone. A hybrid base blend model is used to examine the nanofluid’s hydrostatic and thermal behaviors over a diverse range of Reynolds numbers. The application of mixed nanoparticles rather than simple nanoparticles is one of the most imperative things in increasing the heat flow of the fluids. To test such a flow sector, for the very first time, a hybrid-based mixture model was introduced. Also, the mixture framework is a single-phase model formulation, which was used extensively for heat transfer with nanofluids. Comparison of computed values with the experimental values is presented between two models (i.e., the model of a mixture with the model of a single-phase). The natural convection within the liquid phase of phase change material is considered through the liquid fraction dependence of the thermal conductivity. The predicted results of the current model are also compared with the literature; for numerical results, the bvp4c algorithm is used to quantify the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction diffusion on the continuity, momentum, and energy equations using the viscous model for convective heat transfer in nanofluids. Expressions for velocity and temperature fields are presented. Also, the expressions for skin frictions, shear strain, and Nusselt number are obtained. The effects of involved physical parameters (e.g., Prandtl number, angular velocity ratio, buoyancy ratio, and unsteady parameter) are examined through graphs and tables.
Highlights
Nanofluid is the mixture of hard nanoparticles with the base fluid. e study of nanofluid is of huge interest for the evaluation of increasing thermal conductivity, In the engineering, cooling is important, such as the cooling of nano-electromechanical systems and semiconductors
Nanofluids are served in related works with single-phase heterogeneous fluids
Free convection is critical in thermal engineering in nanofluid within enclosures because rising heat flow is a significant problem for energy efficiency. e first attempts to improve heat transport using nanofluid. ey simulated the heat transfer features of nanofluids in a two-dimensional insertion and originate that the heat transfer rate dramatically increases with postponed nanoparticles at every Grashof value
Summary
Nanofluid is the mixture of hard nanoparticles with the base fluid. e study of nanofluid is of huge interest for the evaluation of increasing thermal conductivity, In the engineering, cooling is important, such as the cooling of nano-electromechanical systems and semiconductors. Free convection is critical in thermal engineering in nanofluid within enclosures because rising heat flow is a significant problem for energy efficiency. E electrically transmitting non-Newtonian fluids can be used as a refrigeration liquid because their flow can be controlled by the outdoor magnetic field, which to some degree controls the heat transfer. E above studies indicate that no attempt has been complete to analyze the 3D hybrid nanofluid flow model around the cone as poignant or immobile under fluid control. E effect of copper oxide (CuO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the thermal performance properties of ethylene glycol-water is investigated in this study, which has an extensive scientific and technological value. (1) e current study considers three-dimensional CuO + TiO2/C2H6O2 hybrid nanofluid flow, while previous research [38, 39] has concentrated on viscous fluids and nanofluids. (3) In comparison to other fluids, hybrid nanofluids have been found to increase the thermal efficiency of base fluids quickly
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