Space Vector Modulation Control Research Articles

Model predictive direct torque algorithm for coordinated electrical grid operation of wind energy conversion system-based doubly fed induction generator

ABSTRACT In this paper, robust predictive control (RPC) based on direct torque control space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) of the doubly fed induction generator wind turbine system (DFIG-WTS) is investigated to improve energy capture effectiveness. A novel cost function is introduced for the predictive speed regulator where the aerodynamic torque is considered as an unknown perturbation. This technique is designed to improve dynamic performance such as reference tracking, disturbance rejection, and robustness to parameter variations. The use of the DTC-SVM technique enhances performance in terms of constant switching frequency and reduced torque-flux ripples. The simulation results using real-time MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed strategy, where very satisfactory performance has been achieved.

Maximum power point tracking and space vector modulation control of quasi-z-source inverter for grid-connected photovoltaic systems

The quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) become one of the most promising power electronic converters for photovoltaic (PV) applications, due to its capability to perform a buck-boost conversion of the input voltage in a single stage. The control strategy based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and proportional integral (PI) controller are well known in grid-connected with traditional configuration but not in qZSI. This paper presents a control strategy for qZSI grid-connected based on the MPPT algorithm and the linear control by PI controllers. This is complemented by the capability to efficiently transfer the harvested power to the grid, ensuring a unity power factor. The proposed control strategy effectively separates the control mechanisms for the direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) sides by utilizing the two control variables, the shoot-through duty ratio and the modulation index. An adapted space vector modulation technique is then utilized to generate the switching pulse width modulation (PWM) signals, using these two control variables as inputs. The proposed approach was tested and validated under MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS software.

Shunt Active Parallel Filter, Grid Photovoltaic System

This paper introduces a study focused on managing a photovoltaic system connected to the electrical grid. The primary components of this system include solar arrays linked via a DC bus to an inverter situated on the grid side. Fluctuations in solar irradiance and temperature are swift, prompting the integration of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) within the inverter’s control mechanism. The energy produced by the photovoltaic system is fed into the grid. This transfer is achieved through a proficient DC/AC conversion process, wherein the MPPT is integrated into the inverter’s operation to regulate the levels of active and reactive power injected into the grid. The paper also delves into the employment of the Space Vector Modulation (SVM) control technique for the DC-AC inverter. It covers the implementation of a Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) with a three-phase four-wire configuration, consisting of four legs and adopting a split capacitor topology. Furthermore, the paper includes an exploration of the instantaneous power theory and the utilization of hysteresis block control for the SAPF. The findings of this study are demonstrated and analyzed using Matlab/Simulink software.

Numerical Study of Constant Pressure Systems with Variable Speed Electric Pumps

This work focuses on the modeling and simulation of constant pressure systems based on variable speed pumps, with the aim of studying and evaluating their performance from a multidisciplinary approach. Using the physical models of the Simscape library, from MATLAB/Simulink R2019b, two study cases are assembled consisting of: piping system, a hydropneumatic tank, centrifugal pumps with an induction motor, variable speed drives, and a control system. Case one is comprised of one pump at a fixed speed and another at variable speed, and case two with both pumps at variable speed. For the parameterization of the models, data from manufacturers and process requirements are used. The different stages of the control system are integrated and configured; these are constant V/f control, slip compensation, space vector modulation (SVM,) and pressure controller. The dynamic response of the system, power saving, transient current at startup, and harmonic distortion are evaluated. The results showed that both cases kept the pressure constant in the face of variable flow demand and smoothed out the current during startup. Case two saved more energy (between 28 and 49%) but generated more harmonic distortion. In addition, both cases have better performance compared with traditional fixed-speed technologies.

Multi-carrier switching strategy for high-bandwidth potential balancing control of multilevel inverters

<span lang="EN-US">This paper confers on investigation of a direct torque control (DTC) of induction motor drive by 3 level neutral point clamp (NPC) multilevel inverter. The imbalance problem may deteriorate the electric drive performances which might cause a short circuit condition. Various balancing control strategies were proposed, however, most of them employed complex space vector modulation (SVM) and hysteresis-based controller that generates variable switching frequencies. The proposed method will offer a reliable balancing control strategy with a constant switching frequency, and moreover, it will provide excellent electric drive performances. This research proposed a new multi carrier switching modulation strategy that establish a high-band-width control for neutral point potential in the NPC inverter. Potency of the proposed high-bandwidth potential balancing strategy is validated through the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.</span>

Performance of Neutral Point Clamped Five Level Inverter Using Space Vector Modulation Control Fed by DPC-VF-SVM Rectifier

The purpose of this paper is to develop a control and regulation method for the input DC voltage of a five level neutral point clamping (NPC) inverter feeding a induction motor. In this context, the authors propose in the first part, the control strategy of three-phase pulse width modulation rectifier, they propose the virtual flux-based direct control (DPC_VF) with vector modulation (SVM), this method is applied for the enhancement of network power quality by compensation of harmonic currents produced by an non linear load, and good regulation of DC-bus voltage. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the presentation of the model of the three phase, five-level NPC voltage source inverter with its space vector modulation (SVM) control method. The performance of the proposed strategy in terms of out-put voltage and THD has studied successfully and shown using MATLAB/Simulink.

A Generalized Space Vector Modulation for Cascaded H-Bridge Inverters under Faulty Conditions

In this research, a new space vector modulation control algorithm is proposed to increase the reliability and the accuracy of the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters in case of faulty situations where one or several power cells do not function. When one or more switches of a cell are opened or shorted, that cell is considered faulty. By giving a detailed analysis on the impact of the faulty power cells on the voltage space vectors, the inapplicable voltage vectors are removed precisely. Consequently, the optimal redundant switching states are chosen such that the highest possible output voltage can be achieved. In addition, the balance of the three phases line-to-line voltage and current are maintained. The proposed algorithm is also generalized so that it can be applied to any level of H-bridge inverters. The validity of the method is verified by numerical simulations using MATLAB Simulink with an 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverter.

A Comparative Analysis of Hysteresis Current Control SVM and 3D-SVM for 3-Level NPC Inverter

This paper elucidates a comparative analysis of hysteresis current control space vector modulation (HCC-SVM) and 3-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVM) for control of 3-level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter. The NPC inverter topology is much suitable for single input applications and medium and high power applications. The detailed comparative analysis of total harmonic distortion (THD) for both modulation control strategies is analyzed. Among various modulation strategies, these two control strategies increased more attention due to the improved output compared to the other conventional methods. The simulation and hardware results are evident that 3D-SVM is the most efficient controller for capacitor balancing, common mode voltage minimization, THD minimization and attain low voltage stress across switch, but in terms of system design and complexity in switching time calculation is simple in the HCC-SVM method. The simulation and hardware results are verified using simulink and FPGA processor, respectively.

A Review on Direct Power Control of Pulsewidth Modulation Converters

Starting from the principle of instantaneous power theory, this article explores various direct power control (DPC) strategies for three-phase two-level pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converters. After summarizing the fundamental power formula of PWM rectifiers, this article studies the operating principle of the conventional table-based approach and its related improvements. It further looks into the advanced counterparts employing space vector modulation and different nonlinear control strategies. The emphasis is put on the prevailing predictive DPC. Besides, the voltage-sensorless and robust DPC methods based on the virtual flux concept and the state observer or estimator are investigated. Critical issues, including the sample delay, constant switching frequency, duty cycle optimization, objective function, and unbalanced operation are examined.

Modified Space Vector Modulation for Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter with Open-Circuit Power Cells

In this research, a new space vector modulation control algorithm is proposed to increase the reliability of the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters in case of faulty situations, where one or several power cells do not function. Methods to detect faults ensure finding open-circuit module exactly, which is fast and easy to program. By giving a detailed analysis of the impact of the faulty power cells, optimal redundant level states are chosen such that highest possible output voltage can be achieved, while the balance of the three-phase line-to-line voltage is maintained and common-mode voltage is reduced. The proposed algorithm is generalized so that it can be applied to H-bridge inverters of any level. The validity of the method is verified by numerical simulations and experiment results with an 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverter.

A Combined Sliding Mode Space vector Modulation Control of the Shunt Active Power Filter Using Robust Harmonic Extraction Method

This paper presents a combined sliding mode space vector modulation control of the shunt active power filter using robust harmonic extraction method to improve the power quality such as current harmonics and reactive power compensation due to the non-linear loads and unbalanced voltage source. To verify the validity of the analysis and the feasibility of the proposed control method a set of simulation tests have been conducted using Matlab/Simulink. A comparison between the conventional instantaneous powers method (PQ) used for harmonic extracting and the new PQ based on a multivariable extraction filter demonstrates the superiority of the proposed control scheme.

Mathematical Modelling, Analysis and Control of a Three to Five-Phase Matrix Converter for Minimal Switching Losses

The interest in motor drive systems with a number of phases greater than three has increased, mainly in high-power industrial fields due to their advantages compared with three-phase drive systems. In this paper, comprehensive mathematical modeling of a five-phase matrix converter (MC) is introduced. Besides that, the direct and indirect space vector modulation (SVM) control methods are compared and analyzed. Furthermore, a mathematical model for the MC with the transformation between the indirect and direct topology is constructed. The indirect technique is used to control the five-phase MC with minimum switching losses. In this technique, SVM deals with a five-phase MC as a virtual two-stage converter with a virtual DC link (i.e., rectifier and inverter stages). The voltage gain is limited to a value of 0.79. Moreover, to analyze the effectiveness of the control technique and the advantages of the MC, a static R-L load is employed. However, the load can also be an industrial load, such as hospital pumping or vehicular applications. The presented analysis proves that the MC gives a wide range of output frequencies, and it has the ability to control the input displacement factor and the output voltage magnitude. In addition, the absence of the massive DC link capacitors is an essential feature for the MC, resulting in increased reliability and a reduced size converter. Eventually, an experimental validation is conducted on a static load to validate the presented model and the control method. It is observed that good matching between the simulation and the experimental results is achieved.

A Stand-Alone PV-PEMFC System based SM-ANN-MPPT Controller: Solar Pumping Application using PMSM

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a tool to optimize the use of the produced power in renewable energy systems, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Many algorithms have been developed and reviewed in the literature. In this work, a Sliding Mode-Artificial Neural Network-based MPPT (SM-ANN-MPPT) technique is proved. A comparison is made with one of the simplest MPPTs in the literature Perturb and Observe (P&O). It has been found that the minimization of the PV power ripples and the dissipated energies have been gained using the SM-ANN-MPPT controller. The proposed controller is applied for a standalone PV system with a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PVPEMFC) considering variable irradiation and temperature. The application of the system is dedicated to a solar pumping system using a three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The control of the PMSM is ensured by a Direct Torque Control-Space Vector Modulation (DTC-SVM) approach. Two cases are tested: with imposed speed profile, and with a solar daily profile. Two cases of load profiles are also treated: constant and variable loads. The control behaviour is simulated and the results are revealed justifying the feats of the DTC-SVM PMSM drive. Results show improvement in robustness and stability under real daily climatic conditions.

Space vector modulation control of a Z-source 9-switch power inverter based on two virtual three-phase inverters for electric vehicles application

ABSTRACT This paper deals with space vector modulation of a Z-source 9-switch inverter for electric vehicle application. Indeed, the Z-source 9-switch inverter can supply two induction motors of two-driving wheels electric vehicle. The proposed electric vehicle powertrain composed mainly of a Z-source structure contains inductances and capacitors, and 9-switch power inverter forms two virtual three-phase inverters. So, the Z-source 9-switch inverter structure minimises the number of power switches, the volume and therefore the cost of the electric vehicle powertrain. In this context, an adapted space vector modulation of a Z-source 9-switches inverter is developed in order to ensure simultaneously an independent control of two induction motors and boost the output voltage of batteries. Experimental and simulation results have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed system.

Design, implementation and performance analysis of shunt active filter based on a matrix converter

ABSTRACT In this paper, a new topology for a shunt active power filter using a matrix converter is proposed. The topology analysis, description of the associated control technique, steady-state and dynamic performance are also presented in this study. The proposed topology does not contain the bulky DC-link capacitor. In addition, the parameters of the proposed filter are robust against the change in the load and the THD percentage is the same under this condition. So, the proposed filter parameters do not require to be retuned with load change. Moreover, a simple and compact form can be realised. The reference currents are calculated using a synchronous reference frame theory. Space vector modulation and hysteresis current control are used to control the rectifier and inverter stages in the indirect matrix converter to obtain the required injected filter current. Finally, a simulation model and an experimental prototype are implemented using Matlab/Simulink program and DSP1104, respectively, with a detailed analysis to the obtained results which confirm the effectiveness and the high accuracy performance of the proposed topology.

Delta-Sigma Modulation Based Common-Mode Voltage Elimination in Direct Matrix Converter

The direct matrix converter (DMC) offers a compact and robust solution over typical ac–dc–ac converter, by enabling direct ac–ac power conversion without any energy storage requirements. Moreover, it offers enhanced source current quality, innate bidirectionality and power factor correction capabilities. Its industrial suitability is further advocated by the elimination of common-mode voltage through the DMC topology. Space vector modulation and model predictive control based approach to common-mode voltage elimination in matrix converter, are previously proposed. This article proposes the delta-sigma modulation for common-mode voltage elimination in matrix converter, which is computationally less cumbersome and performs better as compared to previously documented methods. This method utilizes only six most optimum states of DMC that yield zero common-mode voltage, and performs load voltage and source current control by computing each error variable (delta), integrating it (sigma) and further minimizing it within a hysteresis band. Source current control necessitates load current estimation, which is done through predictive model of the load, hence eliminating load current sensors.

A novel improved variable-step-size P&O MPPT method and effective supervisory controller to extend optimal energy management in hybrid wind turbine

This paper describes a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on a variable structure “Automatic Systems approach” in order to modify and improve the conventional method perturb and observe. Therefore, the main contribution of this work is related to the developments in advanced control and management system applied to hybrid wind turbines (WT). The objective is to strengthen the extraction capacity of wind power in order to obtain an extended operational range “operating areas II and III.” In other terms, the multi-objective optimization on hybrid WT based on sophisticate control system and robust management reliable to hybrid WTs is performed to design a perfect control system. This system requires a very complicated adaptation between the second-order sliding mode control (SOSMC)-based speed control, a novel MPPT technique modified enhanced perturb and observe “MEPO,” system limitation and system energy storage. In addition, to improve the quality of the electrical energy introduced into the grid, a new efficient and robust strategy control based on direct power control-space vector modulation (DPC-SVM-SOSMC) implemented in the network side of the converter is proposed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control system and the new switching algorithm that coordinates the control (the multi-objective optimization) are validated under entire operating range (II and III). The results have showed that, compared with the conventional control system, the proposed scheme provides higher power conversion efficiency, offers better grid power quality and has better dynamic performances as well as a very robust adaptation against the uncertainties of the parameters and external disturbances.

A Variable Switching Frequency Space Vector Modulation Technique for Zero-Voltage Switching in Two Parallel Interleaved Three-Phase Inverters

A variable switching frequency space vector modulation control method is proposed in this paper. It is used to achieve zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for two parallel 180° interleaved three-phase grid-connected voltage-source inverters at unity power factor. A wide range of ZVS can be achieved without any additional sensor, auxiliary circuit, or current zero-crossing detection circuit. The carrier wave frequency is easy to be calculated and updated with digital control. The current ripple is precisely predicted and controlled to minimize unnecessary circulation loss. The high current ripple at the inverter side can be considerably canceled by the parallel interleaved configuration. LCL filter is used to further attenuate the current ripple and improve the power quality at the grid side. The switching loss can be significantly reduced especially by using a wide bandgap device with low turn- off loss. The power density is greatly improved owing to the high switching frequency and low component parameters of the filter. A 4.5-kW simulation and experimental prototype interfacing 400 V dc with a three-phase 110-V ac grid is developed to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy.

Diagnosis and Tolerance of Common Electrical Faults in T-Type Three-Level Inverters Fed Dual Three-Phase PMSM Drives

In this paper, diagnosis and tolerant control schemes have been studied for common electrical faults in T-type three-level inverter fed dual-three phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives for safety-critical applications. Based on vector space decomposition and double three-phase space vector modulation, diagnostic and tolerant control methods have been developed comprehensively for open-phase faults, open-switch faults, and short-switch faults in T-type three-level inverter fed dual-three-phase PMSM drives, in such way that misdiagnosis of different faults sharing similar faulty features can be avoided. In particular, a two-step diagnostic scheme is proposed in order to simplify the diagnostic process. The first step is to identify the faulty phase and fault category by analyzing current trajectories on harmonic subspace, and the second step is to determine the specific fault type in a small fault-searching area obtained from the first step. In the aspect of fault-tolerant control, a novel current compensation method is proposed for open-phase fault without changing the machine model, space vector diagram, and control framework. Open-switch faults and short-switch faults are tolerated by making full use of the remaining vectors after faults. The validity of the proposed fault diagnosis and tolerance schemes has been verified by experiments.

Space Vector Modulation Method for Simultaneous Common Mode Voltage and Circulating Current Reduction in Parallel Three-Level Inverters

Parallel three-level inverters are widely used in high-power applications for increasing the power capacity of the system. However, when multiple three-level T-type inverters are connected to a single dc bus, the zero sequence circulating current (ZSCC) will be generated. For the operation of paralleled inverters, another requirement is to reduce the common mode voltage (CMV) associated with pulsewidth modulation (PWM) method. As these two issues are mutually coupled, the conventional space vector modulation (SVM) and active control methods reported so far cannot address them properly simultaneously. To overcome this limitation, a modified SVM technique is proposed to reduce the CMV, suppress ZSCC, and balance neutral point (NP) voltage. The generating mechanism of the ZSCC with respect to modulation scheme is analyzed. Based on the analysis, the large, medium, small, zero vector modulation method is proposed for reducing ZSCC and balancing the NP voltage with reduced CMV as the same in large, medium, zero vector modulation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing its results with those of the convectional PWM. The results are obtained from simulation and experiments.