Injection Control System Research Articles

Analysis of cycle-to-cycle variation and non-uniformity of energy production: Tests on individual cylinders of a radial piston engine

The paper presents results of identification tests on radial piston engine non-uniformity and non-repeatability of energy production. The tests are a part of the ASz-62IR engine modernization project aimed at extending the engine’s service life and decreasing fuel consumption. This is to be achieved by substituting a carburetor with an electronic injection control system. The tests consisted in measurements of in-cylinder pressure in each cylinder and were conducted under differing operating conditions. The paper focuses on the analysis of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) as a parameter describing the amount of energy produced by the cylinders. IMEP mean values indicate significant differences in the amount of energy produced by individual cylinders. A further difference can be observed in the cycle-to-cycle variation of individual cylinders; it consists not only in the non-uniform standard deviation of IMEP, but also in the non-uniformity of IMEP, represented by the forgetting factor. The range of cylinder-to-cylinder variations has been evaluated and attributed to the non-uniform supply with the air-fuel mixture – a result of using a carburetor and an ignition system with fixed settings. ► I test the biggest, still produced radial piston engine for non-uniformity and non-repeatability of energy production. ► I measure indicated mean effective pressure simultaneously in each cylinder. ► I find differences in the cycle-to-cycle variation of individual cylinders energy production. ► The differences are in the non-uniform standard deviation of IMEP, and in the non-uniformity of IMEP. ► I conclude that the differences come from the non-uniform supply of cylinders with the air-fuel mixture.

Detecting Solenoid Valve Deterioration in In-Use Electronic Diesel Fuel Injection Control Systems

The diesel engine is the main power source for most agricultural vehicles. The control of diesel engine emissions is an important global issue. Fuel injection control systems directly affect fuel efficiency and emissions of diesel engines. Deterioration faults, such as rack deformation, solenoid valve failure, and rack-travel sensor malfunction, are possibly in the fuel injection module of electronic diesel control (EDC) systems. Among these faults, solenoid valve failure is most likely to occur for in-use diesel engines. According to the previous studies, this failure is a result of the wear of the plunger and sleeve, based on a long period of usage, lubricant degradation, or engine overheating. Due to the difficulty in identifying solenoid valve deterioration, this study focuses on developing a sensor identification algorithm that can clearly classify the usability of the solenoid valve, without disassembling the fuel pump of an EDC system for in-use agricultural vehicles. A diagnostic algorithm is proposed, including a feedback controller, a parameter identifier, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) sensor, and a neural network classifier. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately identify the usability of solenoid valves.

Tunable-focus liquid lens system controlled by antagonistic winding-type SMA actuator

A new tunable-focus liquid lens system is proposed that consists of a liquid-filled PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) membrane, special liquid injection mechanism based on a cam structure, antagonistic winding-type SMA(shape memory alloys) actuator for changing the surface curvature of the membrane, and liquid injection control system, including a digital signal processing board and actuator driver board. The focal length of the liquid lens is adjusted by changing the radius of the curvature of the liquid lens through redistributing the liquid using an injection mechanism. In the case of liquid lens systems using conventional injection mechanisms, the nonlinear relationship between the focal length change and the actuator displacement makes it difficult to control the focal length of the lens system, as there is only a narrow control range for adjusting the focal length over a wide range. In addition, miniaturization of the lens system is difficult due to the requirement of bulky and heavy actuators, such as an electrical motor and pump[7]. Thus, a relatively light and small SMA actuator is proposed for a compact lens system. This paper then provides a detailed description of the proposed tunable-focus liquid lens system, and an experimental system is also implemented. Finally, the focusing performance of the proposed liquid lens system is analyzed, and its usefulness and effectiveness verified through a series of experiments.

스로틀 바디가 가솔린 엔진의 출력 및 배기배출물 특성에 미치는 영향에 관한 실험적 연구

Many researches have been carried out to reduce the emission levels and lower the fuel consumption in SI engines. Recently electronically controlled injection system is widely adapted to a passenger car to achieve these goals. Throttle body is also an important factor which influences on the emissions and engine power. In this study we redesigned a throttle body and conducted an experimental study to see the effects on engine performance and emission characteristics. We could find that idle speed control(ISC) showed stable operation characteristics as the cooling water temperature varied. And CO and HC emissions also satisfied the regulation limit.

دراسة مموثات غازات العادم المنبعثة من سيارات الكازولين في الطرق العراقية

The work aims to calculate pollutants gases concentration that are emitted from gasolineengine Vehicles exhaust .These concentration are compared with emission limits in othercountries. These gases are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons(HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), lead oxides, particulate matter and soot. The research is carried out on a new and old cars .which are widely used in Iraqi roads .these cars are different in product year , distance travelled and in Exhaust- gas treatment techniques which used. The analysis of exhaust gases carried out by using the electronic exhaust gas analysis system (T156D). Which is maunfactured in Italy and operate with windows system. The results show decrease in concentration of the (CO, HC, NOx, SOOT) emitted from Exhaust gases cars which have low travel distance (new cars model ) these cars use electronic systems to controll on injection , ignition and use exhaust gas pollutant control systems such as early fuel evaporation ( EFE) , exhaust gas recirculation ( EGR) ,catalytic converter , positive crankcase ventilation (PCV ). the results show that there are increases in pollutants concentration emitted from old model which have long work time and not have controller systems on the mixing and ignition systems as well as have lowe maintenance. the results show that ratio of cars which use exhaust gas treatment techniques and satisfy the emits limits is 32% only .but the larger ratio approximately 40% don't satisfy the emits limits.

Computerized diagnostic for the fuel injection control system

The purpose of the study is to carry out the experimental tests for the propulsion unit of the selected passenger car i.e. Skoda Felicia 1.3 MPI provided with Simos 2P system (manufactured by Siemens). The tests were carried out by means of an appropriate measuring equipment, among others AOC1K oscilloscope (digital recorder integrated with PC by means of RS232 interface) and a personal computer. The measurements of signals on the contacts of the electronic control device encompass the measuring procedures for individual signals, in accordance with the contact symbols: the camshaft position sensor, the engine speed sensor, the lambda probe, the pressure sensor, the throttle position sensor, the idle speed control actuator, the knock sensor. In some cases it is impossible to confirm the standard codes by the execution of diagnostic tests of the modern control system of ZI combustion engine, using the Simos 2P system.

An automatic depth control system for shallow slurry injection, Part 2: Control design and field validation

Shallow slurry injection is considered to be the most efficient way to reduce the ammonia emission by agriculture, but its performance is highly dependent on the injection depth. An automatic electro-hydraulic depth control system was developed to maintain the injection depth within narrow margins around the desired value. It utilised the hydraulic system of the four-point linkage of the slurry tanker to change the position of the injector with respect to the tanker in order to minimise the difference between the desired height of the supporting frame of the injector and the height measured by means of an ultrasonic sensor. Based on a grey-box model, the performance of different control algorithms was compared by simulation with this model. Although the bandwidth of the system with a lead compensator was slightly larger than with a proportional controller for a linearised model structure, the performance of both controllers was comparable when actuator saturation was taken into account. Because of its simplicity, the proportional controller was implemented. Comparison of the performance of the depth control system with the commercially available pressure control system on two fields with a high and a low soil penetration resistance showed that the depth control system outperforms the pressure control system in terms of overall mean error (51–78% more accurate) and standard deviation (16–44% less variation) for all parallel runs.

Comparison of emissions of a direct injection diesel engine operating on biodiesel with emulsified and fumigated methanol

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It can reduce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions, compared with diesel fuel, but there is also an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. This study is aimed to compare the effect of applying a biodiesel with either 10% blended methanol or 10% fumigation methanol. The biodiesel used in this study was converted from waste cooking oil. Experiments were performed on a 4-cylinder naturally aspirated direct injection diesel engine operating at a constant speed of 1800rev/min with five different engine loads. The results indicate a reduction of CO2, NOx, and particulate mass emissions and a reduction in mean particle diameter, in both cases, compared with diesel fuel. It is of interest to compare the two modes of fueling with methanol in combination with biodiesel. For the blended mode, there is a slightly higher brake thermal efficiency at low engine load while the fumigation mode gives slightly higher brake thermal efficiency at medium and high engine loads. In the fumigation mode, an extra fuel injection control system is required, and there is also an increase in CO, HC and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) and particulate emissions in the engine exhaust, which are disadvantages compared with the blended mode.

Design of a new P-NBI control system for 100-s injection in JT-60SA

Modification of JT-60U to a superconducting device (so-called JT-60SA) has been planned to contribute to ITER and DEMO. The positive-ion-based NBI system (P-NBI) is required to inject 24 MW for 100 s with 12 units. The P-NBI control system is to be fully remodeled with PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), which is featured by high market availability, system extensibility, cost-effectiveness, and independent development in programming. One of the critical issues to apply the PLC to the P-NBI control system is to control quickly the high voltage power supplies within 200 μs. For this purpose, the fastest PLC dealing with 4 refresh words at the processing time of 200 μs is to be employed. The second issue is to construct a data acquisition system for such a large number of data channels (∼2300 digital and ∼1300 analog data channels). The use of PLC linked with PC-based data measurement devices via Ethernet allows processing the large number of channels. The third issue is to make the man–machine interface simple. The marketed software giving an easy product of graphic menus is available for PLC programming. From these results, it is expected that commercial PLC could be applied to the large-scale control system of the P-NBI system for 100 s operations.

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF, which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies, PPS (Personnel Protection System) and MPS (Machine Protection System). The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), and ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies. WinCC and EPICS (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System) have been selected as the platforms of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). For unifying the interfacing to the control computer, all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethernet.

Flocculation analysis and control system by laser diffractometry at industrial scale

AbstractThe flocculant injection control system efficiency was evaluated on‐site in an aggregate quarry, by means of laser diffraction and analysis of the size and texture of flocs. The configuration of the feed tank and the laser particle size measurement cell installed at the facility (280,000 t/year of aggregates) allowed characterization of flocs with particle size between 4.2 and 3473 μm under hydrodynamic conditions that were highly favorable for the examination of large and very fragile flocs. Two days of analysis of the floc formation process along the path followed by the slurry showed that flocculation was optimal during standard operation of the facility when the flow rate of waste fines and concentrations of solids were close to those used to calibrate the flocculant injection control system. Conversely, when the concentration of solids in the flocculator feed slurry dropped by 57.3%, the flocculant dosing fluctuated during stabilization of the mechanism, the kinetics of flocculation slowed, the mean size of flocs arriving at the settling tank dropped by 69%, and the mode of smaller flocs shifted from 77.8 to 10.4 μm in relation to normal operation. On‐site analyses confirmed that the measurements made with laser diffraction (using a methodology developed in the laboratory) allow determination of the effects of conditioning on the characteristics of flocs in terms of particle size, porosity, density, and volume fraction in the slurry. Evolution of these characteristics according to the local parameters of conditioning (mean detention time, mean slurry velocity, and mean velocity gradient) provides a significant part of basic information necessary to a diagnosis of the operation of an industrial circuit of flocculation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008

High-performance flow control for site-specific application of liquid manure

In order to obtain maximal crop productivity with minimal environmental pollution, the amount of nutrients applied to the soil should be matched to the site-specific crop needs. In the case of liquid manure application, this means that manure flow must be controlled according to the local soil fertility, the crop needs, the manure composition and the driving speed. Since each of these parameters varies during injection, a fast and accurate flow control system is needed. In vacuum manure tankers, the flow is controlled by opening and closing a manure valve, which is actuated hydraulically. While magneto-rheological flow sensors are the best choice for manure flow measurement, their time delay and lag inhibit fast and stable feedback control with conventional equipment. Therefore, a new control strategy with fast and accurate control of the manure valve in combination with on-line flow gain estimation is presented. Two estimation algorithms have been developed in simulation and validated in practice: recursive least squares and sliding observer. Although the recursive least-squares algorithm performed well, the sliding-mode observer had less overshoot, which resulted in a settling time of about 5 s. Since the desired flow is expected to vary smoothly in practice, it is expected that the performance of this combination of a valve position controller and a sliding-mode observer will be sufficient for precise manure application purposes.

An automatic depth control system for shallow manure injection, Part 1: Modelling of the depth control system

Injection depth has an important impact on the performance of a shallow manure injection system. Therefore, it should be maintained within narrow margins. For this purpose, an automatic electro-hydraulic depth control system was developed, which minimises the difference between the actual injection, measured by means of an ultrasonic sensor, and the desired injection depth. To minimise this difference the relative position of the shallow slurry injector attached to the four-point linkage at the back of a manure tanker was changed with respect to this tanker. A grey box model was developed for the conversion of the voltage applied to an electronic control unit into the working depth of a shallow manure injector. A simplified and linearised model based on theoretical considerations was developed. The parameters of this model were estimated by means of frequency-domain identification techniques. This model contained all the dominant dynamics of the system that are relevant for control design. Since the dynamics of the system change during manure application, the worst case with respect to the stability of the depth control system was sought by comparing several extreme situations. The case of an empty tanker with the injector above the ground (minimal soil penetration resistance) was found to be the worst case and the model parameters were determined for this case. The resulting model contains an integrator and is of second order in the numerator, and fourth order in the denominator. Along with the non-linear time delay effect this model was found to be suitable for a model-based design of a stable and accurate injection depth controller.

Critical Aspects on the Control in the Low Temperature Combustion Systems for High Performance DI Diesel Engines

The present paper describes one of the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) management philosophies, today under development for application to Diesel engines, showing and analysing some critical aspects deriving from its use. In particular, starting from the analysis of the application of LTC to a four-cylinder Diesel engine, at the state of the art of current technology, the emission performance for LTC and conventional Diesel combustion are compared, together with the constraint in the application of LTC to the limited low load-low speed range. Moreover, the problems relative to different air/fuel feeding for each cylinder, knocking, torque drop and high smoking event during transient conditions, different actuation velocity of the components (of injection, turbo, EGR and swirl control systems) during the switch between LTC and conventional combustion, are presented and critically commented, indicating the main research drivelines for practical application.

Characterisation of solenoid valve failure for electronic diesel fuel injection system of commercial trucks

The fuel injection control system significantly affects the fuel efficiency and emissions from the diesel engine of a commercial truck. For electronic diesel fuel injection control (EDC) systems, e.g., Bosh PE-EDC, possible faults include rack deformation, solenoid valve failure, and rack-travel sensor malfunction. Among these problems, solenoid valve failure is most likely to occur in in-use diesel engines. Since the solenoid valve is mounted inside the diesel fuel pump, it is hard to access for diagnosis. Therefore, this paper is intended to study the characteristics of the failure, and then study the possibility of developing a method for its diagnosis. A method was developed using feed-forward and feedback control algorithms. Through the studies of this paper, it is found that the solenoid failure is caused by the wear between its plunger and sleeve, and the symptom is the variation of Coulomb frictional force. A series of experiments were carried out to show and characterise the symptoms. The proposed method is also validated through these experiments.

Combustibility Evaluation of Heavy Fuel Oil by Modified Fuel Ignitability Analyzer

FIA (Fuel Ignitability Analyzer) from Fueltech, Norway has already achieved plenty of ignitability evaluation of many kinds of marine diesel fuels over the world. In this study, a total fuel evaluation method on FIA measurement was newly proposed through constructing electronically controlled injection systems. These systems realized near square-shaped injection rate and good repeatability. In the course of the measurement progress, the experimental conditions required to evaluate fuel combustibility became clearer than before. Indexes introduced to evaluate fuel combustibility on the heat release process in FIA successfully determined the troublemaking fuels. Supplementary indexes on simple composition analysis also succeeded in defining the boundary of troublemaking fuels. With all the examinations, combustibility analysis of bunker fuel oil on HA system brought into reality for the first time.

Estimation of engine rotational dynamics using a closed-loop estimator with stroke identification for engine management systems

In order to study the effect of the crank sensor noise on the engine management system (EMS), an algorithm using a closed-loop estimator with stroke identification is proposed to estimate the engine rotational dynamics. Estimated crank angle and engine speed are used for fuel injection and ignition control systems. The closed-loop estimator design is based on a linear model by assuming that the engine rotational inertia is constant. Since the effective inertia actually varies with different crank angles, the stability of the proposed algorithm is assessed using the Lyapunov stability theorem. Performances of the proposed and traditional algorithms are evaluated using a non-linear engine model with a four-plus-one-tooth crankshaft wheel in Matlab/Simulink. The estimated crank angle and engine speed of the traditional algorithm can be significantly affected by large sensor noises resulting from the poorly grounded ignition coil. It was found that the proposed algorithm can mitigate the noise impact and thus maintain the desired engine control performance.

A study on the injection characteristics of a liquid-phase liquefied petroleum gas injector for air-fuel ratio control

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is widely used as a gaseous fuel in spark ignition engines because of its considerable advantages over gasoline. However, the LPG engine suffers a torque loss because the vapour-phase LPG displaces a larger volume of air than do gasoline droplets. In order to improve engine power as well as fuel consumption and air-fuel ratio control, considerable research has been devoted to improving the LPG injection system. In the liquid-phase LPG injection systems, the injection rate of an injector is affected by the fuel temperature, injection pressure, and driving voltage. When injection conditions change, the air-fuel ratio should be accurately controlled in order to reduce exhaust emissions. In this study, correction factors for the fuel injection rate are developed on the basis of fuel temperature, injection pressure, and injector driving voltage. A compensation method to control the amount of injected fuel is proposed for a liquid-phase LPG injection control system. The experimental results show that the liquid-phase LPG injection system works well over the entire range of engine speeds and load conditions, and the air-fuel ratio can be accurately controlled by using the proposed compensation algorithm.

Control System of Neutral Beam Injection on HT-7

Neutral Beam Injection control system (NBICS) is constructed to measure the plasma current, Magnet current, vacuum pressure, cryopump temperature, control water cooling, filament voltage, and power supply, etc. The NBICS, consisting mainly of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) subsystem, data acquisition and processing subsystem and cryopump and vacuum pressure monitoring subsystem, has successfully been used on a NBI device. In this article, the design of NBICS on HT-7 is discussed and each subsystem is described in particular. In addition, some experimental results are reported which are very important data for further research related to the HT-7 tokamak.

Stability evaluation of an accurately controllable multiple injection system

Aiming to further improve diesel engine fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions, we conducted tests of a newly devised rapidly operating secondary actuator that provides controllable multiple injection. Up to six shots per cycle were implemented under high-pressure injection. A high-speed camera and a flow rate metering system were used to obtain quantitative data regarding diesel spray and fuel flow dynamics. The advantages of the applied technique are very stable phasing, dwelling, duration, and dosing of multiple injection shots proved from data analysis.