Injection Control System Research Articles

Modeling of Permeation and Fracturing Grouting in Sand: Laboratory Investigations

Abstract One of the significant aspects of permeation grouting is the prevention of soil fracturing during construction. In this study, a newly designed laboratory apparatus including an overburden pressure modelling system, grouting chamber, grout injection control system, back-pressure monitoring system, and high-efficiency grout mixer is developed. A wet-raining method is adopted to prepare two 45-cm-diameter, 50-cm-high, poorly graded sandy soil specimens. A bleeding test is first conducted to select a cement-bentonite mixture with minimal bleeding. A series of both water injection tests and grout injection tests are carried out to investigate the threshold seepage velocity, the fracture initiation pressure, and the factors affecting the fracture initiation pressure, using a plot of injection pressure (p) against injection rate (q). In the water injection test series, tests are repeated at two effective overburden pressures, 49 kN/m2 and 98 kN/m2, and in the grout injection test series, tests are carried out at an effective overburden pressure of 98 kN/m2. The initial orientation of the fractures and their subsequent development are mapped and discussed. In the future, the fracture initiation pressure and the threshold seepage velocity can be evaluated by reference to the p-q curve suggested in this paper using a series of modelled p-q curves for different overburden pressures. Prior to field permeation grouting work, trial grouting is deemed necessary to verify the correctness of the obtained laboratory results, in order to prevent hydrofracturing of the soil.

Plasma Spraying of Solution Precursor in Pulsed Mode: In-Flight Phenomena and Coating Deposition

In the field of plasma spray technologies, new processes were developed in order to obtain coatings with nanostructured architectures. Among them, solution precursor plasma spraying is a promising technique. However, to be industrially viable, efforts must be made to understand and control the steps of the process. In alternative to instabilities attenuations, the time-modulation of current–voltage characteristics of a low-powered arc plasma jet was proposed, resulting in time-modulation of plasma properties. This modulation was synchronized with a drop-on-demand printhead for injection to improve the control of plasma/material interaction. An aluminum nitrate ink was formulated to be compatible with a drop-on-demand printhead dispenser. Plasma composition was calculated by the Gibbs free energy minimization method. Moreover, in-flight diagnostics coupled with coating characterization were carried out. Results showed that the controlled injection system leads to the formation of vapors of aluminum oxide that leaded to the deposition of nanostructured cauliflowers-like structures. Amorphous alumina coatings with inclusions of γ-alumina micro-sized particles were obtained and a description of main in-flight mechanisms was proposed.

ESIS ions injection, holding and extraction control system

Electron string ion source (ESIS) KRION-6T is one of the main parts of the NICA injection complex [1]. During the work on creation of a new ion source for the NICA/MPD project the new ion motion control system was developed, produced and successfully put into operation. Modules development process and operation results are described.

Closed-Loop Intravenous Drug Administration Using Photoplethysmography.

An optically-based injection control system has been developed for preclinical use for an intravenous drug delivery application. Current clinical drug delivery for oncology typically provides for intravenous administration without an awareness of achieved plasma concentration, yet interpatient variability produces consequences ranging from toxicity to ineffectual treatments. We report a closed-loop injection system integrating a pulse-photoplethysmograph to measure the concentration of an injected agent in the circulating blood system using a previously described technique. A proportional-derivative (PD) controller manages the injection rate in real-time. The target function for the controller is the population estimate of the pharmacokinetic model developed using Bayesian statistics describing the injection phase of a calibration set of 22 injections in mice. The controlled set of eight injections showed a reduction in variance from the target injection phase concentration profile of 74.8%.

10 Hz pellet injection control system integration for EAST

A 10Hz deuterium/hydrogen pellet injection system (PI20) was deployed for plasma fueling of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The pellet injection system requires high vacuum, system state monitoring, remote control, logical sequence of control stages, precise temperature control, safety interlocks, and data publishing. Owing to the requirements of system safety and operational reliability, a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system was developed and integrated to provide the functions of pellet injection process control, pellet video capture, vacuum devices control, and data acquisition. In this control system having two-layer architecture, an Omron Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is used as the lower controller to control the process of pellet fabrication, cutting, acceleration, and relevant vacuum devices. An IPC(Industrial Personal Computer)is used as an upper computer with a LabView runtime environment that enables video capture and data archiving in conjunction with an operator interface (OPI) to monitor and control the status of the lower controller. The control system was successfully applied to the EAST campaign. In this paper, we describe the framework, development details, and experimental results of the control system.

Sequential microcontroller-based control for a chemical vapor deposition process

Abstract A cost-effective direct liquid injection system is developed for a chemical vapor deposition process using a microcontroller. The precursor gas phase is controlled by the precise sequential injection of a liquid precursor solution to a vaporizing chamber prior deposition. The electronic control system allows the human–machine interface through a LCD display and a keypad matrix. The core of the electronic system is based on an electro mechanical injector operated in time and frequency as a sequential control system by a popular PIC16F877A chip. The software has been developed in the BASIC language and it can be easily modified through an ICSP programmer for different sequential automatized routines. The injection calibration test has proven the linearity of the injection control system for different operation parameters. The results reported the sequential injection MOCVD deposition of alumina thin film.

Development of Polymer Organic Coagulant Injection Control System for the Reduction of Turbidity in Sloping Agricultural Land at Rainfall

With the concerns of global climate change, the significant changes in rainfall patterns have aggravated the occurrence of pollutants from agricultural uplands. Heavy and intensive rainfalls have rinsed a variety of pollutants off the land, sending them into the neighboring water environments which further causes water pollution problems. Recently, the application of PAM(Polyacrylamide) in agricultural lands has gotten much attention for soil conditioning. Therefore, this study aimed to develop the automatic control system applying the chemical flocculant, liquid PAM in order to flocculate the suspended solids and deposit at the bottom of farmland water channel, so eventually minimize the amount of non-point pollutants discharged into receiving water. The optimum feed rate for liquid PAM was calculated through the experiment in artificial water channel and applied to the control system. As the results of the performance test of the automatic turbid water control system installed in the sloped field, the range of turbidity reduction rate was 25 to 33% with the average turbidity of 292 to 498 NTU in water channel.

Influence of temperature and salinity on tomato quality of a high value commercial cultivar

The combination of mild climate and soil salinity are the main causes of the exceptional fruit quality of some “flavour varieties” such as the hybrids of the Raf tomato. If conditions during fruit growth, mainly thermal and osmotic, are not adequate, the consumer does not always gets an acceptable fruit quality. The present work was conducted to study the effect of pre-harvest factors such as temperature and salinity on the quality of a high commercial value tomato cultivar. The experiment was conducted in a 12 m2 growth chamber, equipped with a control system for temperature, humidity and pure CO2 injection. Hybrid Raf tomato 'Dumas' grafted on Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Arbiore' and grown in perlite substrate were exposed to four water salinity levels (2.5, 5.5, 8.0 and 12.0 dS m-1) and four day/night temperature regimes (20/14°C; 24/14°C; 28/14°C; 30/14°C). Salinity significantly increased soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), but in contrast, the effect on pH was less responsive. Fruit firmness was strongly affected by salinity and adopted an inverse relationship from 24°C. Temperature affected significantly fruit quality at 28°C, quality parameters were reduced, except TA, which showed the highest values. Statistical analysis indicates an interaction between salinity and temperature, so that the reduction of quality parameters ​​caused by the temperature was less sensitive in the higher salinity treatments. The period of fruit development (PFD) was not affected by salinity in contrast, high temperature significantly reduced it. A strong direct relationship between PFD and the firmness was also observed. No differences in fruit quality parameters as affected by the different position of the trusses were observed. This study provides useful information to adjust climate control and fertigation set-points values in the cultivation of high value commercial tomato production.

Controlled Release Test Facility to Develop Environmental Monitoring Techniques for Geologically Stored CO2 in Korea

Two sets of controlled release test facility (EIT) were constructed in unsaturated and saturated zones by the Korea CO2 Storage Environmental Management (K-COSEM) Research Center to develop efficient and accurate environmental monitoring techniques required for secure geologic carbon storage. The unsaturated zone EIT consists of a 51 m long horizontal well for artificial CO2 leakage at the depth of 2.5 m below the land surface, a surface injection control system, and diverse monitoring devices. Following baseline surveys, a preliminary CO2 release test was first performed for 4 days in October 2015, with the released amount of about 390 kg CO2. The saturated zone EIT to develop efficient monitoring techniques in intermediate depths was constructed in the end of 2015. It consists of an injection well at the depth of 24 m and 8 multi-level monitoring wells. In 2016, long-term CO2 release tests using EITs have been performed. The outlines of EITs of K-COSEM are summarized in this paper.

Supercharging the Double-Fueled Spark Ignition Engine: Performance and Efficiency

Internal combustion engine development focuses mainly on two aspects: fuel economy improvement and pollutant emissions reduction. As a consequence, light duty spark ignition (SI) engines have become smaller, supercharged, and equipped with direct injection and advanced valve train control systems. The use of alternative fuels, such as natural gas (NG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), thanks to their lower cost and environmental impact, widely spread in the automotive market, above all in bifuel vehicles, whose spark ignited engines may run either with gasoline or with gaseous fuel. The authors in previous works experimentally tested the strong engine efficiency increment and pollutant emissions reduction attainable by the simultaneous combustion of gasoline and gaseous fuel (NG or LPG). The increased knock resistance, obtained by the addition of gaseous fuel to gasoline, allowed the engine to run with stoichiometric mixture and best spark timing even at full load. In the present work, the authors extended the research by testing the combustion of gasoline–NG mixtures, in different proportions, in supercharged conditions, with several boost pressure levels, in order to evaluate the benefits in terms of engine performance, efficiency, and pollutant emissions with respect to pure gasoline and pure NG operation. The results indicate that a fuel mixture with a NG mass percentage of 40% allows to maximize engine performance by adopting the highest boost pressure (1.6 bar), while the best efficiency would be obtained with moderate boosting (1.2 bar) and NG content between 40% and 60% in mass.

Clinical Experience Using a Remote Control Injection System in Vertebroplasty: Feasibility, Safety, and Cement Leakage of Osteoporotic and Malignant Compression Fractures.

A retrospective study. Cement leakage is a frequent occurrence in vertebroplasty and is also the main source of complications. Continuous radiographic evaluation is mandatory to detect cement leakage during injecting cement into the vertebral body, while the operator is subjected to x-ray radiation exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of vertebroplasty performed on patients and operators for the treatment of osteoporotic and malignant vertebral compression fractures using a remote control injection system. Institutional review board approval was obtained for this retrospective study. Clinical charts and postoperative radiographs were obtained for 74 patients (114 levels) who underwent vertebroplasty. The study group included 46 cases (71 levels) of benign osteoporotic fractures and 28 cases (43 levels) of different malignant metastatic lesions. Under fluoroscopic guidance, cement was injected using a remote control injection system, while the operator was standing outside the radiation field. The location and degree of leakage at each treated level were recorded. Cement leakage rate reached 47.4% across all treated levels. No severe leakage in any location was observed. A total of 35 leakages were detected in 71 levels and 24 leakages were detected in 43 levels in the benign and malignant fracture group, respectively. The overall rate of cement leakages and the location of the leakages were not statistically different between the benign and malignant fracture group (P=0.60, P=0.45). With the operator standing outside the radiation field to inject cement, the radiation dose to operators was avoided during cement injection. Vertebroplasty using a remote control injection system was feasible and safe in treatment of osteoporotic and malignant compression fractures. The cement injection system had potential benefits to decrease the leakage rate in treating malignant fractures and eliminate injection dose to operators under lateral fluoroscopic monitoring.

Pilot-scale steam aging of steel slags.

Solid waste management has gained importance in the steel industry in view of rising environmental concerns and scarcity of raw materials. In spite of significant developments in reducing waste generation and development of recycling technologies, steel slag is still a concern for the industry as most of it is dumped. Steel slag is similar to stone aggregates in strength, but its volumetric instability in contact with water hinders its application as aggregates in construction. A part of steel slag is normally exposed to rain and sun for natural aging and stabilization for months before use. The natural aging process is slow and time-consuming, and thus restricts its usage. The steelmaking slag can be put to effective use as coarse aggregates if quickly aged and stabilized by pre-reacting the free expansive phases. In the present work, a new process has been developed to accelerate the steel slag aging process using steam in a 30 T pilot scale facility. The setup has controlled steam injection, distribution, and process control system for steam, temperature, flow, and pressure. Steam percolates through the minute pores in the slag lumps and hydrates the expansive free lime and MgO phases, making it stable. The aged slag expansion properties were tested using an in-house developed expansion testing apparatus. The process is capable of reducing the expansion of steel slag from 3.5% to <1.5% (standard requirement) in 7 days. The aged steel slag is currently being used in roads at JSW Steel, Vijayanagar Works.

선박용 압력조절밸브의 마찰 특성에 관한 연구

Low operational cost and high efficiency is absolute requirements in the mass production of the ship engine. Increasing the performance of the fuel injection system in the diesel engine is one kind of solution to improve the efficiency. Modern diesel engines are using electronic control module as the main controller in the fuel injection control system, however the mechanical system still involved in the modern control system. In modern ship engine, a control valve was used in injection fuel to regulate the flow of the fuel. High pressure and friction are intensively occur within this part, therefore high wear resist and low friction coefficient material including fine lubricating are needed. This study is to figure out the wear resist material and proper lubricant in the control valve fuel injection. The experiment has been tested using pin on disk in several treatments those are used various lubricants and non-lubricant condition. Two kinds of lubricant were used in this experiment such as INDERIN AW-32 and paraffin oil. INDERIN AW-32 has a better result compared to non-lubricant condition, which are 20% performance increases than non-lubricant condition. SCM 440 was providing small friction coefficient in the lower velocity. The friction coefficient was constantly maintains at 0.1 m/s of velocity or above respectively with the increment of the loads. Using INDERIN AW-32 and paraffin oil the lowest friction coefficient occurred at the lower load, and increases side by side with the increment of loads.

An indirect method for the real-time evaluation of the fuel mass injected in small injections in Common Rail diesel engines

The pilot injected fuel masses generally are in the 1–4mg range for automotive diesel engines and are affected by significant dispersion, which represents an issue for injection control systems. A new methodology has been developed for real-time evaluation of the fuel injected in small injections in diesel engines.The measurement requires the installation of a single pressure transducer on a pipe connecting the injector to the rail. A simple algorithm, which is based on the mass conservation and momentum balance equations, written with respect to a reference frame that is integral with the pressure wave front, has been elaborated to convert the experimental pressure time history into an instantaneous flow rate. The results on the flow-rate through the pipe that connects the injector to the rail are compared with the corresponding numerical outcomes from a 1D model of the fuel injection system.The estimated fuel quantities that enter the injector have been verified to be well correlated with the measured volumes of the fuel injected in small injections. The relation that has been found could be implemented in the engine electronic control unit and employed together with the pressure transducer installed at the inlet of the injector for a more accurate real-time control of both the injected mass and the system high-pressure.

Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Two Stroke Si Engine Operated with Gasoline Manifold Injectionand Carburetion

Objectives: Developed a simple electronic controlled injection system was used in a two stroke single cylinder air cooled SI engine which injects the gasoline in the intake manifold aiming to improve the performance and reduce the emission. Methods/Analysis: The engine test was carried out at constant speed of 3000 rpm at various throttle conditions. In order to get maximum thermal efficiency best injection timing was selected for each throttle position and the results compared with carburetion systems. Findings: The Brake thermal efficiency increases in gasoline manifold injection. However, the NOx emission exhibited a different trend with higher emission compared to carburetted system One of the important features of gasoline manifold injection is it can be lead to a high output power than the gasoline carburetion system. Application/improvement: Under all operating conditions the manifold injection had lower HC and CO emissions than the gasoline carburetion system.

Design and development of a helium injection system to improve external leakage detection during liquid nitrogen immersion tests

The testing of assemblies for use in cryogenic systems commonly includes evaluation at or near operating (therefore cryogenic) temperature. Typical assemblies include valves and pumps for use in liquid oxygen-liquid hydrogen rocket engines. One frequently specified method of cryogenic external leakage testing requires the assembly, pressurized with gaseous helium (GHe), be immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen (LN2) and allowed to thermally stabilize. Component interfaces are then visually inspected for leakage (bubbles). Unfortunately the liquid nitrogen will be boiling under normal, bench-top, test conditions. This boiling tends to mask even significant leakage.One little known and perhaps under-utilized property of helium is the seemingly counter-intuitive thermodynamic property that when ambient temperature helium is bubbled through boiling LN2 at a temperature of −195.8°C, the temperature of the liquid nitrogen will reduce.This paper reports on the design and testing of a novel proof-of-concept helium injection control system confirming that it is possible to reduce the temperature of an LN2 bath below boiling point through the controlled injection of ambient temperature gaseous helium and then to efficiently maintain a reduced helium flow rate to maintain a stabilized liquid temperature, enabling clear visual observation of components immersed within the LN2. Helium saturation testing is performed and injection system sizing is discussed.

The Simulator for the Gas Fuel System – Calibration Process

The article reviews issues of training process effectiveness increase by means of implementation and adaptation of the simulator of gas injection control system for petrol engine performed by applying LPG TECH Co technologies, when technical training relates to the use of alternative fuels on the motor transport.

Elemental Mercury Capture Using Activated Carbon: A Review

Elemental mercury in the atmospheric environment has been identified as a significant environmental issue. The primary reason is the increased anthropogenic emissions of this metal into the global atmospheric environment in recent years. This paper provides a review for elemental mercury uptake in a flue gas stream. The objectives are to provide a summary of the carbon materials and effective parameters involved in an elemental mercury emission flue gas stream control system for industry. Activated carbon injection systems into emission stacks of coal fired power plant have been credited with providing a significant elemental mercury emission control technology. Various chemicals including sulfur, halogens and others species have been identified as key capture agents for elemental mercury emission control on an activated carbon. With the successes of the past several years, there is in place an excellent frame work in the literature to build an activated carbon injection control system to further increase the efficiency of uptake for elemental mercury from mixed gas streams.

Повышение топливной экономичности маневрового тепловоза при применении электронной системы управления впрыском топлива

When creating a new rolling stock or during its modernization it is important preliminarily to properly assess its operational efficiency, depending on the technical improvements. Changing the way of energy supply of traction is very important - for example, hybrid engines or two/three power units is used instead of one. The article proposes a new approach to the problem of assessing the effectiveness of operational work of shunting locomotives. Shunting operation is represented as the sum of random single modes, in which the processes in the power plant can be modeled with any degree of accuracy. Summation of performance indicators in individual modes according to the characteristics of random processes allows obtaining an overall assessment of technical and economic indicators of the locomotive in operation. The paper shows results of comparative assessment of the fuel economy of a diesel locomotive ChME3 in operating set of equipment and with installed electronic fuel injection control system (ESUVT. 02), obtained by modeling the working processes of the power plant and auxiliary equipment shunting locomotives in operation modes. Executed calculations show that in the operation of diesel locomotive ChME3 equipped with ESUVT. 02 system saves up to 10.2 % of fuel, particularly by reducing fuel consumption at idle. Application of a new methodology for assessing technical and economic indicators of locomotives in operation allows, in addition to fuel consumption, evaluating a number of other indicators.

The effect of rapeseed oil biodiesel fuel on combustion, performance, and the emission formation process within a heavy-duty DI diesel engine

This study presents the influence of biodiesel fuel and blends with mineral diesel fuel on diesel engine performance, the combustion process, and the formation of emissions. The study was conducted numerically and experimentally. The aim of the study was to test the possibility of replacing mineral diesel fuel with biodiesel fuel made from rapeseed oil. Pure biodiesel fuel and three blends of biodiesel fuel with mineral diesel fuel were tested experimentally for that purpose on a heavy-duty bus diesel engine. The engine’s performance, in-cylinder pressure, fuel consumption, and the amount of produced NOx and CO emissions were monitored during experimental measurements, which were repeated numerically using the AVL BOOST simulation program. New empirical sub-models are proposed for determining a combustion model and emission models parameters. The proposed sub-models allow the determination of necessary combustion and emission model parameters regarding the properties of the tested fuel and the engine speed. When increasing the percentage of biodiesel fuel within the fuel blends, the reduction in engine torque and brake mean effective pressures are obtained for most of the test regimes. The reduction is caused due to the lower calorific value of the biodiesel fuel. Higher oxygen content in biodiesel fuel contributes to a better oxidation process within the combustion chamber when running on pure biodiesel or its blends. Better oxidation further results in a reduction of the formatted carbon and nitrogen oxides. The reduction of carbon emission is also attributed to the biodiesel fuel’s lower carbon content. It can be concluded from the obtained results that neat biodiesel fuel and its blends with mineral diesel fuel can be used in heavy-duty diesel engines with mechanically controlled injection systems as replacements for mineral diesel fuel. The agreement between numerical and experimental results confirms the usability of the proposed sub-model. The sub-models decrease time needed to preform numerical simulations with a reasonable amount of confidence without experimental results.