Control Factors Research Articles

Combination of control factors influencing application uniformity of a low-pressure pivot sprinkler spray unit

The objective of any pivot irrigation system is to ensure uniformity of application of water which can be achieved when responsible factors such as pressure, drop tube lengths, nozzle size etc. are adequately designed. This indoor experiment conducted in a 44m2 laboratory facility tends to evaluate the extent of the influence of some sprinkler design parameters on the performance of a low pressure single pivot sprinkler spay unit. The parameters considered are; pressures of 9,12, 15 and 19Psi, nozzle sizes of 4.17, 5.56, 6.95 and 8.14 mm and drop tube lengths of 1, 1.2 and 1.5m. In this experiment an inverted U-shaped frame designed to support a spray sprinkler at different heights was used. The hydraulic installation with manual throttle valves for controlling water distribution was used to supply pressurized water to the spray model sprinkler. A number of 64 graduated catch-cans with 0.16 m diameter and 0.2m height were used. The cans were arranged in eight radial legs with a distance of 1m apart. The system was run for one hour then the caught volumes were measured manually using a graduated cylinder with a capacity of 500 mL. The catch-cans data were used to determine uniformity coefficients. Line graphs were used to show relationships between the parameters measured. The experiment shows that there is strong relationship between the parameters considered. It indicated that the coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity of lower quarter DUlq increases with increase in nozzle size and pressure. It also shows that the largest nozzle size and pressure within the limits of this experiment gave the best CU and (DUlq) values of 96% and 90% at 1.5m height. Lager nozzle sizes with lower pressure reduces the CU and DUlq values. It is concluded from this experiment that though pressure, nozzle size and height of application influences the uniformity of application, larger nozzle sizes accompanied by higher pressure and height of application resulted in good uniformity of application. It is therefore imperative that while operating Pivot Sprinkler systems, careful selection of nozzle diameters, operating pressure and drop tube heights, sprinkler can be used to apply the ideal amount of irrigation water needed to refill the crop root zone that can neither cause runoff nor harm the crop and also provide the best uniformity possible under the prevailing wind and management conditions.

Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Risk Factors.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries continue to increase in incidence despite extensive research into prevention strategies. Many extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors for sustaining ACL injuries have been identified and continue to be investigated. Extrinsic risk factors for ACL injury relate to the athlete's environment, such as the shoe-surface interaction, weather conditions, and sport played. Intrinsic risk factors relate to the athlete's sex, hormones, knee anatomy, landing and pivoting biomechanics, and neuromuscular control. Recent research has highlighted the role of the bony morphology of the proximal tibia and distal femur on primary ACL injury risk, as well as the risk for ACL graft failure. Sex differences in bony and ligamentous morphology of the knee, neuromuscular control, and hormonal factors, such as serum relaxin levels and variations within the menstrual cycle, have been correlated with a higher risk of noncontact primary ACL injuries in female athletes compared with male athletes.

Development of a Novel High Temperature Continuous Particle Mass Flow Measurement Device for Particle-Based CSP Applications

Particle-based concentrating solar power (CSP) technology is one of the generation three (Gen3) CSP technologies that has potential for lowering the levelized cost of electricity produced by this solar thermal power systems. Commercially available ceramic particles, which are rated for high temperature applications up to 1200 °C, were selected for this study. This medium is commonly used as an energy carrier or heat transfer medium in Gen3 CSP research and development efforts [1]. Prior studies at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) have investigated and evaluated various mass flow measurement methods, and a simple gravimetric temporal load measurement method was chosen as the best candidate for the research purpose [2]. This mass flow measurement method is a batch process and is not a viable solution for commercial-scale power generation applications based on cost, space, process control, and practical system integration factors. In-line and continuous particle mass flow measurement will play an integral role in efficient and cost effective Gen3 CSP particle technologies. Process parameters, including energy absorbed by the particles, receiver efficiency, temperature dependent flow phenomena, and general high temperature measurement reliability are all rely on repeatable and accurate measurement of particle mass flow under various operating conditions. Ceramic particles, like those used in this application, are not conventionally used as an energy carrier. A novel concept for continuous particle mass flow at a wide range of operating temperatures is currently under development and planned to be tested at the NSTTF, called the Particle In-LinE (PILE) mass flow sensor.

Operational characteristics and controlling strategies of a novel dual-return-air dehumidification evaporative cooling system (DDEC)

Dehumidification evaporative cooling (DEC) systems exhibit superior environmental adaptability compared to conventional evaporative cooling systems. However, the dehumidification process in DEC is coupled with its cooling process, presenting challenges in adapting to varying environmental conditions. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel dual-return-air dehumidification evaporative cooling system (DDEC) that utilizes two return airflows to control both dehumidification and cooling efficiency. A thermodynamic model based on COMSOL LiveLink with MATLAB for the DDEC has been established and validated, enabling an analysis of the impact of operational parameters on its performance and the identification of key parameters. The results show that there are an optimum inlet flow rate (1100 m3/h) and a third flow rate control factor (0.2) that maximize the coefficient of performance (COP), giving the maximum COP of 0.87 and 0.35 respectively. Moreover, the first and second air flow rate control factors only have a significant influence on the supply air humidity of the DDEC. A higher regenerative temperature can reduce both the temperature and humidity ratio of the supply air but tends to decrease COP. Finally, a single-directional controlling strategy is proposed and analyzed for the DDEC application in different environments.

Risk Factors and Prevention of Stomach Cancer, Excluding Helicobacter pylori

Gastric cancer is a significant health problem owing to its high incidence and mortality rate. The risk factors for gastric cancer include both uncontrollable (e.g., age, sex, and genetic predisposition) and controllable factors (e.g., <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, and high-salt diets). Although treatment of <i>H. pylori</i> infections has been implemented as a primary preventive measure, the risk of gastric cancer may persist, highlighting the need for additional preventive measures. This review discusses various risks and protective factors associated with gastric cancer, studies conducted on these factors, and chemoprevention. Smoking is a risk factor for this disease; thus, is not recommended and current smokers are encouraged to quit because cessation can reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Excessive alcohol intake has been reported to increase the risk of gastric cancer as has the consumption of high-salt foods that can damage the gastric mucosa. Additionally, increasing the intake of fruits and vegetables, known for their protective effects against gastric cancer, can aid in its prevention. Studies on chemopreventive agents, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin), statins, and metformin, have been reported; however, evidence of their effectiveness remains insufficient to recommend these agents as preventive treatments. Additional well-planned studies on preventive medications and dietary approaches are necessary.

Ten Recommendations for Accelerating Hypertension and Diabetes Control to Reduce Stroke, Heart, and Renal Disease with the Aim to Save Lives in Cameroon Through Partnerships and Collaborations.

Hypertension and diabetes are currently the most common, treatable, and controllable cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors for stroke, heart, and renal diseases in Cameroon. Hypertension affects 30% of adults aged≥20years with 90% as uncontrolled cases, while type 2 diabetes affects 6% of the same population, with 70% remaining underdiagnosed. Despite publication of the first Roadmap on raised blood pressure by the World Heart Federation in 2015, the Pan African Society of Cardiology Roadmap in 2017, andthe technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care (WHO-HEARTS) in 2020, very little progress has been made in improving the diagnosis, treatment, and control of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in Cameroon. The Cameroon Cardiac Society and a dozen Cameroon non-communicable diseases societies, national organizations from the community and the civil society, along with researchers and members of academia and the health sector, came together under the patronage of representatives of the government to propose new strategies to improve hypertension and diabetes control and save lives in Cameroon. Two simple and practical algorithms for the management of hypertension and diabetes were developed. The ten recommendations tailored to be efficiently implemented in our country were summarized under the acronym 'A SMART VIEW' (Awareness, Screening, Manufacture, Activity, Research, Task-shifting, HIV/AIDS, Insurance, Education, and WHO-HEARTS). It is our hope that all stakeholders will further collaborate to remove barriers and enhance facilitators to deploy the proposed actions and reduce the burden of uncontrolled hypertension and untreated diabetes in Cameroon.

Control factor optimization for friction stir processing of AA8090/SiC surface composites

Friction Stir Processing is a state-of-the-art technology for microstructure refinement, material property enhancement, and surface composites fabrication. This investigation concentrates on AA8090/SiC surface composites produced via friction stir processing. Experiments were conducted by varying the following friction stir processing parameters: Tool rotational speed (800–1400 rpm), Tool traverse speed (25–75 mm/min), and Groove width (1.0–1.8 mm). Response measures encompassed Ultimate Tensile Strength and surface roughness. Central Composite Design of Response Surface Methodology designed the experiments and mathematical relationships established between input parameters and ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness. Analysis of variance was used to test the model's adequacy. The models examined individual and interaction effects of input factors on ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness of surface composites. A combinations of input parameters was identified that yields the maximum ultimate tensile strength and minimum surface roughness. The current work employs the friction stir processing approach to synthesis near-net-shaped surface composites without additional machining by systematically optimizing process parameters. Results indicate that increasing tool rotational speed produces well-finished AA8090/SiC surface composites with decreased strength. In contrast, increased tool traverse speed and groove width generate surface composites with rougher surfaces and higher strength. Surface and contour plots further explored the influence of parameter interactions on responses.

Biofilm formation comparison of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on stainless steel and polypropylene while minimizing environmental impacts and transfer to grouper fish fillets

This study investigated the influence of food contact surface materials on the biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus while attempting to minimize the impact of environmental factors. The response surface methodology (RSM), incorporating three controlled environmental factors (temperature, pH, and salinity), was employed to determine the optimal conditions for biofilm formation on stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) coupons. The RSM results demonstrated that pH was highly influential. After minimizing the impacts of environmental factors, initially V. parahaemolyticus adhered more rapidly on PP than SS. To adhere to SS, V. parahaemolyticus formed extra exopolysaccharide (EPS) and exhibited clustered stacking. Both PP and SS exhibited hydrophilic properties, but SS was more hydrophilic than PP. Finally, this study observed a higher transfer rate of biofilms from PP to fish fillets than from SS to fish fillets. The present findings suggest that the food industry should consider the material of food processing surfaces to prevent V. parahaemolyticus biofilm formation and thus to enhance food safety.

Exploring the role of microtopography in the spatial pattern of soil water at the hillslope scale based on high-resolution observation

Terraces have consistently been regarded as crucial measures for water conservation and vegetation restoration, particularly in mountainous environments. However, the hydrological effects of terraces in artificial forests have been rarely studied. In this study, detailed topography, soil properties and high-resolution (30 sites) soil water data (0–70 cm) observed from March 2015 to March 2016 were collected at hillslope scale (0.2 ha). The effects of static (soil properties and topography) and dynamic factors (precipitation) on the dynamics and variability of soil water content (SWC) were studied based on statistical methods, temporal stability and variance decomposition methods. The results showed that slope, topographic wetness index (TWI) and microtopography were the main control factors of different soil layers (shallow, middle and deep layer), which explained 37.2 %, 48.6 % and 47.3 % of the total variance of corresponding soil layers, respectively. Microtopography primarily affects deep layer soil water (40–70 cm). Level terraces show significantly higher soil water content (SWC) (30.89 ± 5.28 %) compared to gentle slopes (25.40 ± 5.33 %), steep slopes (27.05 ± 5.74 %), and scarps (19.71 ± 4.43 %) (P<0.05). Temporal stability of soil water varied across different depths, with shallow layer soil water exhibiting significantly weaker stability compared to other depths, the most representative point of different soil layers was located on relatively flat terraces. Decomposition of spatial variance revealed that the time-invariant component was the primary contributor to the total spatial variance, with a mean value over 70 %. These results highlight that microtopography could weaken the influence of soil-terrain factors on soil water, and the implementation of level terraces can enhance hillslope hydrological conditions in the Rocky Mountain area.

Effect of Vermicompost and Vermicompost Tea on Vegetative Growth of Rubber Plants under Nurseries Conditions

Success in rubber growing is linked to the production of vigorous plants in the nursery. However, this cruel stage faces difficulties related to the cost of chemical fertilizer and its availability. This work carried out in 4 localities (Bimbresso, Alépé, Abengourou and Daoukro) in Côte d’Ivoire aimed to improve the production of rubber plant material in nurseries in polyethylene bags using vermicompost and vermicompost tea. The experimental design used is a Fisher block with three treatments and two repetitions. The vermicompost, vermicompost tea and control factors were compared with each other. The addition of vermicompost tea and the control for three months while the addition of vermicompost was done only once. The results indicated that vermicompost tea is the most effective treatment for the vegetative development of plants regardless of the study site. In Bimbresso, the vermicompost tea and vermicompost treatments showed the highest increases with 1.23 and 1.21 mm.month-1, compared to 1.13 mm.month-1 for the control and the highest average values of diameter at the collar. 10.1 mm was obtained with vermicompost tea. Also, the highest rate of graftable plants, grafting success and plants transferable to the field was obtained with vermicompost tea. Likewise, the mortality rate obtained with vermicompost and vermicompost tea was less than 20%. These treatments could be recommended in the production of rubber plant material.

Offline reinforcement learning based feeding strategy of ethylene cracking furnace

The feeding process of the ethylene cracking furnace necessitates the synchronized adjustment of multiple controlled factors. The process mainly relies on operators to do it manually, which is burdensome and may lead to significant variations in coil out temperature (COT) due to the differing expertise of operators. This paper proposes a method for learning the feeding strategy of the ethylene cracking furnace using offline reinforcement learning. The agent learns and optimizes the operating strategy directly from datasets, eliminating the need for sophisticated process simulator modeling. In addition, the advantage function is incorporated into the Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Behavioral Cloning (TD3BC) algorithm, which enables the agent to acquire more effective operational experience. The proposed method is initially evaluated using benchmark datasets. Further, the proposed method is validated through comparative experiments on a feeding process validation model, demonstrating superior rewards and outperforming manual operating experience as well as other offline reinforcement learning methods.

Determinación de los factores que afectan el color y el contenido de azúcar de la panela de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.)

The objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect the color and reducing sugar content of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.), fundamental factors in the quality and marketing of product that must be evaluated and that will allow the improvement of the artisanal production of sugar cane panela. For this purpose, the MY5514 variety harvested at optimum maturity time was used and a 24 factorial design was applied to evaluate the incidence of the factors: ºBrix, purity (%), lime concentration (g.L-1) and baking temperature (ºC), on the response variables: "color" and "reducing sugar content (%)", under a completely randomized design with three replications. It was found that the significant factors for the response variable "color" for the three coordinates evaluated were: lime concentration (g.L-1), cooking temperature (ºC) and purity content (%) for the L* coordinate; ºBrix for the a* coordinate and purity content (%) for the b* coordinate. With respect to the response variable "reducing sugars (%)", the factors that significantly affected were cooking temperature (ºC) and purity content (%). It is recommended to use any of the combinations of these two factors, except the combination of 110 ºC and 95% purity, because generates a final product with commercial characteristics not desired by the consumer. Key words: sugar cane sugar, controllable factors, reducing sugars, ºBrix, purity (%), processing.

Use of E-Nose in inspecting the effect of processing type on the aroma of garlic (Allium Sativum L.): a critical hint in the quality assessment

Controlling the quality and health of foodstuffs is of great importance. The quality of foods like garlic is strongly influenced by the conditions of processing. Fungal infection is one of the most common hazards of garlic productivity that can affect its processing as well. This research aimed to use the E-Nose to investigate the aroma of garlic as a quality control factor influenced by different treatments such as type of processing, type of fungal infection, and time elapsed since the date of inoculation. The data was investigated and categorized through different methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Support vector machine (SVM), and backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The Index of deterioration toughness increased during the monitoring period. In the analysis of the data related to the unprocessed whole (UW), dried slices (DS), garlic powder (PO), and garlic tablet (TA), the PCA included 55%, 75%, 47%, and 53% of the data, respectively. The LDA was able to classify the aroma of UW, DS, PO, and TA samples based on the TFI treatment with an accuracy of 90%, 93.33%, 88.89%, and 60%, respectively. Also, the BPNN classified the aromas of UW, DS, PO, and TA samples based on the TEI treatment with an accuracy of 90%, 95.6%, 72.2%, and 82.2%, respectively. The results revealed that the aroma alteration can be used as a comprehensive factor in the quality control of processed products. As well, the type of processing had significant effects on the severity of decay caused by fungal infection.Graphical

A Nurse-Driven Plan to Diminish First-Case Operating Room Delays.

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a nurse-driven plan to describe factors associated with delays in the 1st case on time start within the operating room. A posttest-only quasi-experiment was conducted to examine the effect of designating specific time periods for steps in the preoperative process on 1st case operating delays. Rationale for delays was also examined. Using an audit form, data on target time, time met, delay in minutes, and reasons for delay were collected by an observer. Thirty-one percent (n = 31) of patient/participants (N = 99) were late to the operating room. Controllable factors, such as caregivers being late, and uncontrollable factors, such as patients' needing to use the restroom just prior to surgery, were identified. Results of this study support the identification and examination of steps in the preoperative process to prevent delays by adjusting activities as needed. Identifying controllable and uncontrollable factors can help in preparing to prevent delays.

Environmental risk estimation of potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) in fine particulate dust on the surface of children's playgrounds in parks

To determine the priority control factors for risk control and management of potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) in fine particulate dust (FPD) on the surface of children's playgrounds in parks, a comprehensive study was conducted on the pollution, risks, and sources of 12 PTMs in the FPD, taking Xi’an, China as a case. The pollution, ecological and health risks of PTMs were assessed using Nemerow integrated enrichment factor, modified Nemerow integrated eco–risk index, and health risk evaluation model, combined with Monte Carlo simulation. The sources of PTMs in the FPD were quantitatively apportioned using a positive matrix factorization model. Priority control factors for PTMs risk control and management were determined based on the results of source–oriented pollution and risk assessment. The results showed that the average contents (mg kg–1) of Cd (1.9), Cr (99.8), Cu (96.3), Hg (0.2), Pb (61.1), and Zn (239.4) in the FPD were considerably greater than local background values. The sources of PTMs in the FPD are industrial emission, coal combustion and medical activities, mixed source, and natural source, contributing 24.7%, 18.2%, 35.1%, and 22.1% to the total content of PTMs in the FPD, respectively. PTMs in the FPD posed a certain cancer risk to the elderly and children. Industrial emissions and mixed sources are priority control sources, while Cd and Cr are priority PTMs. It is recommended that local eco–environmental departments strengthen environmental monitoring of playgrounds, as well as management of industrial and transportation emissions, to ensure the health of residents.

Kinetic insights into energy-saving and low-carbon reactive distillation processes for the transesterification to dimethyl carbonate

The transesterification of propylene carbonate (PC) or ethylene carbonate (EC) to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) by using catalytic reactive distillation (RD) is a promising approach for carbon dioxide utilization. However, there is still scarcity of comprehensive comparison between the two RD processes. Hence, using the UNIQUAC model and kinetics calibrated by literature and our experiments, we conduct an extensive comparison of the two RD processes. Based on the kinetic insights, laboratory RD processes for both reactions are modeled, analyzed, and experimentally validated. Consequently, two RD processes designed to produce 60 ktpy of DMC are optimized and compared. The interplay and control factors between reaction and separation are elucidated and clarified via investigating variations of the actual chemical equilibrium constant profile compared with theoretical values along the reactive section at various pressures, liquid holdups, etc. The results reveal that the optimized EC RD process achieves almost 50 % reductions in both total annual cost and carbon dioxide emission compared to the PC RD process. This work facilitates the carbon neutrality and provides an essential guide for quantitatively assessing the two routes.

Study on the Destruction Law and Main Controlling Factors of Corrosion Product Film in H2S-CO2 Coexistence System

Abstract The failure law and main controlling factors of corrosion product film in this corrosion environment were studied according to the characteristics of H2S-CO2 coexistence in a gas field pipeline, so as to provide guidance for corrosion prevention and control of gas field pipeline. Sediment effects of sand particles in the pipeline on corrosion, the influence of flow rate, dissolved oxygen and sediment on corrosion products were analyzed by conducting corrosion experiments at 0.5m/s, 1m/s and 2m/s, corrosion experiments without oxygen and aerobic conditions. The destruction law of corrosion product film in pipeline and the main controlling factors of corrosion product film in single well pipeline and gathering and transportation line were determined. The results show that high flow rate will cause local damage of corrosion product film and promote pitting corrosion, dissolved oxygen will destroy the integrity of corrosion product film, and sediment is one of the factors causing local corrosion and perforation of pipeline inner wall. The corrosion product film structure of the gas field pipeline will be destroyed and pitting corrosion under the condition of high flow rate, oxygen and sand deposition. Meanwhile, the main control factor affecting the corrosion product film destruction of the gas field single well pipeline is dissolved oxygen, and the main control factor affecting the corrosion product film destruction of the gas field gathering and transportation main line is sediment.

An empirical study of ISAC channel characteristics with human target impact at 105 GHz

AbstractLeveraging the ultra‐wideband advantages of the terahertz band, Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) facilitates high‐precision sensing demands in human smart home applications. ISAC channel characteristics are the basis for ISAC system design. Currently, the ISAC channel is divided into target and background channels. Existing researches primarily focus on the attributes of human target itself, e.g. radar cross‐section and micro‐Doppler effect. However, the impact of human target on neither the pathloss characteristic of background channel nor the multipath propagation characteristic of target channel is considered. To address the gap, we conduct indoor channel measurements at 105 GHz to investigate the ISAC channel characteristics with the impact of human target. Firstly, by analysing the power angular delay profiles with and without human target, the changes in quantity and power of multipath components (MPCs) are observed. Then, a parameter called power control factor is proposed to evaluate the human target impact on pathloss, thereby modifying the existing pathloss model of background channel. Eventually, the MPCs belonging to target channel are extracted within target‐oriented power delay profile to count the power proportion of each bounce MPCs of the target‐Rx link, which supports the necessity of multi‐bounce (indirect) paths modelling in target channel.

Multifactorial influences on land surface temperature within local climate zones of typical global cities

The land surface temperature (LST) of most cities is rising steadily due to both human activities and global climate change, affecting the thermal comfort of cities and threatening the physical health of their inhabitants. Investigating surface temperature features and their affecting elements is therefore essential to improve the thermal environment of cities. Due to differences in surface temperature characteristics in different climatic belts. However, there is still a lack of research on how the local climate zones (LCZs) of different climate belts are affected by natural and social causes. According to the Koppen-Geiger climate classification system, we selected three representative cities from each of the four macroclimatic belts and adopted multiple linear stepwise regression and boosted regression trees (BRT) to systematically explore the linear relationships, relative impacts and marginal effects of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), population density, and road nuclear density within urban LCZs on LST. The results indicate that (1) LCZs with significant differences in LST among the four global climatic belts account for more than 95 % (P < 0.05), demonstrating that LCZs can effectively differentiate LST based on different land surface cover types. This study can delve into the relationships between the four influencing factors and LST based on LCZs. (2) Primary control factors regulating LST differ in different climate belts. The relative effects of NDVI and MNDWI on LST are greater in the arid and temperate belts, with each 0.1 increase in NDVI and MNDWI producing a cooling effect of more than 0.40 °C and 0.92 °C, respectively. Ventilation corridors created by increased road core density produced a cooling effect of 1 °C or more in the cold belt, with the most pronounced cooling effect. (3) When natural factors are higher and social factors are lower, LST cannot be minimized. It was found that LST was minimized when NDVI, MNDWI, population density and road nuclear density were controlled above 0.4, 0.1–0.2, 10,000–50,000 and 1500–2000 respectively. Our study will provide targeted measures for LCZ-based mitigation of urban thermal environments in various macroclimatic belts.

Machine learning based prognostics and statistical optimization of the performance of biogas-biodiesel blends powered engine

In this study, waste biomass-derived biogas was employed as the main fuel while the biodiesel-diesel blend was used as pilot fuel. This paper describes the development of a Decision Tree and Response Surface methodology-based statistical framework for prediction modeling and optimization. The compression ratio, fuel injection time, fuel injection pressure, and biogas flow rate were employed as controllable inputs, and brake thermal efficiency, peak combustion pressure, and exhaust emission were selected as responses. The experimental data for model development was gathered for the development of prediction models and optimization. The decision tree-based models were robust with almost negligible mean squared errors and R2 values of more than 0.9487 for all models. Response surface methodology-based optimized engine parameters were validated with the following results compression ratio was 17.9, fuel injection pressure was 225 bar, fuel injection timing was 26.3-degree crank angle after top dead center, and the biogas flow rate was 0.85 kg/h. Validation results were within 5 % of the model-optimized results. The prognostic models for all control factors were developed with decision tree-based machine learning with high predictive efficiency and low errors.