Frequency-multiplying synchronization vibration system is beneficial to diverse the material screening and improve the screening efficiency. In order to solve the problems of insufficient frequency-multiplying synchronous theory and low synchronization precision of the multiple exciters in vibration systems, the dynamic model of the frequency-multiplying synchronous vibration system with multi-vibration exciters is first established. A combined control strategy including the master-slave control and the adjacent cross-coupling control strategy is then proposed, together with the adaptive sliding mode algorithm to realize the frequency-multiplying synchronous control for the multiple exciters in vibration system. The stability of the proposed multiple exciters under frequency-multiplying synchronous control is proved by Lyapunov theorem and Barbalat Lemma. The performance of the proposed controller of frequency-multiplying synchronization is illustrated by comparing the simulation analysis with the vibration synchronization method at double frequency. The results show that the proposed controller of frequency-multiplying synchronization can effectively control the multiple exciters in vibration system to achieve the frequency-multiplying synchronous motion with improved control precision. The influence of different parameters on the performance of the frequency-multiplying synchronization is discussed, which shows that the controller of frequency-multiplying synchronization has good robustness against the system parameter disturbance. On this basis, the synchronization performance of the multiple exciters under different multiplied frequencies are analyzed and explained. The proposed combined control strategy can control the frequency-multiplying synchronization of the multiple exciters in the vibration system to achieve the required stable vibration trajectory.