Control Transactions Research Articles

DAVLAT XARIDLARI SOHASIDAGI JINOYATLARNING OLDINI OLISHNING AYRIM MASALALARI

"In this article, the author highlighted some issues of crime prevention in the field of public procurement. The author notes that the study of the causes and conditions of crime in the field of public procurement, as well as the true essence of the law of causality, allows us to understand the essence of these types of crimes, with which we can fight such acts and prevent them. The author also stressed that crimes in the field of public procurement by their nature are not inferior to corruption crimes in terms of the degree of public danger, the subject of a crime in corruption crimes can be not only material costs that are given in cash but also tangible property in a different style. The article also proposes to supplement the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan with article 1831 (Violation of the law on public procurement). In turn, it is noted that technical measures are also important in preventing crimes in the field of public procurement. In particular, conducting a judicial audit with the involvement of international experts, conducting post–transactional control post and ex control – the introduction of technical measures, such as post-purchase monitoring, reducing the human factor in public procurement, in particular, digital identification of customers in public procurement, the effectiveness of the implementation of the Scoring system of public procurement participants is justified. "

A simplified improved transactive control of air-conditioning demand response for determining room set-point temperature: Experimental studies

At present, transactive control (TC) represents a novel demand response control method. As traditional TC strategies are incapable of determining the market-clearing price, the room set-point temperature cannot be calculated. Therefore, this study proposes a simplified improved transactive control (ITC) method for the demand response (DR) needs of air-conditioning systems. The relationship between the real-time electricity price and the user's bidding electricity price determines the set-point temperature of the ITC method. In addition to this, this method's control process is both simple and easy to implement. In order to test this method, the study conducted field experiments on a full-scale variable air volume air-conditioning platform. Four typical summer days were selected for the space cooling experiment. Of the four, three adopted the ITC strategy, while one adopted the conventional control strategy. Another typical four days were selected for the space heating experiment in winter, and all adopted the ITC strategy. Several conclusions are drawn after comparing the ITC strategy to the conventional control strategy. For one, after adopting the ITC strategy, the maximum energy consumption reduction and saving operating costs in the DR period reached 59.29% and 66.12%, respectively. Furthermore, the total energy consumption reduction was 7.49–13.72%, while the saving total operating costs were 6.19–30.80%. After adopting the ITC strategy, the room temperature of the air-conditioning room was closer to the acceptable indoor thermal comfort range than in the case of the conventional control strategy. Together, these results suggested that the ITC strategy is an efficient demand response method for air-conditioning systems.

System and Risk Analysis of Cloud-Manufacturing System

The Cloud manufacturing(C-Mfg) system involves remote distributed manufacturing resources and capabilities collaborating as a single virtual entity. The system receives orders for custom products and provides manufacturing as a service to the end customers. The primary activities of the system, among others, are transaction control, resource allocation and monitoring, distributed manufacturing, quality control, and delivery of consignments to the customers. The actual manufacturing is done by a network of third-party partner manufacturers providing the services to end customers, helping them with cost reduction, shorter time-to-market, and enabling efficient collaboration between manufacturers in the CMfg network. This paper aims to deep dive into C-Mfg as a system and perform a risk analysis to assess and mitigate the risks associated with the system. While cybersecurity and data security-related concerns are deemed the most serious and need immediate management for the system to succeed, the control of data, compliance with manufacturing standards and guidelines, and lack of accountability and ownership are other serious risks that need significant attention. Identifying these factors will help channel the focus on the management and resolution of these risks to establish digital trust in the C-Mfg system leading to the system’s success.

Agricultural Cold Chain Logistics Mode Based on Multi-Mode Blockchain Data Model.

Aiming at the problem of massive data storage and transaction authority in the blockchain system in the data sharing transaction scenario, this paper proposes a blockchain system for the controllable sharing transaction of massive data. By designing the blockchain system model of the consortium chain and private chain, reconstructing the data structure of the block, and introducing the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) technology, we adopt the off-chain storage method to solve the problem of high cost caused by too much data carried by the block. The isolation control of data resource transactions is realized by introducing identity authentication and channel mechanism, which meets the needs of different subjects for confidentiality of transaction data information. From the analysis results of cold chain logistics efficiency, in the five years from 2017 to 2021, the comprehensive cold chain logistics efficiency, pure technology cold chain logistics efficiency, and scale cold chain logistics efficiency of agricultural product cold chain logistics in a certain region have all reached above 0.9. The return to scale remains unchanged, and the cold chain logistics resources have been effectively allocated and reasonably utilized. The value of comprehensive cold chain logistics efficiency, pure technology cold chain logistics efficiency, and scale cold chain logistics efficiency in a certain month is less than 1, which means that the cold chain logistics efficiency is weak or ineffective. This shows that in these years, the infrastructure investment, cold chain technical support, and management level related to the cold chain logistics of agricultural products in a certain region need to be strengthened, and it is necessary to adjust the input-output structure and allocate resources reasonably. From 2018 to 2021, the total factor productivity of agricultural product cold chain logistics in a certain region is greater than 0.85, indicating that the level of total factor productivity is relatively high during this time period, and the increase in the efficiency of technical cold chain logistics is the main reason for the increase in total factor productivity.

Віртуальні активи крізь призму вітчизняної практики: ризикоорієнтованість та імплементація

Introduction. Nowadays digital technologies are generating new phenomena among which virtual assets in the diversity of their species and habitats are developing. Problem Statement. The analysis of modern scientific publications and research on the monitoring of virtual assets shows that at the theoretical level there is no single approach to the use of the conceptual apparatus on this issue. Purpose. The aim of the article is to deepen theoretical knowledge and practical skills of using virtual assets through the prism of domestic experience, as well as outlining the place, role, tasks, mechanism of operation, risk orientation and prospects of digital assets implementation as an innovative institutional form of money circulation in the conditions of globalization. Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, methods and techniques of cognitive theory are used, such as observation, comparison, abstraction, historical and logical approach, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, establishing causal links between the development of processes and phenomena, tabular and graphical methods. Results. The current state and prospects of development of the mechanism of operations with digital assets are diagnosed. It is theoretically substantiated that virtual values are objects of legal regulation. The legislative acts which are called to regulate the virtual assets market are analyzed. Conclusions. It is stated that the vector dominants of the impact concerning virtual assets are aimed at the control and transparency of transactions with them, cybersecurity and user verification. The nature of modern money is observed in virtual currency – not material , but absolutely conditional, based on the mechanism of accounting of settlement obligations recognized by all participants. The main innovations and opportunities for implementing positive international practice of state regulation of the cryptocurrency market to Ukrainian realities are outlined.

Key aspects of currency control and regulation of export-import transactions

Key aspects of currency control and regulation of export-import transactions

High-performance optimal incentive-seeking in transactive control for traffic congestion

Traffic congestion has dire economic and social impacts in modern metropolitan areas. To address this problem, in this paper we introduce a novel type of model-free transactive controllers to manage vehicle traffic in highway networks for which precise mathematical models are not available. Specifically, we consider a highway system with managed lanes on which dynamic tolling mechanisms can be implemented in real-time using measurements from the roads. We present three incentive-seeking feedback controllers able to find in real-time the optimal economic incentives (e.g., tolls) that persuade highway users to follow a suitable driving behavior that minimizes a predefined performance index. The controllers are agnostic with respect to the exact model of the highway, and they are also able to guarantee fast convergence to the optimal tolls by leveraging non-smooth and hybrid dynamic mechanisms that combine continuous-time dynamics and discrete-time dynamics. We provide numerical examples to illustrate the advantages of the different presented techniques.

Инструменты внутреннего аудита в организациях, имеющих обособленные территориально удаленные подразделения

Accounting and control of cash transactions among organizations that have geographically remote separate units in their structure have certain problems. Th e article considers internal audit tools, with the help of which control measures are carried out without leaving for a separate unit, which is a fairly eff ective and fi nancially profi table method, as well as less labor-intensive.

Rationale for the need to use blockchain technology to record and control operations for the export of grain (the example of Ukraine)

Despite the steady export of Ukrainian grain growth, the net profit from its sales does not increase, and most times, even falls. That is why it became necessary to find out the reasons for the current situation and find ways out of it. The most common method for solving such problems in the modern world is the implementation of blockchain and related technologies (smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, etc.). This article is devoted to studying the economic need for the use of blockchain technologies to monitor grain for export in Ukraine and the analysis of foreign experience blockchain implementation to agricultural supply chains to adapt the best practices to Ukrainian realities. As a result of a theoretical study, the article identified problems in Ukrainian grain export, analyzed the results of using blockchain to solve similar problems in foreign countries, and also identified ways to use world experience in this area. In addition, the authors offered practical recommendations for changing and complementing the existing technological and logistic stages of grain export in Ukraine. It was also found that blockchain technologies, because of their properties such as decentralized control, security, traceability, and control of transactions, could solve most of the problems that arise in the grain supply chain from grower to end consumer. The authors have proposed a generalized multilayer system that includes a "Data input layer", a "Data store layer", and a "User's layer", which most fully considers the peculiarities of agriculture in Ukraine. However, the question of these technologies introducing cost and the economic feasibility of their use for farms of various sizes remains is still unclear, and will be considered by the authors in their following works.

Uncertainty-aware optimal dispatch of building thermal storage portfolios via smoothed variance-reduced accelerated gradient methods

The rapid penetration of uncertain renewable energy resources into the power grid has made generation planning and real-time power balancing a challenge, prompting the need for advanced control on the demand-side. Although a grid-integrated building portfolio has been studied by coordinating building-level flexible energy resources, to reap further benefits, the need to develop a scalable supervisory control framework with computational efficiency is paramount. In this work, we introduce an uncertainty-aware transactive control framework for a large-scale building portfolio with thermal energy storage (TES) using a decomposition-based approach. We propose a day-ahead decision making framework for the power procurement problem, which is cast as a two-stage stochastic optimization problem. To solve this problem, we propose a smoothed variance-reduced accelerated gradient method. Notably this framework allows for parallelization in computing the sampled gradient. Preliminary numerics demonstrate the scalability and computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm to apply to the control framework with respect to the existing algorithm. Substantial energy cost savings were observed for the stochastic control framework over all the validation scenarios. This study provides further insights into the supervisory controller development for building portfolio-based grid services that can help advance electrification goals through coordination of energy storage assets.

Optimal Demand Response Incorporating Distribution LMP With PV Generation Uncertainty

The utilization of aggregated demand-side flexibility via demand response (DR) has become a promising pathway for the integration of renewable energy resources in power systems. Nowadays, there are several management strategies for DR such as the price-based transactive control strategies. However, many of such existing price-based control strategies neglect the physics and operational constraints of the underlying distribution networks when computing the price, raising concerns regarding their theoretical and practical values. This paper studies this issue and investigates optimal DR (ODR) by incorporating the distribution locational marginal price (DLMP). In particular, we discuss DR in connection with DLMPs and propose a multi-period bilevel optimization problem to find the ODR strategy. The objective is to minimize the peak load, load fluctuation, and payments of load aggregators. In addition, a robust bilevel ODR model is formulated to provide a robust ODR strategy while minimizing operating costs under the worst-case realization of uncertainties; this mitigates the impact of forecasting errors on renewable energy resources. Then, we propose an efficient solution approach by employing the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions and strong duality. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the mutual impacts of the interaction between DR and DLMP and the benefits of the robust ODR strategy.

Integrating Transactive Energy Into Reliability Evaluation for a Self-Healing Distribution System With Microgrid

Non-utility owned distributed energy resources (DERs) are mostly untapped currently, but they can provide many grid services such as voltage regulation and service restoration, if properly controlled, and can improve the distribution system's reliability when coordinated with utility-owned assets such as self-healing control and microgrids. This paper integrates transactive energy control into the distribution system reliability evaluation to quantitatively assess the impact of non-utility owned DERs on reliability improvement. A transactive reactive power control strategy is designed to incentivize the DERs to provide reactive power support for improving voltage profiles thus enabling additional customer load restoration during an outage. Also, an operational sequence to coordinate the non-utility owned DERs with the utility owned self-healing control and utility owned microgrids is designed and integrated into the service restoration process with the operational constraints guaranteed by checking the three-phase unbalanced power flow for post-fault network reconfiguration. The reliability indices are then calculated through a Monte Carlo simulation. The transactive reactive power control strategy is tested on a four-feeder distribution system operated by Duke Energy in the U.S. Results demonstrate that the non-utility owned DERs with the transactive control improve the reliability of both the system and critical loads by more than 30%.

A Data-Driven, Distributed Game-Theoretic Transactional Control Approach for Hierarchical Demand Response

Modern power systems require flexible demand-side resources to maintain the balance between electricity supply and demand. Building thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are great flexible assets, as they account for a significant portion of electricity consumption in buildings. In this regard, demand response (DR) programs have long been used by grid operators to enable the coordination of TCLs to reveal and utilize this demand flexibility. Existing efforts in DR are mostly model-based, which is not scalable because gathering the physical parameters and developing an accurate model for each participating load is impractical. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a data-driven, distributed hierarchical transactional control approach, which leverages concepts from machine learning, game theory, and model-free control. In this approach, the interactions between a distribution system operator (DSO) and load aggregators (LAs) in the upper level are designed as a Stackelberg game, where the DSO is the leader and the LAs are the followers. The DSO aims to maximize its profit and minimize the total demand peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of the system, whereas the LAs aim to minimize their electricity cost while maintaining the quality of service provided. In the lower level, the LAs control the individual loads of end users while tracking the optimal aggregated load profile passed from the upper level. The performance of this approach is evaluated using a case study with a single DSO, three LAs, and 300 TCLs. The results show that the total demand PAR is reduced from 1,38 to the range of 1.17 and 1.26. The cost of an LA is reduced from $5,790 to the range of 4,424 and $5,437 while still maintaining the comfort of end users, but the profit of the DSO is reduced from $13,374 to the range of $10,084 and $12,904.

DESIGNING LIGHTWEIGHT OPEN INNOVATION: A CONCEPTUALISATION OF HOW LARGE FIRMS ENGAGE WITH SMALL ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS

There is increasing scholarly interest in how large corporations engage in open innovation with small entrepreneurial firms, with synergies potentially producing positive outcomes for both the involved parties and the surrounding ecosystem. “Lightweight models” of open innovation (LOIs) have recently been introduced, governed by trust and relationships rather than by equity ownership and transactional control. This paper introduces a design framework and an alignment model for LOIs, based on 19 inductively generated and highly interrelated design elements associated with five design themes. The study uses empirical data from 18 LOI initiatives in Sweden, and the framework explains important differences in their motives, value propositions, innovation localizations, involved participants, and forms of interactions. Applying a value perspective to open innovation highlights two different value logics, suggesting that LOI initiatives can approach value by emphasizing either value creation or value capture. These logics may greatly influence other important design elements of LOIs.

An Integer Non-Cooperative Game Approach for the Transactive Control of Thermal Appliances in Energy Communities

Non-cooperative scheduling games can be used to coordinate residential loads in order to achieve a common goal while accounting for individual consumer’s interests, privacy, and autonomy. However, a significant portion of the residential flexibility—Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) such as water and space heating/cooling appliances—has not been fully addressed under this game theoretic approach: their comfort constraints and integer control were not considered. This paper presents a method for properly including TCLs in this framework and discusses its application in energy communities. Specifically, we propose a general mathematical formulation for considering users’ comfort in non-cooperative games. We model the integer nature of the TCLs control with binary variables and show that optimal or close to optimal (less than 1%) solutions are reached. Moreover, different total cost functions can be used depending on the market context and the objective of the demand management program. To illustrate and discuss these aspects in practical applications, we used a case study of an energy community in Spain. The results show that the TC solutions are optimal or only 0.80% worse than optimal; different total cost functions result in different results (load curve smoothing or peak load reduction); consumers’ comfort is respected; and the proposed game model cooperates with consumers in order to minimize community’s costs.

Holistic Simulation Approach for Optimal Operation of Smart Integrated Energy Systems under Consideration of Resilience, Economics and Sustainability

The intermittent energy supply from distributed resources and the coupling of different energy and application sectors play an important role for future energy systems. Novel operational concepts require the use of widespread and reliable Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This paper presents the approach of a research project that focuses on the development of an innovative operational concept for a Smart Integrated Energy System (SIES), which consists of a physical architecture, ICT and energy management strategies. The cellular approach provides the architecture of the physical system in combination with Transactive Control (TC) as the system’s energy management framework. Independent dynamic models for each component, the physical and digital system, operational management and market are suggested and combined in a newly introduced co-simulation platform to create a holistic model of the integrated energy system. To verify the effectiveness of the operational concept, energy system scenarios are derived and evaluation criteria are suggested which can be employed to evaluate the future system operations.

Unfolding the theoretical principles of the internal control of fixed assets

Subject. Aspects concerning the internal control of fixed assets constitute a crucial element of the corporate governance system, since the information managers get from such checks helps them make timely and effective administrative decisions. Objectives. The study is intended to unfold theoretical principles of the internal control of fixed assets. As part of the study, we determine the goal, tasks, functions, agents and targets of the internal control of fixed assets, sorted out tools for documentary and physical control of fixed assets. The article presents our suggestions concerning the development of the methodological framework for the presentation of internal control results. Methods. We applied general methods of research, such as the systems approach, comparison, systematization, and data generalization. Results. We built a conceptual model for the internal control of transactions with fixed assets, which constitutes a logic and coherent system. It includes key elements of internal control, such as the goal, tasks, functions, targets, agents, tools, data sources, the regulatory framework, the collection of evidence, documenting of internal control results, and the preparation of recommendations for the more effective use of fixed assets. Conclusions and Relevance. The conceptual model for the internal control of fixed assets will ensure the sustainable development and effective performance of the company, reasonable use of its resources, the creation of the information supply system at all the management levels, which meets modern business requirements. The practical value of the study is that the proposed approaches can be used to create and improve the internal control system for the effective and ongoing performance of the company. The conceptual principles can be applied to articulate clauses, techniques and procedures of internal control.

An integrated approach for electronic identification and central bank digital currencies

This paper outlines a proposal for how to implement Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) based on open banking standards and supports both account-based and token-based CBDC models, transacting online and offline with immediate finality, while recognising the European PSD2 requirements, including (multi-factor) strong customer authentication (SCA). The authors recognise the limitations with current smartphone technologies with respect to deploying trusted applications and in performing the role of a qualified signature creation device - highly relevant to offline scenarios. In some cases, the authors recommend regulatory review, in others they recommend taking full advantage of the existing capabilities of the separated secure execution environment by dividing the control of a CBDC transaction between both payee and payer devices, so that if one device was compromised, this does not undermine the whole transaction. It balances the need for anonymity with financial crime regulatory requirements and suggests that a CBDC wallet can be enriched with eID capabilities, or vice versa. The wallet is bound to the person’s identity, their device and software via a chain of trust (eIDAS for the EU or similar for non-EU countries). The authors combine this with self-sovereign identity (SSI) principles to maximize privacy and minimize information sharing with a third party

Fault detection of low global warming potential refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system: Experimental investigation

As one of the most energy-intensive end-uses in the commercial buildings sector, supermarkets consume around 50 kWh/ft2 (or 537.6 kWh/m2) of electricity annually, or more than 2 million kWh of electricity per year for a typical store. The biggest consumer of energy in a supermarket is its refrigeration system, which accounts for 40–60% of its total electricity usage and is equivalent to about 2–3% of the total energy consumed by commercial buildings in United States, or around 0.5 quadrillion Btu (or 0.53 quadrillion KJ). Also, the supermarket refrigeration system is one of the biggest consumers of refrigerants. Current supermarket refrigeration systems rely on high global warming potential hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants. Reducing refrigerant usage or using environment friendly alternatives can result in significant climate benefits. The refrigeration system can also be adapted to handle flexible building loads and be integrated into grid response transactive control to balance the supply and demand of the electric grid. Even minor improvements in the efficiency and operational reliability of supermarket refrigeration systems can create significant value in terms of saving energy, improving food quality, protecting the environment, reducing carbon footprint, and enhancing electric grid resilience. Fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) techniques can be used to support refrigeration system operators in achieving these benefits. However, compare to FDD of other building heating, ventilation and air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) equipment and systems which has attracted extensive FDD studies for decades, FDD of supermarket refrigeration systems, especially for low GWP refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system, has not gained enough attention from researchers. One of the key challenges is lack of available testing datasets to benchmark the system performance and record the faulted performance for system FDD research. This study selects several common faults of supermarket refrigeration systems, including display case door open, ice accumulation, expansive valve failure, and fan failure, to conduct experimental study to identify their fault characteristics, benchmark their faulted performance, then create a FDD characteristics matrix to support next step research on the development of supermarket refrigeration system FDD methods and field automated FDD implementation.

Organization of an effective system financial control of financial transactions on the legalization (laundering) of income, obtained by criminal means

This article deals with the problem of financial transactions related to the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime. The analysis of the main features of the manifestation of these operations is carried out, their classification is carried out. The models and methods of assessing the risks of money laundering based on a systematic approach to the analysis of financial flows of an organization are proposed. In order to confirm the practical approbation, an analysis of the activities of an organization that carried out financial transactions for the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime was carried out.