Control Transactions Research Articles

Collective attention and relational overload: A theory of transactive control in high-permeability intraorganizational environments

As rapid organizational and technological change makes boundaries within workplaces more permeable, employees are gaining unprecedented access to new people and information. This both increases opportunities for collaboration and heightens the risk of attention overload. While scholars have investigated overload with respect to “what” employees attend to, little research has examined the challenges concerning “whom” to attend to, resulting in ambiguity that can undermine collaborative relationships. In this paper, we integrate and advance insights from organizational control and selective-attention research, building on those macro- and micro-level theories to better conceptualize collective attention when the potential target is a colleague (human) rather than information (nonhuman)—which we conceptualize as relational attention, i.e., attention-to-whom. Further, we propose a separate, meso-level theory of transactive control of relational attention, building on concepts of transactive behavior from other fields. By exploring how such transactive control works, we begin to define the conditions organizations need to cultivate—regarding mutually transparent availability, synchronous attentional allocation, and reciprocal attentional allocation—to reduce relational overload without sacrificing productive work relationships or other benefits of more permeable internal boundaries. In addition to shedding light on underexamined attention problems in the workplace, this model contributes to future research by forging multi-level connections between individual meta-attention, transactive control over relational attention, and more traditional forms of organizational control.

Feasibility study of blockchain technology for circular economy: A bibliometric and systematic review

Blockchain technology, brought into existence in the year 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto, is an open and distributed ledger tool offering secure and permanent storage of transactions. It offers decentralized control of transactions. Over the period, three different versions of blockchain have been developed. It is widely used in sectors like healthcare, education, etc. Circular economy is such a production and consumption ecosystem that focuses on waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The present study tries to analyze the avant-garde state of blockchain technology's application for circular economy by adopting a bibliometric and systematic approach. Taking a filtered sample of 1339 papers from Scopus database, bibliometric analysis was conducted with an aim to understand the evolution of blockchain's usage in circular economy. Later, systematic review of the relevant papers is done that highlighted major prospects and barriers to blockchain's adoption. The study also cites present applications of blockchain by corporates and governments. Finally, it concludes with suggestions for blockchain's better adoption. The present study is one of its kind, true to the knowledge of the authors. Such bibliometric analysis combined with systematic review is an outcome of the original work of the authors. The combined results of the two reviews have not yet been done in the field of study.

Digital Twin and IoT-Enabled Online Learning Model for Real- Time Monitoring and Control of Fraudulent Transaction in the Banking industry

Fraudulent transactions have long been a challenge in the banking industry, causing significant financial losses and operational burdens. Traditional fraud detection systems often struggle to adapt and respond in real-time to the evolving tactics of fraud. This study aims to develop a digital twin and IoT-enabled online learning model for real-time monitoring and control of fraudulent transactions in banking. The proposed system integrates digital twin technology and IoT sensors to create a virtual replica of transaction environments, enabling continuous learning and adaptation using an online learning model. Performance metrics such as detection speed, prediction accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were used to evaluate the system. The system was tested using a dataset of banking transactions, including legitimate and fraudulent activities. Key results include detecting fraudulent transactions 40% faster than traditional methods, reducing detection time from 5 minutes to 3 minutes. The model achieved an accuracy of 92%, an 8.24% improvement over traditional fraud detection systems. The false positive rate was reduced by 28%, meaning fewer legitimate transactions were wrongly flagged as fraudulent. Precision increased by 5.95%, reaching 89%, and recall improved by 8.75%, reaching 87%. This led to a 7.32% increase in the F1 score, reaching 88%. The system offers enhanced real-time fraud detection capabilities, reducing false positives and improving overall security and operational efficiency in the banking industry.

Collaborative optimization of electric-vehicle battery swapping stations based on energy storage sharing

Due to the extensive integration of distributed renewable energy resources, the Active Distribution Network (ADN) faces numerous challenges, including, for example, renewable energy curtailment and overloading. This paper proposes a collaborative optimization control method for electric-vehicle battery swapping stations that mitigates the mismatching between generation and load demand in the ADN. Energy storage sharing is considered in this study, that allows stations to exchange batteries via the traffic network, and this extends the capacity of Battery-Transferable Swapping Stations (BTSSs). First, the operational principles of the energy storage shared BTSS are carefully analyzed, including external and internal control mechanisms and energy storage sharing. Subsequently, a bi-level optimization model is proposed, whereby the upper level aims to minimize the total operational cost of the ADN and the lower level seeks to maximize the benefit of each BTSS. A two-stage transactive control is introduced to decompose the bi-level situation into two stages: the day-ahead stage and the real-time stage and this facilitates easier problem-solving. Finally, an IEEE 15-node system is utilized to verify the proposed method. The results indicate that the proposed method reduces the renewable energy curtailment, power shortages, and operational costs of the ADN, while at the same time increasing the earnings of BTSSs.

The legal nature of crypto assets and its reflection in the civil and tax legislation of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the legal nature of crypto assets in Russian legislation and the specifics of their taxation, focusing on the need to form a legal framework that promotes effective protection of the rights of participants in the turnover of crypto assets.The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method, the formal logical method, the formal legal method and the method of interpretation of law.The lack of a unified terminology base in the field of digital economy in Russian legislation creates additional difficulties in creating comfortable conditions for the development of the crypto asset market. Currently used various terms such as “virtual assets”, “digital assets”, “crypto assets”, “cryptocurrency” are not fixed in the current legislation. At the same time, the terms existing in Russian legislation do not allow for effective regulation in the field of taxation and civil turnover, since they intentionally exclude the most common crypto assets from their scope. Without clear and unambiguous legal regulation, it is difficult to ensure proper control and taxation of transactions with crypto assets, which can lead to significant tax losses and a decrease in budget revenues.Moreover, the concept of “digital currency” used in Russian legislation does not correspond to the generally accepted meaning in international practice and is mainly considered in an economic context, rather than in a legal one. Such a discrepancy in terminology creates additional difficulties for participants in the cryptocurrency market and creates obstacles to the formation of an effective legal framework for the regulation of the digital economy. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the current approaches to the development of the terminological apparatus of the regulation of crypto assets have flaws, since they allow for a mixture of concepts and do not imply the formation of a clear hierarchy. The definition of “the digital asset” is proposed for the purpose of filling existing terminological gaps in the current legislation.

TAX COMPLIANCE CONTROL AND AUDIT OF TRANSFER PRICING TRANSACTIONS

The article presents the authors' vision of the features and mechanism of tax compliance control and audit in the management of transfer pricing operations. Effective interaction between business entities and tax authorities in the process of controlling and auditing transfer pricing transactions should be based on the principles of compliance with the help of two tools – assessment of the quality of transfer pricing policy and internal control system (as a result of interaction of internal and external control systems) and assessment of the quality and effectiveness of internal audit of transfer pricing (as a result of interaction of internal control and audit systems). In accordance with the above, tax compliance control and audit becomes a new element of the established system of monitoring of controlled transactions of a business entity, which proposed to understand as the use of tools to confirm the quality and effectiveness of internal control and audit systems of transfer pricing transactions of a business entity by a tax authority, which certifies the taxpayer's commitment and responsibility to comply with tax legislation in terms of compliance with the arm's length principle. Confirmation by the tax authorities of the quality of the transfer pricing policy and internal control and audit system of the entity should be based on the developed, tested and approved system of assessment parameters. Confirmation of the assessment of the quality of the transfer pricing policy and internal control system will demonstrate the responsible position of the taxpayer based on tax compliance with the transfer pricing legislation in accordance with the arm's length principle and will increase the level of trust in it on the part of the tax authorities. In turn, the introduction of such a tool as an internal transfer pricing audit quality assessment into the process of monitoring-controlled transactions will allow the company to submit and use the results of its internal audit in assessing transfer pricing risks to form its tax rating and assess the need to include it in the audit plan. This tool assumes that the internal audit system is sufficient to timely detect violations of tax legislation in the field of transfer pricing in accordance with the arm's length principle.

Formation of a financial management system in the development industry based on digital financial technologies

Subject. The article considers the financial management system in the context of the use of digital financial technologies. Objectives. The main goal of the study is to create new financial management tools for use in construction to improve the efficiency of transaction control based on digital FinTech. Methods. The study attempts to analyze the potential possibility of creating a financial management system in construction projects, based on solutions generated by FinTech and implemented in construction, using the Blockchain technology. Results. The introduction of Blockchain will help all construction project participants to safely make transactions without the involvement of third parties, based on a smart contract. The proposed approach enables stakeholders (real estate buyers) to control the remaining financial obligations between interested parties, i.e. participants in business transactions. The main result is the presentation of new tools for a decentralized financial management system that reduce the risks of losses in operational and financial activities of the developer, and this is extremely important in conditions of external market volatility. Conclusions. This study presents provisions that substantiate the potential possibility of using new tools for a decentralized financial management system based on digital financial technologies that reduce the developer’s risks.

Incentivising peers in local transactive energy markets: A case study for consumers, prosumers and prosumagers

AbstractA decarbonised future grid should couple technological novelty with innovative market models to efficiently capture the value of grid‐edge decarbonised assets. The transactive energy (TE) concept inverts the centralised grid model by leveraging the evolution of consumers to prosumers to prosumagers. The principal TE market design challenge is transactive control—using market and pricing mechanisms to coordinate autonomous peer interactions, to optimally allocate power and incentivise peers. Peer attraction, incentivisation and retention are all critical for practical TE implementation along three adoption stages, starting from independent peer transactions with the centralised market; to decentralised peer coordination; towards distributed peer‐to‐peer trading. Addressing gaps in related scholarship, the authors investigate the economic positions of distinct peer roles in each adoption stage and two local pricing strategies. Using a real market dataset, trading decisions are simulated over a 1‐year horizon at hourly granularity. Coordinated action achieves better transactive control for the community, with economic superiority over centralised and distributed mechanisms. Distinct peer incentives should equitably align with their contribution to market functionality, such as the value ascribed to prosumagers' flexibility in local pricing and the constrained bargaining power of prosumers in distributed bilateral negotiations.

A secure and lightweight data management scheme based on redactable blockchain for Digital Copyright

Traditional Digital Copyright (DC) management system faces a single point of failure, and has no strict traceability. Meanwhile, the current blockchain-based DC schemes take less consideration to the authenticity of DC information stored on the blockchain. Additionally, the full node storage overhead and computation overhead of information retrieval and traceability increase significantly with the number of blocks. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a secure and lightweight data management scheme based on the redactable blockchain for DC. Users generate their public and private keys, which provide a legitimate signature. Then, we propose a transaction control mechanism based on ECDSA, which means that the storage of DC information can only be accomplished by providing a legitimate and verifiable signature, including registration and transaction information. Furthermore, we adopt blockchain to record DC information and the chameleon hash algorithm to modify DC information stored on the blockchain when making DC transactions, while keeping the block headers unchanged. System analysis and experimental results confirm that our scheme can address a single point of failure and ensure the authenticity of the information. Meanwhile, our scheme effectively reduces full node storage overhead, and computation overhead of information retrieval and traceability.

Transactive control of community batteries for voltage regulation in distribution systems

With the proliferation of renewable energy sources in distribution systems, the grid operators are posed with the challenge of voltage regulation. Community batteries have significant capabilities in regulating network voltage but such potentials are rarely studied. The literature also lacks insights into how voltage regulation markets should co-exist with other grid service markets, such as battery energy arbitrage service and frequency control ancillary service (FCAS) markets. Therefore, this paper addresses these gaps by proposing a transactive platform for community batteries to trade voltage regulation services with the grid operator while providing other services. First, voltage sensitivity analysis is conducted to construct a voltage regulation demand curve based on the regulation needs of the system. Next, different operating conditions of battery inverters are investigated to model the cost of supplying voltage regulation. Various market-clearing rules are then established to determine the quantity and price of the voltage regulation service traded using the demand and supply curves. Technical analyses indicate that the proposed transactive platform is able to (1) price the voltage regulation service depending on the severity of voltage issues, (2) set a positive/negative regulation price when the system undergoes overvoltage/undervoltage conditions, (3) help battery owners gain considerable extra regulation revenue with proper incentivisation. This research provides guidance to incorporate voltage regulation service with the presence of other grid services and to implement voltage regulation markets to engage community batteries.

The Downsides of Digital Currency and the Limits of its Normative Regulation

The paper reflects on the consequences of the bankruptcy of the FTX exchange in the context of cryptocurrency volatility, as for the legal anchoring of cryptocurrencies in terms of de lege lata and de lege ferenda, especially in the context of the need for agile proactive state response to criminal activities connected to the use of cryptocurrencies. The nature of cryptocurrencies predisposes the commission of criminal activities related to crypto predominantly in the online space, resonating with the necessity to increase transparency and control of cryptocurrency transactions. The anonymity of coins and the limited ability to track them gives them a clear technological advantage over the efforts of law enforcement bodies to map them or check them by regulatory authorities. The subject of the empirical part of the paper is the analysis of a case study of a regulatory offense committed by a selected service provider in the field of performing exchange activities in the Slovak Republic.

The Frameworks of Cross Border Cryptocurrency Transactions Between Two Countries

Cross border payments have been the biggest challenges in overseas business transactions. It is characterized by frauds, lack of security, money laundering, transactions delays, and huge transactions cost. The aim of this paper is to introduce new model of cross border digital currency transactions that would use the cryptocurrency from two different countries. The model has adopted the blockchain technology to authorize the smart contracts and proof of works under the monitoring of central banks of participating countries. In this model each country would adopt its own digital currency equivalent to the fiat/cash money value. Unlike the traditional blockchain networks which is considered to be decentralized systems, this model has deployed centralized blockchain networks under the control of central banks. All nodes in the network will be owned by central banks that would records and trace any transactions by using blockchain technology. Apart from central banks, this model includes local banks, and digital forex exchange market as their main stakeholders to serve the customers. As a centralized system, any smart contracts and proof-of-works resulted from any desired transactions is validated by the central banks of participating countries before execution. The customers have been losing their money during transactions through decentralized privately owned digital currency exchange vendors due to the lack of enough network policy to counter any fraud or suspicious transactions. Also, the cross-border transactions are encountered by the excessive of fees such as, agent fees, oversees fees, transactions fees, and exchange fees. This system is usefully to secure and speedup the transactions, prevent any frauds, and to avoid the overseas financial organizations costs that has been incurred by the customers over the years. The governments around the world would have the total control of the monetary transactions if they deploy digital currency on their economy. However, they are required to tighten the security measures to prevent any security vulnerabilities, frauds, threats, and get rid of money laundering activities.

Organization of accounting and cyber security of electronic transactions of the enterprise

Introduction. Digitization of socio-economic processes has led to an increase in the share of electronic transactions in monetary transactions. Electronic transactions using electronic and cryptographic currencies are the object of increased attention of criminals. The goal of cyberattacks is not only to seize money, but also to steal confidential information, block information flows, create information chaos, damage software and publicly discredit the enterprise. Overcoming various cyber threats requires the organization of an effective system of cyber protection of electronic transactions. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify cyber threats to the functioning of the system of electronic transactions with proposals for their elimination through the selection of variable organizational forms of ensuring the cyber security of the enterprise. Results. It is proposed to consider accounting and control of electronic transactions as the information basis of the enterprise's cyber security system. The areas of effective cyber protection of electronic transactions are defined, which consist in ensuring: confidentiality, integrity, availability, comparability and addressability of accounting information about monetary transactions. To overcome cyber threats to the functioning of the electronic transaction system, it is proposed to use technologies: blockchain, chatbots with artificial intelligence, biometrics, cloud services, Internet traffic monitoring, etc. Organizational options for cyber protection of electronic transactions have been systematized in the direction of: uniting disparate employees into security teams or creating a separate security unit of the enterprise; remote involvement of the outsourcer's specialists or their periodic arrival at the enterprise – the customer of outsourcing services. An information scheme of a dual combination of internal and external security control has been developed, which is integrated into the cluster format of the organization of accounting for electronic transactions. It has been proven that the dualization of cyber security control ensures the balancing of cyber risks and the costs of organizing cyber protection of electronic transactions. This format of cyber security organization is adaptively relevant for various business entities. Taking into account the directions of cyber protection, the capabilities of modern technologies in overcoming cyber risks, the functional powers of security employees, as well as the organizational formats of cyber security of cash flows ensures the reliable functioning of the electronic transaction system at the enterprise. The provision of effective cyber protection in combination with the accounting and control of electronic transactions is fundamental to the organization of a comprehensive cyber security system of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise.

ПРИЧИНЫ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ КОНТРОЛЯ ВОЗВРАТНОГО ЛИЗИНГА

Control of leaseback is an important element of successful management in any company. The reasons for such controls include a number of factors. For example, the control of return leasing will help prevent losses and reduce the risk of possible financial problems of lessees. After all, due to management, problems and errors related to the return of leased property can be identified and eliminated in a timely manner. In addition, monitoring can improve the return process and improve relationships with clients and partners. In this article the essence of return leasing, its risks and advantages were considered. The increased attention of tax authorities to transactions of return leasing has been revealed. The necessity of control of return leasing transactions is considered. Introduction of control of return leasing can help to identify and eliminate various problems in the process of return leasing, because the number of organizations engaged in return leasing, increases, as well as the calculation of the number of dissatisfied lessees and increases the attention of tax authorities to such transactions.

CASH AND CASH CALCULATIONS AS AN OBJECT OF ACCOUNTING, CONTROL AND ANALYSIS

In the article, the authors substantiate the expediency of further research into the meaning of money and calculations in the activities of enterprises of various forms of ownership. The views of scientists regarding the definition of the concept of "money" are summarized. The main tasks of accounting, control, analysis of money are specified. Proposals have been made to increase the effectiveness of the control and analytical process in relation to the cash settlement operations carried out in order to promptly prevent violations in the settlement and payment discipline. The purpose of writing this article is to determine the actual issues of accounting, control, analysis of funds in the cash register and directions for their solution. The research used a complex of general scientific methods and techniques of cognition: theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, classifications. Grouping and comparison methods were used to determine the essence of money as an object, control and analysis. The methods of concretization and abstraction were used to single out the features inherent in money. The dialectical method, induction, and abstraction became the basis for proposals for improving the control of transactions with money in the process of financial and economic activity of the business entity. The achievements of foreign and domestic scientists in the field of accounting, control and analysis of economic operations are the theoretical and methodological basis of the research. In the research process, general scientific methods and techniques of cognition were used: theoretical generalization, analysis, synthesis, classifications. Grouping and comparison methods were used to determine the essence of money as an object, control and analysis. The methods of concretization and abstraction were used to single out the features inherent in money. The dialectical method, induction, and abstraction became the basis for proposals for improving the control of transactions with money in the process of financial and economic activity of the business entity.

Blockchain and electronic transactions in accounting

Introduction. One of the most promising information and communication technologies in the digital economy is blockchain, which significantly changes the accounting and control of electronic transactions in business. Block-chain structuring of data is radically different from traditional methods of processing and storing accounting information, which determines the relevance of scientific research and practical developments in the field of using blockchain technology.The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the implementation of electronic transactions in the conditions of using blockchain technology and the directions of transformation of accounting and control.Methods. Systemic, innovative, functional approaches and methods of generalization, bibliographic and comparative analysis were used in the process of realizing the established goal of scientific research.Results. The expediency of the transformation of the methodology and organization of accounting and control of electronic transactions under the influence of the use of blockchain technology is substantiated. The functional advantages of the blockchain network are defined: instant execution of electronic transactions, confidentiality of participants in electronic transactions, reliability of data storage, minimization of costs for the organization of information processing, significant variability of assets participating in electronic transactions, stability of functioning due to the impossibility of damaging or deleting databases, etc. The principles of blockchain technology, which are relevant for accounting and control of electronic transactions, have been formed: decentralization, transparency, accessibility, trust, cyber security, irreversibility, consensus, confidentiality. Eight main directions of transformation of accounting and control of electronic transactions in the blockchain network have been identified (positioning, variability, digitization, decentralization, protection and cyber security, monetary settlements, control, transformation of powers and regulations), the result of practical implementation of which is: automatic execution of accounting and control processes, prevention of accidental errors, prevention and elimination of cyber threats and fraudulent actions, minimization of enterprise costs; reduction of time for accounting and control procedures for operational management of enterprises, openness and publicity of accounting information about electronic business.Prospects. It is advisable to carry out further scientific research in the direction of: improving the legal regulation of electronic transactions; transformation of the organizational structure of the enterprise and the accounting and control unit; clarification of personnel job instructions and accounting policy of the enterprise.

Good Corporate Governance Effectiveness Mechanism, Special Relationship Transactions, and Leverage on Tax Aggressiveness

This study examines how effective good corporate governance, control of related party transactions, and leverage are in reducing tax aggressiveness. The research methodology involves cross-sectional and time-series analysis of manufacturing companies listed on the IDX from 2017-2021. Through purposive sampling, 200 observational samples were collected and tested using E-views 12, which produced a random effect model as the best regression model. The findings indicate that good corporate governance with institutional ownership proxies, audit committee activities, and the proportion of independent commissioners did not significantly reduce tax aggressiveness. Leverage with debt-equity ratio proxies also did not demonstrate a significant effect. However, related party transactions had a significant effect in increasing management opportunities to carry out tax aggressiveness. If good corporate governance implementation is not maximized and there is unfairness in related party transactions, it may indicate aggressive tax avoidance.

Network-Constrained Transactive Control for Multi-Microgrids-Based Distribution Networks With Soft Open Points

Different from most transactive control studies only focusing on economic aspect, this paper develops a novel network-constrained transactive control (NTC) framework that can address both economic and secure issues for a multi-microgrids-based distribution network considering uncertainties. In particular, we innovatively integrate a transactive energy market with the novel power-electronics device (i.e., soft open point) based AC power flow regulation technique to improve economic benefits for each individual microgrid and meanwhile ensure the voltage security of the entire distribution network. In this framework, a dynamic two-timescale NTC model consisting of slow-timescale pre-scheduling and real-time corrective scheduling stages is formulated to work against multiple system uncertainties. Moreover, the original bilevel game problems are transformed into a single-level mixed-integer second-order cone programming problem through KKT conditions, duality, linearization and relaxation techniques to avoid iterations of transitional methods, so as to improve the solving efficiency. Finally, numerical simulations on modified 33-bus and 123-bus test systems with multi-microgrids verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Challenges and Prospects of International Cooperation in the Field of Financial Monitoring

The article is devoted to international cooperation’s main challenges and prospects in financial monitoring. In the context of the growth of transactions that have a transnational nature, the issue of financial monitoring on a global scale is actualised using the latest technologies. Financial monitoring is a process of identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks of financial crime. The author emphasises that it is efficient and effective international cooperation that can become the basis and help in creating more effective systems of verification and control of financial transactions, as well as contribute to the faster detection and termination of criminal actions related to the legalisation of criminal proceeds, corrupt actions, and financing of terrorism. In the article, the author focuses on one of the challenges of international cooperation, which can become an obstacle – the need to ensure mutual trust and cooperation between different countries and their financial institutions and the creation of common standards and protocols. International cooperation can also contribute to more transparent and regulated financial markets, increasing investor confidence and promoting economic growth. However, the author also emphasised that for the successful implementation of international cooperation in financial monitoring, it is also necessary to consider the different cultural, legal, and economic realities of different countries and regions. International cooperation in financial monitoring can provide more effective methods and tools to detect and stop financial crime. The author noted that successful international cooperation in financial monitoring depends on many factors, such as the effectiveness of legislation, the availability of technical means for information exchange, the standardisation of processes, and others.

Network-Aware Coordination of Aggregated Electric Vehicles Considering Charge–Discharge Flexibility

This paper presents a novel framework for network-aware coordination of aggregated electric vehicles (EVs) via transactive control in distribution networks considering the operating constraints of the network. The proposed framework facilitates participation of EVs in local energy markets through aggregators, while their preferences and privacy are preserved. The flexibility of EVs in charging-discharging is employed to resolve the congestion and voltage problems in distribution networks. To this end, in addition to the market price, a flexibility price is considered to encourage EVs to contribute to the congestion and voltage management in the network. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in various case studies conducted on the IEEE 55-node, 100-node and 302-node LV European test systems. Simulation results and a comparative study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in terms of achieving high-quality congestion and voltage management, satisfying EV owners’ preferences, and computation efficiency.