Re-education Research Articles

Neural basis underlying the association between thought control ability and happiness: The moderating role of the amygdala.

Thought control ability (TCA) plays an important role in individuals' health and happiness. Previous studies demonstrated that TCA was closely conceptually associated with happiness. However, empirical research supporting this relationship was limited. In addition, the neural basis underlying TCA and how this neural basis influences the relationship between TCA and happiness remain unexplored. In the present study, the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) method was adopted to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of TCA in 314 healthy subjects. The behavioral results revealed a significant positive association between TCA and happiness. On the neural level, there was a significant negative correlation between TCA and the gray matter density (GMD) of the bilateral amygdala. Split-half validation analysis revealed similar results, further confirming the stability of the VBM analysis findings. Furthermore, gray matter covariance network and graph theoretical analyses showed positive association between TCA and both the node degree and node strength of the amygdala. Moderation analysis revealed that the GMD of the amygdala moderated the relationship between TCA and happiness. Specifically, the positive association between TCA and self-perceived happiness was stronger in subjects with a lower GMD of the amygdala. The present study indicated the neural basis underlying the association between TCA and happiness and offered a method of improving individual well-being.

감정표현규칙이 서비스 직원의 소진에 미치는 영향: 도전적 평가와 방해적 평가의 매개효과를 중심으로

Emotional display rules are official and unofficial requirements on how people
 should express their emotions to others in organizations, playing crucial roles
 in emotional management. According to the job demand-resources model,
 emotional display rules can cause job stress and burnout because they are
 job demands. However, in light of the challenge-hindrance job stress model,
 the effect of job demands on burnout may differ according to whether people
 perceive them as challenges or hindrances. The purpose of this study is to
 determine the causal relationship among emotional display rules, challenge
 appraisal, hindrance appraisal, and service worker burnout. In this study, we
 postulate that emotional display rules increase burnout, while challenge and
 hindrance appraisals mediate the display rules-burnout relationship. A total
 of 213 survey responses were collected from frontline workers in the service
 industry, and an analysis of results revealed that emotional display rules are
 positively associated with burnout, while challenge appraisal negatively mediates
 the display rules-burnout relationship. We also found that hindrance appraisal
 did not mediate between emotional display rules and burnout, while perceived
 organizational support and self efficacy did not moderate the relationship
 between emotional display rules and burnout. These results may demonstrate
 the possibility that service worker burnout can be buffered with the perception
 of emotional display rules as challenging rather than hindering job demands.
 In addition, they imply that service workers’ perceptions and mind controls
 are more important than external factors like organizational support in managing
 job demands, such as emotional display rules. This study shows the importance
 of job appraisal in understanding service workers’ stresses and burnout.

Experiential avoidance, thought suppression, meta-cognition, and body-checking among women during pregnancy and postpartum: Buffering effect of self-compassion.

The present study attempted to explore the psychological experiences of experiential avoidance, thought suppression, meta-cognition, self-compassion and body-checking during two stages of maternity (pregnancy and postpartum) among women embracing maternity for the first time. The study used a cross sectional correlational design and enrolled 306 women participants who were in their third trimester of pregnancy or of postpartum (pregnant = 154 [50.3%]; postpartum = 152 [49.7%]) with ages ranging between 20 and 35 years (M = 26.62; SD = 2.19). The data was collected using the Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (BEAQ); Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ); Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ); Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Body-checking Questionnaire (BCQ). Data was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 21. A significant positive association was observed between experiential avoidance, thought suppression, meta-cognition, and body-checking while self-compassion showed reverse association with these variables. The body-checking outcome was significantly negatively predicted by self-compassionate attitude and positively by thought suppression in both groups (i.e., pregnant and postpartum). The experiential avoidance positively predicted body-checking among women in post-partum group only. Moreover, a mediating association of experiential avoidance and a moderating effect of self-compassion (self-kindness and common humanity) and meta-cognition (positive beliefs about worry and need to control thought) were also observed to moderate between thought suppression and body-checking outcomes. The study concluded that experiential avoidance and thought suppression contribute in developing body-checking behaviors among women who are pregnant or at postpartum stage of maternity. In addition, self-compassion and meta-cognition moderate this association with self-compassion playing potential buffer.

Loose and Tight: Creative Formation but Rigid Use of Nominal Compounds in Conspiracist Texts

ABSTRACTConspiracy theories (CTs) are spectacular narratives, widely spread, that pose societal threats. We test whether CTs might be linguistically creative products, which would facilitate their transmission and thereby account for their widespread popularity. We analyzed nominal compounds (e.g., mind control, carbon dioxide; N = 1,713,568) from a large corpus of conspiracist and mainstream texts matched by topic. In conspiracist texts, compounds showed greater originality, divergence, and sophistication, but they were used with lower frequency and were more often repeated in different contexts. This pattern suggests a creative aspect in the generation of compounds, coupled with rigidity in their use. We interpret these findings as an effect of loosely defined conceptual boundaries among conspiracist writers, in conjunction with social functions like status or group signaling. Our findings not only contribute to the discourse on creativity in CTs but also provide insights into the communicative advantage of CTs.

Mind Control and Abused-Related Suicide: The Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in China

Mind control is a new form of intimate partner violence. It involves the abuser verbally humiliating and intimidating his or her partner in order to increase his or her emotional dependence. The consequences are self-doubt or self-denial on the part of the abused person, fear of resisting the abuser, or even self-mutilation or suicide at the abuser's instigation. Recently, a Chinese court ruled in a case where mind control led to the suicide of his girlfriend, sentencing the defendant, Mu Linhan, to three years and two months in prison for abuse. This case brings the form of violence known as mind control officially into the public view. In this case, the court made a breakthrough in determining that a non-marital cohabitation relationship establishes a family member relationship, and recognized the causality of mind control on suicide. In recent years, China has effectively contributed to the protection of women's rights and interests through the Anti-Domestic Violence Law and criminal law. However, shortcomings in the law limit the ability of rules to combat domestic violence. China should introduce additional criminal law provisions on new forms of domestic violence and improve the scope of criminal law regulation of domestic violence offences.

Mind control in zombie flies: Q&A with Carolyn Elya

Mind control in zombie flies: Q&A with Carolyn Elya

Comparison of Behavioral Systems and Thought Control in Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Major Depression, Panic Disorder, and Healthy Individuals

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare behavioral systems and thought control among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, panic disorder, and healthy individuals. Methods and Materials: The method of the current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-post-event in terms of implementation. The study population included all individuals attending neurology and psychiatry clinics in Qom during 2021-2022. In this study, a total of 200 individuals were selected as the sample (individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder: 50, individuals with major depression: 50, individuals with panic disorder: 50, and healthy individuals: 50) using a non-random and convenient sampling method. The research tools included the Carver and White (1994) Behavioral Systems Questionnaires and the Wells and Davies (1994) Thought Control Questionnaire. The research data were analyzed using the SPSS-24 statistical software, through descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically the multivariate analysis of variance. Findings: The results of the analysis indicated that behavioral systems and thought control vary among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, panic disorder, and healthy individuals. Conclusion: Therefore, in the current study, thought control varies among individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depression, panic disorder, and healthy individuals.

Beyond the Bedroom: How Resilience and Thought Control Influence Sexual Satisfaction

This study aimed to explore the predictive relationships between resilience, thought control, and sexual satisfaction among adults in romantic relationships. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 450 participants through validated scales measuring sexual satisfaction (Index of Sexual Satisfaction), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale), and thought control (Thought Control Questionnaire). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 to examine the predictive value of resilience and thought control on sexual satisfaction. The regression analysis revealed that both resilience (β = 0.29, p < 0.01) and thought control (β = 0.30, p < 0.01) significantly predicted sexual satisfaction, accounting for 49% of the variance in sexual satisfaction scores. The findings suggest a substantial relationship between these psychological constructs and sexual satisfaction. The study underscores the importance of resilience and thought control as significant predictors of sexual satisfaction. These findings highlight the need for incorporating psychological resilience and cognitive strategies into interventions aimed at enhancing sexual well-being in intimate relationships.

Patterns of Brain Activity in Aggressors: A Meta-Analysis Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Decision-Making and Emotional Regulation

The cognitive and emotional processes involved in criminal behavior are varied and complex. Decision-making, inhibitory control, emotional processing, empathy and theory of mind, and emotional regulation are some of the key processes involved. Studies using functional neuroimaging have identified distinct patterns of brain activity in regions associated with these processes, providing clues about the mechanisms underlying criminal behavior. For example, differences in activation of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala have been observed in aggressors compared to nonaggressors during tasks involving moral judgment and impulsivity. These findings underscore the importance of neuroscience in investigating the cognitive and emotional processes underlying criminal behavior, offering valuable insights for theory and practice in the fields of criminology and criminal justice.

Incarcerated Body and Political Self in Tek Nath Rijal’s Torture Killing Me Softly: Bhutan Through the Eyes of Mind Control Victim

Tek Nath Rijal’s prison narrative Torture Killing Me Softly: Bhutan Through the Eyes of Mind Control Victim narrates the story of a Bhutanese captive in one’s own state. The prison narrative describes the holocaust-type imprisoned life and state tortured politically willed refugee. The captive accuses the state for secretly monitoring, and manipulating his state of mind through some highly sophisticated, lethal and anti-human ultra-modern “Mind Control Machine” (specific title is unavailable in the narratives). Adds on, the captive is seen to be fighting with his state-owned body’s involuntary actions through his own body’s voluntary conscience. The fight between voluntarily and involuntarily controlled self becomes so confusing that it brings readers doubt his objective narration. As the sociologist Anthony Giddens concerns that in the time of high modernity individuals reflect on their self-body to define the reliable sense of identity and sane-self, the captive’s narration attempts to justify the his sanity and ‘politically correct self’. The captive’s allegation on the machine-technology for reconstructing his body restrains him into a controlled and split subject.

Betting flexibly: the utilization of knowledge in cockfighting in the Philippines

ABSTRACT This paper explores how people make decisions to bet in cockfighting in the Philippines. Although extensive research has addressed skill and luck in gambling, mainly from a psychological standpoint, relatively little attention has been given to the ways in which gamblers adeptly manipulate these aspects to guide their betting practices. To reveal the complexity and dynamics of such practices, this study illustrates how extensive knowledge, particularly that related to roosters and luck, is applied in making betting decisions through an ethnographic methodology based on participant observation in three sites and interviews with six cockfighters. By coding the obtained data, broadly three approaches are revealed in their betting behavior: business-oriented mind, rooster evaluation, and luck control. The main findings are that while using accumulated knowledge of roosters to make informed bets is a legitimate strategy, experiencing a series of defeats motivates cockfighters to consider the role of luck and take steps to manage its fluctuations. Their betting decisions emerge in the relationships among cockfighters, roosters, and the environment of the cockpit. This connection between the human and non-human is constantly in flux, thereby leading to the generation and transformation of the knowledge relied upon by cockfighters in each bet.

A Comparative Study of Medieval Religious Spirituality: Bonaventure’s Theory of Six Stages of Spirituality and Śaṅkara’s Sixfold Practice Theory of Advaita Vedānta

In medieval India, the desire for “the unity of Brahman and Self” was present in the Vedānta tradition of Hinduism. Adi Śaṅkara, the master of Vedānta philosophy, proposed the six-fold sādhana: mind control, sense control, mental tranquility, endurance, potential faith, and concentration. These six-fold practices can help Vedānta followers realize unity with Brahman. In medieval Christianity, mysticism was regarded as an important path for Christians to seek a closer relationship with God. Pursuing “the unity of God and man” became the goal and direction of Christians at that time, which could be achieved through spirituality. Bonaventure, known as the Seraphic Doctor, was a representative figure of medieval Christian mysticism. He proposed six stages of spirituality: Sense, Imagination, Reason, Intelligence, Understanding, and Spark of Conscience, through which one can achieve unity with God. This article attempts to compare Bonaventure’s theory of six stages of spirituality with Śaṅkara’s idea of six-fold practice and discover the similarities and differences between Eastern and Western religious spirituality in the Middle Ages. Through this comparison, we can further explore the medieval religious believers’ desire for ultimate reality and try to find the possibility of dialogue between Christianity and Advaita Vedānta.

Reflections of Social Issues in Lithuanian Ober Ost Periodicals Published During The First World War

This article presents a discussion of the perception and reflection of the so-called ‘social question’ or ‘social problems’ in Lithuanian Ober Ost periodicals during the First World War. The time of this war acts as a natural bridge between two different periods, where the prewar Lithuanian context was noted to have an exclusively public discourse on social issues, while as the war was ending, the foundations started being laid for social security policy in the hands of the Lithuanian state. Despite this, the war years in Lithuania, and especially the period under German occupation, have been poorly researched in terms of social issues. First of all, it is important to ascertain how (or whether) prewar social issues were reflected among Lithuanians under the German occupation, how this population related to the new problems of the war years, and generally speaking, what the prewar social discourse tendencies (or even the fate of the social discourse) under the new circumstances were. The specifics of the German occupation, primarily the total mind control of society, coupled with unprecedented censorship, determined that these questions will be discussed on the basis of the Lithuanian periodical press in particular. Ever since the first three Lithuanian periodicals started being published at the end of 1917, it has been more or less possible to identify the coverage of particular rubrics and topics, their differences, and their tendencies in the sphere of social issues. At first, the social discourse unfolded in these periodicals very cautiously and modestly, but after the lifting of censorship restrictions on 15 October 1918, the situation changed markedly. By the end of 1918, publications were already competing against each other in terms of their coverage of topics and the openness of their opinions. Social topics in these publications became differentiated and structured, with independent discourses standing out according to different spheres, e.g. on issues such as land reform and the situation of workers.

The dynamic causality brain network reflects whether the working memory is solidified.

Working memory, which is foundational to higher cognitive function, is the "sketchpad of volitional control." Successful working memory is the inevitable outcome of the individual's active control and manipulation of thoughts and turning them into internal goals during which the causal brain processes information in real time. However, little is known about the dynamic causality among distributed brain regions behind thought control that underpins successful working memory. In our present study, given that correct responses and incorrect ones did not differ in either contralateral delay activity or alpha suppression, further rooting on the high-temporal-resolution EEG time-varying directed network analysis, we revealed that successful working memory depended on both much stronger top-down connections from the frontal to the temporal lobe and bottom-up linkages from the occipital to the temporal lobe, during the early maintenance period, as well as top-down flows from the frontal lobe to the central areas as the delay behavior approached. Additionally, the correlation between behavioral performance and casual interactions increased over time, especially as memory-guided delayed behavior approached. Notably, when using the network metrics as features, time-resolved multiple linear regression of overall behavioral accuracy was exactly achieved as delayed behavior approached. These results indicate that accurate memory depends on dynamic switching of causal network connections and shifting to more task-related patterns during which the appropriate intervention may help enhance memory.

안전권에 대한 헌법적 고찰

‘Freedom’ can be defined as the absence of physical and psychological coercion, and ‘safety’ can be defined as the absence of danger and risk. Danger and risk can lead to undesirable and forcible restrictions on personal freedom. In this respect, security can be said to be a prerequisite for individual freedom. The fundamental right to safety can be said to be an unwritten fundamental right that is recognized even if it is not explicitly stipulated in the Constitution. However, if it is not stipulated in the Constitution, it may be difficult for the Constitutional Court to make a decision on the right to security as a fundamental right. Public safety is an important legal interest and national task that the state must protect. Regarding the legal nature of safety, there are views that view it as a ‘public interest’ and views that view it as a ‘national task.’ Even if the legal nature of safety is viewed as a public interest or national task, it is not a reason to deny the fundamental right to safety. In a situation where security is threatened, the fundamental right as an effective right specified in the Constitution can no longer be understood as an effective right, and may be subordinated to the ‘fundamental right to security’, which is abstract and has the upper hand in balancing test.
 Freedom and security are compatible only when the legislator regulates the content of the law as clearly as possible and ensures legal stability in accordance with the pro- visions of each pre-structured national legal order. From this perspective, the principle of clarity in the rule of law can guarantee legal stability and properly perform the function of guaranteeing freedom when the offender has predictability and substantive and content clarity. In this case, a constitutional balance between freedom and safety can be achieved.
 However, in areas where uncertainty reigns, such as science and technology law and communications law, pre-structured substantive and content laws seek to protect the current legal status by preventing danger and risks. As open legal norms such as the Science and Technology Act and the Communications Act continue to develop, they lose control of legal norms because they use legal concepts and legal terms that are not defined in existing laws. Unclearness of the law in terms of substance and content causes the absence of standards for the content of the law, weakens its binding force, and inevitably leads to uncertainty about the existence of the law. In situations of uncertainty in relation to these areas, it follows that freedom can no longer be guaranteed by safety. This is because safety guarantees based on content-related laws always face limitations.

For they know (not) what they do: German studies on mind control, targeted personality splitting and induced amnesias.

For they know (not) what they do<b>: German studies on mind control, targeted personality splitting and induced amnesias.</b>

Neural Systems Underlying the Implementation of Working Memory Removal Operations.

Recently, multi-voxel pattern analysis has verified that information can be removed from working memory (WM) via three distinct operations replacement, suppression, or clearing compared to information being maintained ( Kim et al., 2020). While univariate analyses and classifier importance maps in Kim et al. (2020) identified brain regions that contribute to these operations, they did not elucidate whether these regions represent the operations similarly or uniquely. Using Leiden-community-detection on a sample of 55 humans (17 male), we identified four brain networks, each of which has a unique configuration of multi-voxel activity patterns by which it represents these WM operations. The visual network (VN) shows similar multi-voxel patterns for maintain and replace, which are highly dissimilar from suppress and clear, suggesting this network differentiates whether an item is held in WM or not. The somatomotor network (SMN) shows a distinct multi-voxel pattern for clear relative to the other operations, indicating the uniqueness of this operation. The default mode network (DMN) has distinct patterns for suppress and clear, but these two operations are more similar to each other than to maintain and replace, a pattern intermediate to that of the VN and SMN. The frontoparietal control network (FPCN) displays distinct multi-voxel patterns for each of the four operations, suggesting that this network likely plays an important role in implementing these WM operations. These results indicate that the operations involved in removing information from WM can be performed in parallel by distinct brain networks, each of which has a particular configuration by which they represent these operations.

Sattvavajaya Chikitsa: Need of Today’s Era

Speed, accuracy and over ambitiousness are the prime demands of today’s metaphysical society. People can’t even pay attention to their physical and mental health. Irregular food habits, suppression of natural urges, insomnia are becoming the part and parcel of today’s life, giving rise to psychosomatic disorders. Ayurveda, the ancient system of Indian medicine evolved through millennium contains clear potentials of the modern understanding of natural science. Inspire of its historically inevitable beginnings, the science took in the ancient period itself the momentous step from the magic-religious therapeutics to rational therapeutics i.e., in the terminology of physicians themselves from Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa to Sattvavajaya Chikitsa. Ayurveda has considered the mental and physical diseases as two separate specialized subjects in certain contexts. However, no line of demarcation has been drawn between the physical and mental diseases and a flexible psychosomatic approach has been put forward. Ayurveda emphasizes its treatment modalities into three Chikitsa viz., Sattvavajaya Chikitsa, Yuktivyapashraya and Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa. Sattvavajaya is the mental restraint, or a “mind control” as referred by Charaka, is achieved through “spiritual knowledge, philosophy, fortitude, remembrance, and concentration. Health regimens as (Swasthvritta), good conduct (Sadvritta), and yoga acts as a traditional mental health promoting practices.

Research on the Impact of Cultural Values on Social Interaction in Chinese Education

Confucianism, a philosophy and belief system founded by Confucius in ancient China, emphasizes the importance of having a good moral character. Cultural values are deeply embedded in the daily interactions of Chinese people. Unfortunately, some Confucian ethics have been misinterpreted and become a tool of "mind control," which tends to control one's thoughts and insert unwanted thoughts in others. This study aims to highlight the issues in Chinese education concepts that are heavily influenced by cultural values and the psychological concept of mind control, as well as how they impact children's psychological development and behaviors. It also offers some recommendations on how to create a good learning environment. It can be concluded that cultural values significantly impact social interaction in China.

SOSIALISASI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR. 44 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG PORNOGRAFI DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA

The aim of this community service activity is to provide an explanation to students regarding the criminal provisions in Law no. 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography and building positive perceptions and behavior of students related to pornography issues. Pornography is prohibited in the law, intended as a way to prevent the younger generation, including students, from doing things that are prohibited in the law. In theory, this idea is supported by von Fuerbach's theory of psychological coercion, namely prohibitions and threats. Criminal law will prevent people from committing acts that are prohibited by law.&#x0D; The method used in this service activity is the lecture method by opening up space for discussion.&#x0D; The results of community service showed that based on the explanation given to the students who were the target of this activity, the majority of students were satisfied with the activity. With this activity, students became aware of how important the existence of a law is. Knowledge of criminal sanctions has influenced their psychology to obey the law. Thus, the theory of psychological coercion states that the existence of criminal sanctions in the law has influenced the psychology of members of society so that they are prevented from committing crimes. Apart from that, awareness has also arisen to participate in preventing and taking action against pornography cases.&#x0D; Keywords: Socialization, Law Number 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography, Students.