TB Control Research Articles

Implementation of the Pulmonary TB Control Program in Noebeba Health Centre, Noebeba District, South Central Timor Regency

Angka penemuan kasus TB Paru di Puskesmas Noebeba masih rendah dan belum mencapai target minimal nasional yang ditetapkan yaitu 70%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan program pengendalian TB Paru di Puskesmas Noebeba Kecamatan Noebeba Kabupaten TTS Tahun 2021. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Informan pada penelitian berjumlah 4 orang yaitu Kepala Puskesmas/Dokter, Pengelola Program TB, dan 2 Perawat yang ditentukan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling berdasarkan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Kriteria dalam penelitian ini yaitu orang-orang yang terlibat langsung dalam program pengendalian TB Paru di Puskesmas Noebeba dan bersedia menjadi informan penelitian. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2021 hingga Januari 2022. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Puskesmas mengalami kekurangan dana dan mikroskop belum tersedia, kesulitan ekonomi untuk biaya transportasi pemeriksaan, kurangnya pengetahuan dan kesadaran masyarakat untuk mau berobat atau memeriksakan dirinya ke Puskesmas. Diharapkan lebih meningkatkan upaya penemuan kasus secara aktif, pengadaan mikroskop, dan penyuluhan.

Economy, Service Distance and Physical Impairment as the Main Factors of Non-Adherence of Tuberculosis Patients in Districts/Cities

Increased treatment adherence in tuberculosis patients can control and reduce the incidence of tuberculosis, thereby improving the quality of life of the community. TB control must be carried out jointly by involving all levels of society, including health workers, community organizations, religious organizations, government, and the private sector. Compliance of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in taking medication is the key to successful tuberculosis treatment. This study aimed to explore the main indicators causing non-compliance of tuberculosis patients in taking the medication regularly. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and then analyzed with Atlas. ti. The informants in this study consisted of fifteen people consisting of five people with tuberculosis, five patients' families, and five health workers. The results of this study found three themes, namely (1) Economy, (2) Distance of service, and (3) Impact of disease. It was concluded that these three indicators are the most important things that cause patients to finally decide to stop taking medicine even though they are basically willing to comply and routinely take medicine every day. It is suggested that there should be good cooperation between Puskesmas officers, village midwives, and village officials to facilitate this problem indicator.

Prevalence and predictive factors of tuberculosis treatment interruption in the Asia region: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) treatment interruption remains a critical challenge leading to poor treatment outcomes. Two-thirds of global new TB cases are mostly contributed by Asian countries, prompting systematic analysis of predictors...

Trends of Tuberculosis Prevalence, Treatment and Prevention Efforts in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State

Background: Tuberculosis is still rampant in Nigeria, and contributes significantly to TB burden globally. This study was conducted with the main objective of determining the trends of TB prevalence, treatment and preventive efforts by the government of Bayelsa State, and providing insight into the level of progress in the fight against TB in the State. Methods: It is a retrospective study of TB programme data consisting of 10,512 patients who accessed healthcare services at the health facilities from 2017 to 2021. Enrolment registers, TB Treatment registers, Test Result Request Forms and Laboratory registers were consulted to obtain accurate data. Additionally, observation of the processes at the various health facilities and the review of TB programme documents, including periodic reports, training manuals, presentation slides and the Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials were conducted to garner information about TB prevention and control efforts in the state. Results: This study finds that there is a consistent reduction in TB prevalence rates from 2017 (23.2%) to 2021 (17.6%). The average cumulative five-year prevalence for all TB cases is 22.4% and 2.8% for Drug-Resistant TB (DR-TB). The results further indicated that less females (9.3%) than males (13.8%) were infected with TB (p<0.05), while the age group 25-34 years recorded the highest TB prevalence. The study participants had a mean age of 31.67 ± 18.59 years. There is a strong evidence that difference in prevalence is statistically significant across sex/gender (X2 = 22.011, df = 4, p-value = 0.0002), age groups (F(7, 24) = 13.871, p = 0.0001), and years ((F(4, 24) = 80.925, p = 0.0001). TB Treatment initiation rate is optimal but declined by 1.7% in 2021. Conclusion: TB Prevalence in Yenagoa is high and intensified TB Case finding, contact tracing efforts are necessary to quickly curb transmission rate. Systematic screening and presumptive TB identification appears inadequate compared to the number of TB cases detected each year.

Knowledge of Tuberculosis, Services of TB Control Programme and Associated Socio-Demographic Inequity among Rural Participants of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India: A Cross Sectional Study

Knowledge of Tuberculosis, Services of TB Control Programme and Associated Socio-Demographic Inequity among Rural Participants of Jaipur, Rajasthan, India: A Cross Sectional Study

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19 НА ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ СИТУАЦИЮ ПО ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗУ В РЕГИОНЕ С ВЫСОКОЙ РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬЮ ВИЧ-ИНФЕКЦИИ

The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological situation of tuberculosis during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021) in comparison with the pre-pandemic period in a region with high prevalence of HIV infection. We studied the official statistical data on the major TB control indicators in Kemerovo region; we also studied the dynamics of the major epidemiological rates of TB and HIV infection in Kemerovo region (Kuzbass) in 2007–2021. We established a decrease in TB incidence by 24.8% in 2019–2021 along with a growing share of new TB cases with lung tissue destruction and sputum positivity, an increasing share of fibrocavernous pulmonary TB among new TB cases, and a decrease in TB detection by fluorography screening by 60% within 2 years (2019–2020). From 2019 through 2020 we observed a significant decrease (by 28.5%) in HIV infection incidence; in 2021 this tendency persisted (32.2%). TB/HIV incidence decreased by 22% in 2019–2020, and by additional 2.3% in 2021. Considering the significant decrease in TB and HIV infection incidence along with an increasing share of severe forms of TB/HIV among new cases, we believe that it is necessary to take complex measures to intensify screening of risk groups for TB/HIV in order to prevent negative consequences of restrictions related to COVID-19, which have resulted in lower coverage of the population by preventive screening in the region with tense epidemiological situation of TB/HIV infection.

Tuberculosis Elimination: Importance of Environmental Control and Creation of Carbon Neutral Hospitals and Sanatoriums

Tuberculosis is planned to be eliminated by 2035 using the end TB strategy by WHO. The strategy has moved on from the concept of TB control using microbiological methods of detection and therapy towards elimination strategies by addressing the social determinants of Tuberculosis. One such area of focus is environmental control and preventing the airborne spread of infection. The importance of environmental engineering and the creation of Carbon neutral hospitals as part of the Tuberculosis elimination strategy is discussed.

Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy in The Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients of Kashmir Valley

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) strains are a significant threat to global TB control. Due to a lack of resources and inadequate healthcare infrastructure, it is difficult to identify and monitor drug resistance situations in low and middle-income nations. The study aimed to evaluate the anti-tuberculosis therapy regimen in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients of the mountainous valley of Kashmir. The current study was carried out at Government Medical College, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chest Diseases Hospital (CDH), Srinagar, Kashmir. A total of 1100 suspected tuberculosis subjects were included in the study, and out of 1100 TB subjects, 195 were documented medication resistance cases. Of the total 1100 Line Probe Assay (LPA) tests done, 69 (6.2%) such samples in the Tuberculosis band were absent. Of the real samples tested by LPA, Tuberculosis band (TUB) was present in 1031 samples (93.7%), of which 24 (2.3%) were multidrugresistant (MDR), 121 (11.7%) were rifampicin mono-resistant, 42 (4.0%) were isoniazid mono-resistant, 8 (0.77%) were extensively drugresistant (XDR), and 836 (81%) samples were pan-sensitive. Smoking remained an independent risk factor for poor treatment outcomes in the multivariate analysis (p-value = 0.014, OR = 4.356, 95% CI [1.425�12.45]). This study found a low incidence of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB). Most of the cases were resistant to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Special attention should be paid to high-risk DR-TB patients to improve treatment results even further. Further studies are recommended with a large sample size.

How to establishing an indicators framework for evaluating the performances in primary TB control institutions under the new TB control model? Based on a Delphi study conducted in Guangxi, China

BackgroundIn China, the new TB control model of trinity form had been implemented in all parts, and the comprehensively evaluation to the performances in primary TB control institutions were closely related to the working capacity and quality of TB service, but there was still no an unified evaluation indicators framework in practice and few relevant studies. The purpose of this study was to establish an indicators framework for comprehensively evaluating the performances in primary TB control institutions under the new TB control model of trinity form in Guangxi, China.MethodsThe Delphi method was used to establish an indicators framework for comprehensively evaluating the performances in primary TB control institutions under the new TB control model of trinity form, and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) was used to determine the weights of all levels of indicators, from September 2021 to December 2021 in Guangxi, China.ResultsA total of 14 experts who had at least 10 years working experience and engaged in TB prevention and control and public health management from health committee, CDC, TB designated hospitals and university of Guangxi were consulted in two rounds. The average age of the experts were (43.3 ± 7.549) years old, and the effective recovery rate of the questionnaire was 100.0%. The average value of authority coefficient of experts (Cr) in the two rounds of consultation was above 0.800. The Kendall’s harmony coefficient (W) of experts’ opinions on the first-level indicators, the second-level indicators and the third-level indicators were 0.786, 0.201 and 0.169, respectively, which were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Finally, an indicators framework was established, which included 2 first-level indicators, 10 second-level indicators and 37 third-level indicators. The results of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) showed that the consistency test of all levels of indicators were CI < 0.10, which indicating that the weight of each indicator was acceptable.ConclusionThe indicators framework established in this study was in line with the reality, had reasonable weights, and could provide a scientific evaluation tool for comprehensively evaluating the performances in primary TB control institutions under the new TB control model of trinity form in Guangxi, China.

Anti-tuberculosis drug development via targeting the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a dynamic cell envelope, which consists of a peptidoglycan layer, a mycolic acid layer, and an arabinogalactan polysaccharide. This envelope possesses a highly complex and unique structure representing a barrier that protects and assists the growth of M. tuberculosis and allows its adaptation to the host. It regulates the immune response of the host cells, causing their damage. Therefore, the cell envelope of M. tuberculosis is an attractive target for vaccine and drug development. The emergence of multidrug-resistant as well as extensively drug resistant tuberculosis and co-infection with HIV prevented an effective control of this disease. Thus, the discovery and development of new drugs is a major keystone for TB treatment and control. This review mainly summarizes the development of drug enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the cell wall in M. tuberculosis, and other potential drug targets in this pathway, to provide more effective strategies for the development of new drugs.

Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineages and Drug Resistance in Upper Myanmar.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is divided into 9 whole genome sequencing (WGS) lineages. Among them, lineages 1−4 are widely distributed. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health threat. For effective TB control, there is a need to obtain genetic information on lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and to understand distribution of lineages and drug resistance. This study aimed to describe the distribution of major lineages and drug resistance patterns of Mtb in Upper Myanmar. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 506 sequenced isolates. We found that the most common lineage was lineage 2 (n = 223, 44.1%). The most common drug resistance mutation found was streptomycin (n = 44, 8.7%). Lineage 2 showed a higher number of MDR-TB compared to other lineages. There were significant associations between lineages of Mtb and drug resistance patterns, and between lineages and geographical locations of Upper Myanmar (p value < 0.001). This information on the distribution of Mtb lineages across the geographical areas will support a lot for the better understanding of TB transmission and control in Myanmar and other neighboring countries. Therefore, closer collaboration in cross border tuberculosis control is recommended.

Tuberculosis treatment outcomes among pulmonary TB patients attending public hospitals in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria: a four-year retrospective study

BackgroundIn Nigeria, effective case management and evaluation of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes are an integral part of controlling the spread of infectious diseases. The study reviewed the treatment outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis and the factors associated with rates of successful and unsuccessful treatment outcomes in the 21 referral hospitals in Kebbi State, Nigeria.MethodsDocumented records of pulmonary tuberculosis patients from January 2018 to December 2021 in 21 Local Area Councils in Kebbi State, Northern Nigeria were reviewed. A structured questionnaire collated the socio-demographic and clinical data from the documented records. Descriptive statistics were used to compute and analyse the outcomes of successful and unsuccessful treatment. Logistic regression models were used to determine the association of socio-demographic and clinical data with the unsuccessful treatment outcomes.ResultsThe study reviewed data from 6114 records of TB patients. 1161 (18.9%) started treatment, 963 (82.9%) were males and 198 (17.1%) were females. Of the 1161 patients, 985 (18.2%) had documented treatment outcomes. 932 of 985 (95.1%) had a pulmonary infection. 64 (5.8%) patients with documented treatment outcomes were HIV seropositive. 903 (91.7%) were successfully treated, and 82 (8.3%) failed. Of the patients with failed treatment outcomes, 15 (1.5%) were lost to follow-up, 43 (4.4%) defaulted and 24 (2.4%) died. In the logistic analysis, the odds of unsuccessful treatment outcomes were higher among elderly patients (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.37–2.92), patients with extrapulmonary infections (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.12–5.39), and with old cases of pulmonary TB (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.47–7.19) when compared to their groups.ConclusionsThe study reported a treatment success rate of 91.7% among TB patients attending public hospitals in Kebbi State. The outcome was higher than the projected success rate of 85% set by the WHO. However, one-fourth of the total patients reviewed were not documented for treatment. Therefore, the need to design an appropriate recruitment strategy to identify and enrol those patients for an effective and successful TB control program in Nigeria.

District characteristics: Household economic status of families diagnosed with tuberculosis in Indonesia.

The 2016 Global TB Report stated that only 35.3% of people with TB were reported in Indonesia from around 1,020,000 estimated incidents. This of course makes the risk of people with TB who have not been found to transmit the disease will increase. Of all districts in Indonesia, not all of them have good TB case finding coverage rates. Many factors lead to this, resulting in inequality in the discovery and reporting of TB cases. It is important to know the characteristics of districts with households diagnosed with TB. The research using secondary data analysis using Riskesdas 2013 data and 2014 Podes data studied the characteristics of districts with households diagnosed with TB in Indonesia. The results showed that there was an influence of district characteristics with the proportion of low economic households (0.6%) on the characteristics of districts with households diagnosed with TB. This study suggests strengthening programs related to TB prevention and control efforts in at-risk households and as a basis for sharpening intervention priorities based on the level of TB epidemics in districts/cities.

Assessment Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Tuberculosis Among Syrian People: An online cross-sectional study

Background: TB was reported to have the highest mortality rate among other infectious diseases in 2018 worldwide. Syria and other low-income countries have a higher incidence rate of TB in comparison to high-income countries. Stigma toward TB is extremely high in low-income countries like Syria, and these stigma delays patients from seeking healthcare facilities. Our purpose in this study is to assess the Syrian's knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward TB and understand their Practice related to this disease. &#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: An online cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed between15 September 7 October 2022, among Syrians to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward TB. This questionnaire was adapted from a published study, and the inclusion criteria were all male and female Syrian citizens aged 18 or above. The survey was divided into four questions: the first section assessed sociodemographics, and the other sections were about knowledge, attitude, and practices, respectively. Using IBM SPSS V. 28.0, the data were submitted to descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: About (38.6%) of the 1407 participants in this research were male. The research participants' knowledge scores indicated that 78.1% have excellent knowledge. However, 54.1% of interviewees agreed that shaking someone's hand may transmit tuberculosis. Regarding attitude, more than two-thirds (85.7%) of the participants in the survey had an optimistic outlook. Accordingly, most participants (81.3%) had effective TB preventive and control practices. Participants aged 61 to 70 had more TB knowledge than other age groups (P value&lt;0.05; mean=6.63, SD=1.13). Participants with chronic illness had a more positive attitude toward tuberculosis than those without (P value&lt;0.05) (mean=2.17, SD=0.63). Participants with a university degree demonstrated more TB practice than those with lower levels of education (mean=6.17, SD=0.85). Participants with a university degree were expected to have 4.38 times more TB knowledge than those without formal education (P 0.05). Participants with a university degree were projected to practice tuberculosis 10.63 times more often than those without education (P 0.001).&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: Our results indicate that there is poor knowledge regarding the route of transmission of TB; therefore, more efforts should be made to raise awareness about TB transmission, as understanding these facts is a crucial aspect in mitigating the incidence of TB. Consequently, individuals reported poor practices toward TB; for that reason, educating individuals about good practices toward TB should take priority in Syria as war has destroyed the understructure of the healthcare system.

Equipes de Atenção Primária Prisional e a notificação de tuberculose no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil

Abstract This paper aims to describe the implementation process of the Prison Primary Care Teams in Rio Grande do Sul, the frequency of tuberculosis notifications in people deprived of liberty, and their chronological relationship. This documentary research is nested in a descriptive cross-sectional study of historical series. We analyzed the decrees on the qualification of Prison Primary Care Teams, the number, and the year of notification of tuberculosis cases from the National System of Notifiable Diseases from 2014 to 2020. The state of Rio Grande do Sul pioneered prison health municipalization and shared financing, which resulted in the implementation of 45 teams, covering approximately 54.5% of people deprived of liberty a closed regime. The teams notified 5,175 cases of tuberculosis from 2014 to 2020, with a progressive increase in the notification of cases and the implementation of new teams. The strategy of implementing Prison Primary Care Teams driven by the National Comprehensive Health Care Policy for People Deprived of Liberty in the Prison System was crucial for increasing TB diagnosis, notification, and control in Rio Grande do Sul.

Primary Prison Care Teams and tuberculosis notification in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil.

This paper aims to describe the implementation process of the Prison Primary Care Teams in Rio Grande do Sul, the frequency of tuberculosis notifications in people deprived of liberty, and their chronological relationship. This documentary research is nested in a descriptive cross-sectional study of historical series. We analyzed the decrees on the qualification of Prison Primary Care Teams, the number, and the year of notification of tuberculosis cases from the National System of Notifiable Diseases from 2014 to 2020. The state of Rio Grande do Sul pioneered prison health municipalization and shared financing, which resulted in the implementation of 45 teams, covering approximately 54.5% of people deprived of liberty a closed regime. The teams notified 5,175 cases of tuberculosis from 2014 to 2020, with a progressive increase in the notification of cases and the implementation of new teams. The strategy of implementing Prison Primary Care Teams driven by the National Comprehensive Health Care Policy for People Deprived of Liberty in the Prison System was crucial for increasing TB diagnosis, notification, and control in Rio Grande do Sul.

Genetic mutations underlying isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major public health issue in Pakistan. Isoniazid is a first-line pro-drug that requires activation through an enzyme called catalase peroxidase, but is subject to widespread resistance, driven by mutations in katG and inhA genes and other loci with compensatory effects (e.g., ahpC). Here, we used whole genome sequencing data from 51 M. tuberculosis isolates collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (years 2016–2019; all isoniazid phenotypically resistant) to investigate the genetic diversity of mutations in isoniazid candidate genes. The most common mutations underlying resistance were katG S315T (37/51), fabG1 -15C>T (13/51; inhA promoter), and inhA −154G>A (7/51). Other less common mutations (n < 5) were also identified in katG (R128Q, V1A, W505*, A109T, D311G) and candidate compensatory genes ahpC (−54C>T, −51G>A) and oxyS (M249T). Using DynaMut2 software, the mutants exhibited various degrees of stability and flexibility on protein structures, with some katG mutations leading to a decrease in KatG protein flexibility. Overall, the characterisation of circulating isoniazid resistant-linked mutations will assist in drug resistant TB management and control activities in a highly endemic area of Pakistan.

Spatial distribution and computational modeling for mapping of tuberculosis in Pakistan.

Tuberculosis (TB) like many other infectious diseases has a strong relationship with climatic parameters. The present study has been carried out on the newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB cases reported to National TB Control Program across Pakistan from 2007 to 2020. In this study, spatial and temporal distribution of the disease was observed through detailed district wise mapping and clustered regions were also identified. Potential risk factors associated with this disease depending upon population and climatic variables, i.e. temperature and precipitation were also identified. Nationwide, the incidence rate of TB was observed to be rising from 7.03% to 11.91% in the years 2007-2018, which then started to decline. However, a declining trend was observed after 2018-2020. The most populous provinces, Punjab and Sindh, have reported maximum number of cases and showed a temporal association as the climatic temperature of these two provinces is higher with comparison to other provinces. Machine learning algorithms Maxent, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Environmental Distance (ED) and Climate Space Model (CSM) predict high risk of the disease with14.02%, 24.75%, 34.81% and 43.89% area, respectively. SVM has a higher significant probability of prediction in the diseased area with a 1.86 partial receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) value as compared with other models.

Healthcare Workers' Perception of Measures to Reduce the Risk of New Tuberculosis Infections: A Qualitative Study Report.

Tuberculosis, which is an infectious airborne disease remained the main leading cause of death in South Africa for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018. In 2020 alone, the country had an estimated 328,000 people who suffered from TB, with 61,000 dying from it. Collins Chabane Municipality had 129 and 192 new TB cases recorded in 2017 and 2018, respectively, which is far from reaching the END TB STRATEGY targets. WHO scientific evidence demonstrates that TB control measures are effective in reducing the spread and development of new cases. Though scientific evidence revealed negative attitudes towards the recommended TB control measures in public hospitals of the Vhembe district, a deeper understanding of these attitudes is needed to remedy the situation. This study aimed to describe healthcare workers' perceptions of TB control measures at Collins Chabane Municipality in South Africa. A qualitative, exploratory case study design was adopted. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select both the healthcare facilities and the participants. Only 24 healthcare workers trained on tuberculosis management were voluntarily recruited. However, data were saturated at the twelfth (12) participant purposively selected from six healthcare facilities of Collins Chabane Municipality. Data collected through unstructured in-depth individual interviews were analyzed thematically. The proposal for this study was ethically cleared by the University of Venda Ethics Committee (SHS/20/PDC/35/1111). Results indicate that TB administrative, environmental and respiratory control measures are well understood by health workers even though there are challenges with implementation concerning some, such as closing windows during winter, UVGI lights that are non-functional and taking too long to be fixed, no specimen collection during weekends and holidays thereby delaying TB diagnosis and lack of skills concerning how to use respirators and cough etiquette. The Vhembe district TB control programme should intensify infection control training and continue monitoring giving the needed support.

How Do Private Providers Unaffiliated With the Nigeria National TB Program Diagnose and Treat Drug-Susceptible TB Patients? A Cross-Sectional Study.

TB diagnosis and treatment practices among private providers not affiliated with the Nigeria National TB Program (NTP) have implications for TB control efforts. Studies evaluating these practices among non-NTP providers are scarce. We aimed to investigate TB diagnosis and treatment practices among non-NTP private providers in urban Lagos State, Nigeria. We conducted a cross-sectional study among doctors and nurses operating private facilities not formally affiliated with the NTP for TB case notification. Between May 2018 and January 2019, we implemented a survey using a pretested questionnaire among 152 doctors and nurses attending TB sensitization seminars in Lagos, Nigeria. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the sociodemographic information and proportion of non-NTP providers with different self-reported TB diagnostic, prescription, and monitoring practices. Private non-NTP doctors and nurses self-reported diagnosing TB using 8 different types of tests. Acid-fast bacilli was the most common (39.8%) means of diagnosing TB. Private non-NTP providers also self-reported prescribing 23 different TB regimens, including streptomycin, to treat TB. Only 32.4% of providers self-reported using the correct combinations of anti-TB drugs to treat TB. Additionally, 58.3% of providers prescribed the standard 6-month treatment duration for pulmonary TB patients, and the remaining 41.7% either undertreated or overtreated TB. A large proportion of private doctors and nurses not formally affiliated with the NTP in Nigeria were not following the NTP guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of TB. Overtreatment and undertreatment were common. Engagement of these practitioners by the NTP in the form of supervision, on-the-job mentorship, and other strategies can mitigate the negative effects of their current practices on TB case notification and the spread of drug-resistant strains in Nigeria.