Control Motor Vehicle Research Articles

Quantifying the effect of driving restrictions on fine particulate matter concentrations with WRF-Chem model: A case study in Kaifeng, China

One of the significant sources of urban air particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) has been found to be vehicle exhaust emission. Vehicle restriction measures have been taken to alleviate particulate matter pollution in the world. Here, we quantified the impact of vehicle restriction measures on the PM2.5 concentrations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) in Kaifeng, China. This study set up three different scenarios to simulate the spatiotemporal changes of PM2.5 concentrations in four seasons in 2020. They were no emission reduction (S0), the restriction of two tailing license plate numbers (S1), and the restriction of odd–even tailing numbers of license plates (S2), respectively. In general, the odd–even license plate restriction policy has proven to be more effective than restricting two specific license plate numbers. In scenario S1, the range of PM2.5 concentrations reduction in Kaifeng City was between 0.2% and 1.28%. In scenario S2, the range of PM2.5 concentrations reduction was between 0.98% and 14.42%. The results showed that the effectiveness of vehicle restriction measures varies from season to season, and the effect in summer and winter is better than that in spring and autumn. We suggest that it may be difficult to reduce the PM2.5 concentrations to a great extent if simply reducing the traffic exhaust emissions through motor vehicle restrictions, on the contrary, would lead to the increase of O3 concentration, bringing some other effects. This study can serve as a foundation for the rational development of motor vehicle control strategies and help advance the ongoing improvement of air quality.

Weigh-in-Motion Site for Type Approval of Vehicle Mass Enforcement Systems in Poland.

The need to protect road infrastructure makes it necessary to direct the mass enforcement control of motor vehicles. Such control, in order to fulfil its role, must be continuous and universal. The only tool currently known to achieve these goals are weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems. The implementation of mass enforcement WIM systems is possible only if the requirements for their metrological properties are formulated, followed by the implementation of administrative procedures for the type approval of WIM systems, rules for their metrological examination, and administrative regulations for their practical use. The AGH University of Krakow, in cooperation with the Central Office of Measures (Polish National Metrological Institute), has been conducting research in this direction for many years, and, now, as part of a research project financed by the Ministry of Education and Science. In this paper, we describe a unique WIM system located in the south of Poland and the results of over two years of our research. These studies are intended to lead to the formulation of requirements for metrological legalisation procedures for this type of system. Our efforts are focused on implementing WIM systems in Poland for direct mass enforcement. The tests carried out confirmed that the constructed system is fully functional. Its equipment with quartz and bending plate load sensors allows for the comparison of both technologies and the measurement of many parameters of the weighed vehicle and environmental parameters affecting weighing accuracy. The tests confirmed the stability of its metrological parameters. The GVW maximal measurement error does not exceed 5%, and the single axle load maximal measurement error does not exceed 12%. The sensors of the environmental parameters allow for the search for correlations between weighing accuracy and the intensity of these parameters.

Study of Mobile Source Pollutants Based on Multi-Source Data Fusion: A Case Study of Zibo City, China

The primary pollutants emitted from mobile sources have become one of the main sources of urban air pollution. In this study, the primary pollutants CO, HC, NOx and PM from mobile sources in Zibo city, China are studied. Firstly, the localized mobile-source pollutant emission factors are corrected using vehicle emission experiments; secondly, multi-source data fusion is performed using road network data, road traffic data, air quality and meteorological data; then, the corrected pollutant emission factors and multi-source data are used to construct a localized emission measurement model and dispersion simulation model, visualize the emission distribution and propose residual concentration correction to accurately obtain the pollutant sharing rate. The results show that the pollutant emission trends are highly coupled with the distribution of urban residents’ working hours. Based on the localized dispersion model used to analyze the pollutant traceability at air monitoring stations, the emission sharing rate of NOx is the largest, and according to the analysis of the changing trend of mobile-source emission sharing rate, the mobile source pollutants in Zibo are mainly influenced by pollutant emissions from road motor vehicles. This study provides data support and a theoretical basis for the management of the transportation industry to carry out exhaust gas control of motor vehicles and non-road mobile machinery and to make decisions related to improving the air environment (delineating the scope of low emission zones).

ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СИСТЕМ WIM НА АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ДОРОГАХ

Introduction. The introduction to the paper highlights the general role of the weight control of motor vehicles on roads by WiM – methods (Wegh-in-Motion) in the assurance of the traffic safety and in the transportation infrastructure preservation. Problem statement. The issues of the paper concern the problems of implementation of contemporary technologies of the High-Speed WiM (HS-WiM) where the conditions of the measurements of the loads from the vehicle generate high measurement error. Purpose. The main goal of the paper is to perform an analytical review of methods of the weight control of vehicles and of competitive aspects of existing WiM technologies and also the analysis of the practice of WiM application. Results. The analytical reviewing led to the following results: it was revealed that the basic principle of WiM systems operation consists in determining the dynamic wheel/axle loading of a vehicle transmitted to the pavement; data thus obtained shall be used to reveal the overloading. Modern WiM systems give possibilities to obtain data concerning axle number, axle spaces, vehicle length and speed, axle (or wheel) dynamic loading, number of equivalents of standard axle loading, and also data regarding the traffic flow characteristics; it was concluded that WiM systems can be divided into two main types: the systems operating at low speed of a vehicle (up to 15 km/h, LS WiM) and those operating at steady speed of the traffic flow (up to 130 km/h, or high speed, HS WiM). LS WiM ensure the accuracy of the measurement in a range from 3 % to 5 % and belong to the methods of weight control of motor vehicles approved by the legal metrology as well as the static weighing does. HS WiM control is more sensitive to the external factors due to the effect of a vehicle dynamic and thus cannot assure the above stated accuracy of measurements, moreover, cannot assure the appropriate accuracy for the satisfactory number of trucks. HS WiM systems are not approved by the legal metrology; factors affecting the accuracy of measurements in HS WiM systems were analyzed. It was revealed that the effect of a vehicle dynamic on the measurement error can be mitigated assuring the compliance of the road pavement surface condition with the standard requirements mainly with those concerning pavement surface roughness.

Improvement of the Method of Wear Control of Motor Vehicles and Their Main Units

In the Provisions [1] specific norms of spare parts consumption by mileage intervals before overhaul are given,which created the prerequisites for the management of vehicle wear, which requires a machine-by-machine accounting of spare parts consumption. Analysis of experience in applying these standards revealed their effectiveness from the standpoint of wear management of road transport rolling stock. In this regard, there is a task to further improve the method of rationing and extend it to the main units. In this paper, we propose a method of controlling the wear and tear of the main units on the example of the motor vehicle engine, which provides standards for the cost of current repairs – spare parts and labor costs, as well as the cost of damage due to wear and tear. Based on the information revealed, the average rate of iron in the engine oil for each of the engines under control is calculated, and then determined the average rate of iron in the engine oil, which allowed to determine the dependence of cylinder liner wear on the operating time, oil burnout on wear. As a result of processing the initial information of the under-control vehicle operation, the numerical values of the parameters of the curves of dependences of the cost of current repairs on the operating time, and according to the results of spectral analysis of engine oil and accounting for its refill – engine cylinder wear on the operating time and the cost of compensation for losses from wear were determined

The government rule of law optimization path of motor vehicle carbon emission pollution prevention and control

The government rule of law optimization path of motor vehicle carbon emission pollution prevention and control

Impacts of applying ethanol blended gasoline and evaporation emission control to motor vehicles in a megacity in southwest China

The use of ethanol blended gasoline and evaporation emissions control are effective means to reduce air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive assessment of the impact of these measures on air quality, in particular to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs), an important precursor to PM2.5 and O3 formation. Therefore, this study sets up different motor vehicle pollution control scenarios based on ethanol gasoline substitution and evaporative emission control, respectively. The emission changes of atmospheric pollutants, O3 formation potential (OFP) and VOCs species from motor vehicles under each control scenario were analyzed, and the chemical transport model WRF/CMAQ was used to evaluate the changes of pollutant concentration in the ambient air under different scenarios. The results show that the VOCs emissions from motor vehicles in Chengdu increased by 25% from 2014 to 2019, which is attributed to the rapid growth of motor vehicle population and the aggravation of road congestion. Under different control scenarios, the emission of NOx, VOCs and PM2.5 decreased to different degrees, mainly from evaporation emissions control measures. The use of ethanol blended gasoline can reduce the VOCs emissions while increased OFP by 26%, due to the presence of highly reactive species in the VOCs source profiles, which ultimately determined the OFP of motor vehicles. Thus, it is necessary to the control of alkenes, aromatics, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and other highly reactive characteristic emission species of gasoline vehicles. The simulation results of model show that under different control scenarios the PM2.5 concentrations decreased to different degrees, the urban area with the maximum decrease rate of 9.0–9.2%. The combination of the use of ethanol blended gasoline and evaporation emissions control had a good effect on PM2.5 concentration control, while the evaporation emissions control of motor vehicles alone can lead to a decrease in O3 concentration, i.e. a decrease by 1.9–2.5%.

Carbon Emissions Peak in the Road and Marine Transportation Sectors in View of Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Case of Guangdong Province in China

The road and marine transportation sectors have attracted a great deal of attention as one of the main sources of carbon emissions. In this study, a LEAP (long-range energy alternatives planning system) model is used to predict the energy demand and carbon emissions of the road and marine transportation sectors in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2030. Based on the model results, if Guangdong Province does not adopt new control measures, in 2030, the energy demand and CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions from the road and marine transportation sectors will have increased by 117 and 116%, respectively, compared to the levels in 2015. Conversely, under a low-carbon scenario, carbon emissions will peak by 2027 in Guangdong Province. Motor vehicle control measures generate the strongest reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the road and marine transportation sectors in Guangdong Province. Furthermore, the reduction of emissions resulting from these measures would increase over time. Public transportation development and the promotion of clean energy measures also play significant roles in reducing carbon emissions long-term. The contribution of road passenger transport to emission reduction is the largest, followed by marine freight transport and road freight transport. While the energy demand and carbon emissions peak at a similar time in the model, the peak time for CO2 occurs slightly earlier.

Chemical Characteristics and Source Apportionment of Organic Aerosols in Atmospheric PM2.5 in Winter in Beijing

To explore the concentrations, characteristics, and sources of organic aerosols in winter in Beijing, atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected from November 10, 2016 to December 10, 2016. One hundred and twenty-nine particulate organic matters (POM) were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, accounting for approximately 9.3%±1.2% of the total concentration of organic matter. The most abundant class was sugar, among which levoglucosan alone accounted for 18% of the quantified organic matter mass. The next most abundant classes were alkanoic acids, normal alkanes, dicarboxylic acids, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The influence of winter heating and biomass burning emissions on organic aerosols in winter in Beijing was analyzed by the characteristics of the molecular markers in the POM. Compared with those during the non-heating period, the concentrations and proportions of hopane species, which are tracers for fossil fuels, increased in the organic matters during the heating period. Moreover, the influence of coal burning emissions on the distribution of hopane species was enhanced. The species with the maximum concentration and carbon predominance index in n-alkanes also reflected the influence of enhanced fossil fuel emissions. The results of the concentration-weighted trajectory model for levoglucosan, a tracer for biomass combustion, suggested that straw burning pollution in the surrounding areas of Beijing would affect the composition of organic aerosols in Beijing via airmass transport. A molecular marker-based chemical mass balance model was used to apportion the sources of organic carbon in the winter of 2016 in Beijing, and the results were compared with those of research in 2006 to quantify the changes in the source contributions over 10 years. The contribution of motor vehicles increased significantly in 2016 compared with that in 2006, whereas the contribution of coal burning and wood burning decreased to a large extent. The contribution of cooking emissions could not be ignored. Therefore, the control of motor vehicle and cooking emissions is of great importance to reduce the problem of PM2.5 pollution in winter in Beijing.

Variational Trend and Characteristics of Air Pollution in Baoding City

To understand the trends and characteristics of air pollution in Baoding in recent years, an analysis of air quality and air pollutant concentrations in Baoding from 2013 to 2018 was carried out. The results showed that: 1 from 2013 to 2018, the comprehensive index of Baoding dropped from 11.6 to 6.6, the days of severe pollution decreased from 114 days to 27 days, and cumulative concentration of pollutants during severe pollution decreased from 57.34% to 20.59%. This indicated that the air quality of Baoding city has improved year on year from 2013 to 2018. Not only has the number of heavy pollution days and the annual average concentration of pollutants decreased, but also the proportion of cumulative concentrations of pollutants during heavy pollution has decreased. the difference between the average concentration level of Baoding city and "2+26" Cities is getting smaller and smaller. ② Summer ρ(O3-8h) increased year on year. In 2017 and 2018, the heavy pollution days caused by O3 accounted for 17.0% and 14.8% of the heavy pollution days of the year, respectively, and the ozone pollution gradually became prominent; the characteristic value of NO2 in autumn was higher than that of SO2, CO, PM2.5, and PM10, indicating that the type of pollution in autumn was more motorized. The sources of pollution in winter changed from the partial combustion of coal in 2013-2014 to a mixed influence of partial combustion of coal and incomplete combustion in 2015-2018. ③ In 2016, 2017, and 2018, a high cumulative concentrations of PM2.5 during the high pollution season that accounted for 5.56%, 6.21%, and 2.58% declined as compared to that during the same period in 2015; this was the largest decline among the six pollutants; PM10 followed; The decreases of SO2 and NO2 were small, indicating that the emergency measures were better in cutting peaks of particulate matter than the gaseous pollutants during heavy pollution in Baoding. In a heavy pollution event during the high pollution season in 2018, partial-burning coal-type pollution increased as compared to that during the high pollution season in 2017, indicating that the coal combustion was still one of the pollution sources that Baoding city needed to control. In summary, Baoding should strengthen the management and control of motor vehicles in autumn, and gradually change from the original coal control measures to a combination of coal control and diesel control in winter; in the future, the focus of air pollution prevention and control should be strengthened toward O3 pollution.

Characteristics of Water-soluble Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 in Beijing During 2017-2018

To explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM2.5 during the process of continuous improvement of air quality in Beijing in recent years, a continuous collection of PM2.5 sample campaign was conducted in Beijing from 2017 to 2018. The PM2.5 mass concentration and WSIIs were then determined. The results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing was (77.1±52.1) μg ·m-3, with the highest and lowest values during spring [(102.9±69.1) μg ·m-3]and summer [(54.7±19.9) μg ·m-3], respectively. The average concentration of WSIIs was (31.7±30.1) μg ·m-3, accounting for 41.1% of the PM2.5 mass, and the seasonal contributions were: autumn (45.9%) > summer (41.9%) > spring (39.9%) ≥ winter (39.2%). SNA was an important component of the WSIIs that accounted for 86.0%, 89.5%, 74.6%, and 73.0% of the total WSIIs during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. With an increase in temperature, the concentration of NO3- increased initially and then decreased, while the concentration of SO42- increased. When the relative humidity was less than 90%, the concentrations of both NO3- and SO42- increased with an increase in relative humidity. With the aggravation of pollution, the overall contribution of WSIIs in PM2.5 increased significantly, and the evolution characteristics of different ions were different. Among them, the concentration and contribution of NO3- continued to increase, while the contributions of SO42- and the ions from dust (Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+) decreased. During the observation period, the primary sources of WSIIs were secondary conversion, combustion source, and dust. The control of coal combustion and motor vehicles is critical to reduce the emission of WSIIs. The backward trajectory analysis showed that the air masses from the south and west of Beijing corresponded to the high PM2.5 concentration and proportion of WSIIs, and the contribution of secondary ions was significant. However, the concentrations and proportions of the air masses from the northwest and north were relatively low, but the contribution of Ca2+ was high.

Pengaruh Kesadaran Wajib Pajak, Sanksi, Kualitas Pelayanan dan Sosialisasi pada Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor

Motor vehicle tax is a tax on the ownership and / or control of motor vehicles. The purpose of this study is to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of taxpayer awareness, tax sanctions, service quality and tax information dissemination on tax compliance in paying motor vehicle tax in Denpasar. This research is located in the Joint Office SAMSAT Denpasar City. The number of samples used was 100 motor vehicle taxpayers which were calculated using the Slovin formula with the sample determination method used was accidental sampling. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that taxpayer awareness, tax sanctions, service quality and tax socialization have a positive effect on taxpayer compliance in paying motor vehicle tax at the Joint Office of SAMSAT Denpasar.
 Keywords: Taxpayer Awareness; Penalty; Service quality; Socialization; Obedience.

Analysis of Chemical Components and Sources of PM2.5 During Autumn and Winter in Yangquan City

PM2.5 samples were collected from October 15, 2017 to January 23, 2018 in the Yangquan urban area. The characteristics of PM2.5 and its main chemical components on clean and polluted days were analyzed, and source apportionment of PM2.5 was conducted using enrichment factor analysis (EF) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The results showed that the ratios of secondary inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) to PM2.5 on polluted days was 23.83%, which is 2.43 times higher than that on clean days, indicating that secondary inorganic pollution was more significant on polluted days. The enrichment degree of anthropogenic elements Cd, Sb, Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As on polluted days was higher than that on clean days. The results of the PMF source apportionment showed that the main sources of PM2.5 in Yangquan are coal combustion, dust, motor vehicles, secondary aerosols, and industry, with contributions of 29.26%, 23.83%, 19.34%, 16.01%, and 11.57%, respectively. The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to PM2.5 on polluted days is 20.57%, which is higher than that on clean days (17.82%), while the contribution of coal combustion sources to PM2.5 on polluted days is 23.04%, which is significantly lower than that on clean days (33.75%). The stationary weather on polluted days caused the contribution of motor vehicle emissions to PM2.5 to increase compared with on clean days, while the contribution of coal combustion sources to PM2.5 was decreased. The results show that air pollution control should pay more attention to the control of coal combustion and dust during autumn and winter in Yangquan, and further strengthen the control of motor vehicles to reduce their contribution to pollution.

Audio-visual interactive evaluation of the forest landscape based on eye-tracking experiments

The forest has become a retreat where people escape “urban diseases.” Unfortunately, there is a lack of audio-visual interaction research on the forest landscape. Through the field investigation of suburban national forest parks located in the Zhejiang and Fujian provinces of China, audio-visual materials were collected. Based on these data, eye-tracking experiments were conducted to investigate the audio-visual interactive evaluation of the forest landscape. Results revealed that bird twittering accompanied by insect chirping and water flowing or light music accompanied by ancient temple bells could enhance participants’ sense of involvement and immersion while significantly reducing the mental load. Peak landscape accompanied by bird twittering, insect chirping, flowing water, or light music and ancient temple bells were the most helpful at relieving tourists’ psychological pressure, while understory landscape accompanied by human sounds made tourists feel safer in the environment. For forest lawn and forest settlement, the flow of people and motor vehicle control should be strengthened to reduce clamor mixed with traffic sounds in order to create a quiet and relaxing leisurely experience for tourists. Additionally, the cognitive significance of eye tracker indicators is considerably different from visual aesthetic quality (VAQ) and tranquility rating (TR), which are evaluation indicators of different dimensions. In practical work, eye tracker indicators can be used as an effective substitute for VAQ and TR evaluation.

The study on Differential Steering Control of In-wheel Motor Vehicle Based on Double Closed Loop System

This paper describes a novel differential steering control system for an in-wheel motor electric vehicle with four axles. Basically, the vehicle dynamic model and the differential steering model are established based on the platform of MATLAB/Simulink respectively. A two-degree-of-freedom vehicle model is established to get the referential yaw rate. Next, a double closed loop control system based on the sliding mode structure control is proposed to improve the handing stability. The yaw rate is controlled through a differential torque controller. Meanwhile, a torque compensation controller for non-steering wheel motors is designed to solve the problem of steering power loss. Furthermore, the simulation for validation is performed. The results show that the control system can regulate the vehicle states effectively to enhance the stability. The simulation also indicates that the control strategy can provide a good performance even in complex driving conditions.

ARCHIVING OPTIMIZATION IN SAMSAT BOGOR CITY LINKED WITH POLICE REGULATION NOMOR 5 OF 2012 ON MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION AND IDENTIFICATION

Regident Ranmor aiming for orderly administration, control and supervision of motor vehicles in Indonesia, facilitate investigations offense or crime, planning, operational management and traffic engineering and transport road and national development planning. Regident Ranmor include new Ranmor registration, registration of identity change Ranmor and owners, registration or registration renewal and endorsement Ranmor. In addition to these activities regident Ranmor also includes blocking Ranmor regident documents related crime, replacement and deletion of documents regident Ranmor Ranmor registration number. The research method is needed to collect the amount of material used to answer the juridical analysis. Based on the problem, the research method used in normative juridical reseacrh method that is legal conceived as norms, rules, principles or dogmas. Mechanism archiving in Samsat Bogor City related to the Police Regulatins No. 5 of 2012 on Registration and Identifications of Motor Vehicles include: (1) Acceptance of the archive, (2) Labelling aechives, (3) the Sustainer archives made by some archivist assigned to maintain and secure confidentiality archives, and (4) Depreciation archives, Obstacles in the archiving on SAMSAT Bogor city linked with police Regulation No. 5 of 2012 on Registration and Identification of Motor Vehicles include: (1) lack of understanding of the importance of archives, (2) Increase in volume archives continuous basis, (3) There has guidelines working procedures archival, (4) the use of archives by the manager or by other parties that require long periods of time, and (5) can not or difficult rediscovery archives quickly and precisely. To overcome the problems that exist in archiving in order not to harm the institution, while the steps that can be taken include: (1) Must use storage system, (2) Need for regulating lending procedures in addition to supervision / control and control right, (3) Expanding the storage space and streamline the room as well as the existing equipment, (4) facilities archives should be qualified and with the times, (5) regularly held the treatment and prevention of damage, (6) the clerk records should be eligible, (7) Including the archives in courses or educational and training of archival and use of sophisticated technology, and (8) Conducting regular depreciation and destruction of the archives has been unused.

Technology of hybrid computational intellect and problems associated with intelligent vehicle control systems development

Abstract The authors of this article are presenting the concepts of intelligent vehicle control systems development on the basis of author’s concept of mathematical modeling of complex systems by method of heuristic correction of basic analytical dependences by heuristic knowledge and soft computation. The authors are formulating the basic provisions of “knowledge genesis” method intended for the development of particular class of mathematic models capable (based on flexible computation) (i) to integrate determinate, indeterminate and uncertain knowledge in one and the same system and (ii) to change (accommodate) its structure in the course of modeling the object of evolution. The authors are (i) representing functional scheme of future-oriented on-board intelligent system of motor vehicle (hereinafter referred to as “ATS”) control developed on the basis of hybrid computational intellect and (ii) giving an example of hybrid computational model of unmanned ATS dynamic behavior developed on the basis of “knowledge genesis” method. The proposed methodological and application-oriented concepts of soft mathematical modeling (made on the basis of “knowledge genesis” method) could become the basis for the development of a range of future-oriented intelligent systems capable to exercise control of advanced high-technology vehicles (including unmanned vehicles and vehicles pertaining to civil and military spheres of application).

Development and Application of Fuzzy PID in AGV Control System

Automatic guided vehicle （AGV） is widely used in the field of logistics and transportation. It is a kind of automatic transportation equipment which realizes automatic navigation by means of optical, electromagnetic and other navigation technologies. The motor vehicle control system of AGV is its own brain, and the fuzzy PID control algorithm is an excellent algorithm based on the traditional PID algorithm for self-tuning PID parameters and applied to the vehicle motion control system. Based on the application of AGV at home and abroad, this paper expounds the principle of fuzzy PID control, and analyzes the structure change from PID to fuzzy PID algorithm. Comparing the application of PID and fuzzy PID, it is found that fuzzy PID has more application value and popularization in the control system. Finally, the application of fuzzy PID control algorithm in AGV control system is summarized. The results show that fuzzy PID control algorithm has good application in AGV nonlinear control problem.

Increasing the efficiency of the catalytic converter

The article deals with the efficiency of the catalytic converter of automobiles in operation with the aim of solving the problem of reducing the pollution of the atmospheric air by the exhaust gases of automobiles. The problem of reducing emissions of harmful substances of vehicles is considered to be one of the main. The article presents calculations of the efficiency of the neutralizer at various operating conditions of the internal combustion engine, and factors influencing the process of oxidation-reduction reactions are determined. It is shown that a small amount of oxygen (О2) to the neutralizer limits the oxidation processes and does not give a good reduction efficiency for CO and CH. At an О2 concentration of 1.7 to 0.75% up to the neutralizer, the efficiency of the oxidation reactions in the neutralizer is maximal. The main requirements for the process of catalyzing harmful emissions and the disadvantages of modern neutralizers are considered. The main contribution to emissions of CO and CH is made by the modes of starting and warming up of engine. This is especially felt in the cycle of "cold tests" of the automobile under the UN Rules No. 83-06. Emissions of hydrocarbons increase proportionally with a decrease in engine temperature. In this regard, new types of neutralizers are provided to ensure the achievement of catalytic reactor activity at a lower temperature than those currently used on automobiles, as well as on-board vehicle diagnostic systems that support the environmental characteristics of vehicles in operation. The reasons for the "aging" of the neutralizer during its operation, the methods for diagnosing the neutralizer for the purpose of assessing its technical condition and on-board monitoring systems are analyzed. The urgency of the task of improving the design of the automobile in terms of limiting toxicity and the system of technical control in operation was noted. Improvement of the environmental control of vehicles is primarily related to the operability of on-board diagnostic systems of the car in operation and the catalytic neutralization system. The normative base of the Russian Federation and the EU in the field of environmental control of motor vehicles in operation is given.

Analysis of methods and means of ecological control of harmful emissions of exhaust gases of automobiles

The problem of reduction of atmospheric air pollution by exhaust gases is discussed. A brief assessment of the impact of transport on the environment is given. The components of the pollutants are discussed. It is noted that in considering this problem, the methods of measurement and control of harmful emissions of the vehicles play a crucial role. The emphasis on the subject is made at the normative Russian and international standards, UN Rules and adoption of purposeful measures in the field of environmental protection during vehicles operation. The modern methods and devices used for the measurement of emissions of harmful substances of exhaust gases of automobiles are given. The conformity of the newly introduced vehicles to environmental requirements of international normative documents (UN Rules) on the emissions of harmful substances applies to a large extent the accuracy of measurement of gas analysis equipment. It is associated with a significant reduction of the measured values of concentrations of harmful emissions for vehicles of the ecological class EURO-5. It was noted that today especially relevant becomes the problem not only to improve the vehicle design from the point of limiting toxicity, but also improvement of technical control in operation. The lack of control and low level of maintenance lead to the breakdown of the normal operation of units and systems of the vehicle, which leads to increased emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air. As a result, all the efforts of the automotive industry to improve engine and neutralization systems to ensure environmental standards can be mitigated. In this regard, there were proposed approaches for the improvement of methods of technical control of vehicles. Substantially improvements of environmental control of motor vehicles are connected with performance of the onboard diagnostic systems of the vehicle in operation and neutralization systems. In order to guarantee their effective functioning during the life of the vehicle it is proposed to establish a system of replacement of catalytic converters of a vehicle failed during operation of the vehicle.