Braking Control System Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling Features of the Wheeled Vehicle Movement with an Automated Braking Control System

Mathematical Modeling Features of the Wheeled Vehicle Movement with an Automated Braking Control System

Design, Modeling, and Control of Electronic Mechanical Brake System: A Review

Design, Modeling, and Control of Electronic Mechanical Brake System: A Review

Implementation of Regenerative Brake System Controller by Using Mini Controller Arduino

The key requirement for electric vehicles is efficient braking. The objective of this study is to provide a detailed description of the regenerative braking system utilizing various power flow regulators. This study utilizes a buck-boost type Boost Converter. There are two methods employed to modify the voltage derived from the fluctuating input produced during regenerative braking: one to decrease it and the other to boost it. Subsequently, a voltage sensor detects the resulting output voltage, which is then regulated using an Arduino microcontroller. The examination findings indicate that the buck-boost converter performs well, maintaining an output voltage within the range of 39-40 volts. This allows it to function well even when there are fluctuations in the input voltage. The voltage value can be utilized for the purpose of charging a battery for a 36 Volt electric motor. The findings demonstrate the efficacy of utilizing a Buck-Boost Converter regulator. Furthermore, it could charge the battery within a span of 8 seconds, making it a viable option for electric vehicles as an alternative to regenerative braking for battery recharging.

Diagnostic methodology for vehicles equipped with antilock braking system and electronic stability control

Currently, several automotive companies are joining forces through the analysis and development of active safety systems for hazard avoidance and mitigation; from which according to the current regulations in the European Union the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and the Electronic Stability Control (ESC) outstand as mandatory for each new vehicle. The above has motivated the study of these two safety systems. Then, this research examines the ABS and ESC systems through a proposed diagnostic methodology, which identifies the main effect of these systems on the vehicle dynamics. To achieve this goal a software was developed, looking for processing the data acquired during the development of some specific vehicle maneuvers. The diagnostic results expose: (1) an indicator about the ABS/ESC systems performance; and (2) the impact of these systems on the vehicle dynamics; also, some of the results here obtained can also be taken as reference for the Brake Assistant System and the Anti-Roll Control analysis.

Development of Driving Robot and Driver Model Applied Regenerative Brake Control of Electrified Vehicles

Real driving emissions (RDE) test procedures for type approval were initiated in Japan in 2022. In Japan, the test vehicle is driven on a test road (test course) by tracing the speed pattern prepared for each RDE test. The vehicle needs to trace the patterns in the same manner as in the conventional chassis dynamometer test. The use of a driving robot is effective for reproducibility in precisely tracing the target vehicle speed during these tests. In this study, we developed a driving robot for electrified vehicles (HEV, plug-in HEV, BEV, and FCV), which have regenerative brake-control systems. We applied a new logic to our robot that was developed in-house for conventional engine vehicles. We focused on braking deceleration of the regenerative brake control to change the operation timing from the accelerator pedal to the brake pedal. We verified the improvement of speed traceability of the driving robot installed with the proposed logic on the chassis dynamometer and test road.

ADAS and automation-arelevant contribution to maintaining mobility of older drivers?

Driving is the most important and safest form of mobility for the majority of senior citizens. However, physical and mental performance gradually decline with age, which can lead to more problems, critical situations or even accidents. Vehicle technology innovations such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to increase the road safety of older people and maintain their individual mobility for as long as possible.This overview article aims to identify ADAS that have the greatest potential to reduce the number of accidents involving older drivers. For this purpose, the accident and damage occurrence as well as the driving behaviour and compensation strategies of older people are examined in more detail. Suitable ADAS should compensate for typical driver errors, reduce information deficiencies and have ahigh level of acceptance. For older drivers, emergency braking, parking assistance, navigation, intersection assistance and distance speed control systems as well as systems for detecting blind spots and obstacles appear to be particularly suitable.Some of the disadvantages of ADAS are the lack of market penetration, acceptance problems and interface designs that have not yet been optimally adapted to the needs of older users. For older drivers in particular, it appears to be apriority to develop coherent and integrated solutions in the sense of cooperative assistance instead of pushing ahead with high and full automation with many system limits and exceptions, which can place high demands on attention, for example if the vehicle has to be taken over in acritical situation.

The study of multi-discs hydraulic brake pressure dynamic characteristics

Abstract The pressure dynamic characteristics of hydraulic brakes directly impact the efficiency of the brake control system and aircraft stop distance. A simulation model of hydraulic brake is established with Simulink software. The simulation results are compared with the test results, which proves the reliability of the analysis model. The simulation results visually give the microscopic process of pressure rise and fall in the brake assembly. The study of dynamic characteristics is performed with the correlated simulation model to figure out the reasons for the slow rate of pressure rise and fall, for which suggestions are proposed for future system design improvements.

Integrated Vehicle-Following Control for Four-Wheel Independent Drive Based on Regenerative Braking System Control Mechanism for Battery Electric Vehicle Conversion Driven by PMSM 30 kW

Integrated Vehicle-Following Control for Four-Wheel Independent Drive Based on Regenerative Braking System Control Mechanism for Battery Electric Vehicle Conversion Driven by PMSM 30 kW

Exploring the technology changes of new energy vehicles in China: Evolution and trends

In the sustainable development context, the automotive industry is shifting towards new energy vehicles (NEVs) to reduce carbon emissions. China leads in NEVs production and technology but faces challenges in innovation capacity due to increasing market competition and technological demands. Consequently, to explore the situation of technology innovation of China’s NEVs, this paper delves into the technology changes in this field with the invention granted patents from 2000 to 2021, employing the basic patent-metrics method and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model for evolution analysis and vector autoregression (VAR) model for trend predictions. The research findings indicate that: (1) the patents pertaining to NEVs have experienced an average annual growth rate of 23%, with notable regional disparities in the spatial distribution of said patents. (2) Among the 8 key technology topics identified, battery equipment technology, brake control system technology, and supplying system technology emerge as the top three technology topics. (3) As NEVs progressively become more intelligent, there is an anticipated surge in interest regarding vehicle braking control technology over the ensuing five years.

Design of ABS sliding mode control system for in-wheel motor vehicle based on road identification

Aiming at the problem that the current Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) control algorithm can not make full use of the ground friction to complete the braking when emergency braking on complex roads, an ABS sliding mode control method based on road surface identification is proposed. Combined with the in-wheel motor of in-wheel motor electric vehicle, a coordinated control method of motor regenerative braking and mechanical friction braking is designed. Based on the neural network control method, the road friction coefficient is estimated to realize the identification of typical roads and dynamically obtain the optimal slip ratio of different roads. The ABS sliding mode controler is designed with the optimal slip ratio and the actual slip ratio as input, and the saturation function is used to replace the symbol function in the traditional sliding mode control to weaken the chattering problem, and then the ABS controller is designed. The research results show that compared with the traditional ABS sliding mode controller, the designed ABS neural network sliding mode controller has the following advantages: 1. Through the identification of tire-road friction coefficient by neural network, the real-time performance and road adaptability of ABS controller are improved; 2. When the braking simulation is carried out at a given speed, the braking time is reduced by about 1.03 % and the braking distance is shortened by about 1.01%; 3. The identification of tire-road friction coefficient is realized, which weakens the chattering problem of traditional sliding mode control and improves the stability and robustness of ABS controller.

Fuzzy Neural Network PID-Based Constant Deceleration Control for Automated Mine Electric Vehicles Using EMB System.

It is urgent for automated electric transportation vehicles in coal mines to have the ability of self-adaptive tracking target constant deceleration to ensure stable and safe braking effects in long underground roadways. However, the current braking control system of underground electric trackless rubber-tired vehicles (UETRVs) still adopts multi-level constant braking torque control, which cannot achieve target deceleration closed-loop control. To overcome the disadvantages of lower safety and comfort, and the non-precise stopping distance, this article describes the architecture and working principle of constant deceleration braking systems with an electro-mechanical braking actuator. Then, a deceleration closed-loop control algorithm based on fuzzy neural network PID is proposed and simulated in Matlab/Simulink. Finally, an actual brake control unit (BCU) is built and tested in a real industrial field setting. The test illustrates the feasibility of this constant deceleration control algorithm, which can achieve constant decelerations within a very short time and maintain a constant value of -2.5 m/s2 within a deviation of ±0.1 m/s2, compared with the deviation of 0.11 m/s2 of fuzzy PID and the deviation of 0.13 m/s2 of classic PID. This BCU can provide electric and automated mine vehicles with active and smooth deceleration performance, which improves the level of electrification and automation for mine transport machinery.

Proactive Braking Control System for Collision Avoidance during Right Turns with Occluded Vision at an Intersection

This paper describes the development of an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) which will allow drivers to avoid collisions with an oncoming vehicle from an occluded area when turning right at intersections in left-hand traffic. Connected vehicles, in coordination with infrastructure, represent one of the commercialized ADAS technologies for collision avoidance. However, the coverage of the ADAS will be limited to designated intersections only, as communication equipment needs to be installed in both the vehicle and infrastructure to enable the assistance. This paper proposes an ADAS using on-board sensors, independent of infrastructure facilities, to control the vehicle velocity to avoid collisions. Most current intersection assistance, by using an Autonomous Emergency Braking System (AEBS), allows the driver to avoid a collision with oncoming vehicles when there is clear vision without occlusion. However, many accidents occur when the vehicle detects the oncoming vehicle too late because of occlusion in the intersection, such as a vehicle in the opposite lane. This system calculates the hazardous speed criteria of the ego vehicle, which might result in a high risk of collision when darting out occurs, and provides speed control assistance to allow the driver to escape from the hazardous speed region. The simulation results reveal that the proposed system effectively reduces the possibility of collisions compared to conventional AEBS.

ДИНАМИКА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ МАШИНЫ НА ЗАТЯЖНЫХ СПУСКАХ

The article provides a rationale for the need to develop an additional braking control system for a transport vehicle to limit the movement speed under the action of rolling forces and to protect the engine from exceeding the permissible speed, “overshooting” the speed. Design options for four systems that dissipate kinetic energy are considered, and the effectiveness of their use is assessed: in periodically switched off clutches in the transmission; in a hydraulic retarder, containing a rotor and a stator, where kinetic energy turns into heat and is dissipated into the environment; in two complex hydrodynamic transmissions, the design of which integrates a torque converter and a hydraulic retarder. In the first version of the system, kinetic energy turns into heat when the transmission clutches are periodically turned on and off; in the second option, energy transformation is carried out in the retarder circulation circle containing the rotor and the stator; in the third embodiment, in an additional circuit of the circulation circle of the working fluid of a hydrodynamic transmission, containing a pump, turbine, reactor wheels and an additionally introduced fourth wheel, which can serve as the stator; in the fourth version, the pump wheel of the torque converter can perform the additional function of the hydraulic retarder rotor, and the hydrodynamic transmission housing can function as the stator.

Anti-lock braking system control design using a non-linear multi-body dynamic model for a two wheeled vehicle

This paper investigates the design of an Antilock Braking System for a Two Wheeled Vehicle using a non-linear multi-body dynamic model developed by an approach widely used in robotics. The Antilock Braking System is controlled using Matlab/Simulink by applying the Bang-Bang, Proportional-Integral-Derivative and Fuzzy Logic controllers in order to set the longitudinal slip to a desired value. The developed model is used to study the braking performances of a Two Wheeled Vehicle in a straight-line maneuver under different road conditions: dry, wet and a transition between both. The simulation results indicate that the non-linear dynamic model can effectively simulate the behavior of the Two Wheeled Vehicle under emergency braking conditions and with the different types of controllers. The braking performance of the Two Wheeled Vehicle with Antilock Braking System was improved by decreasing the stopping distance, avoiding wheel lockup and therefore contributes to ensure the vehicle control and stability and to reduce the risk of falling. Also, it can be seen through comparative analysis that the Fuzzy logic is one of the most efficient controllers that improve the braking safety.

A Hierarchical Prediction Method for Pedestrian Head Injury in Intelligent Vehicle with Combined Active and Passive Safety System.

With the development of intelligent vehicle technology, the probability of road traffic accidents occurring has been effectively reduced to a certain extent. However, there is still insufficient research on head injuries in human vehicle collisions, making it impossible to effectively predict pedestrian head injuries in accidents. To study the efficacy of a combined active and passive safety system on pedestrian head protection through the combined effect of the exterior airbag and the braking control systems of an intelligent vehicle, a "vehicle-pedestrian" interaction system is constructed in this study and is verified by real collision cases. On this basis, a combined active and passive system database is developed to analyze the cross-influence of the engine hood airbag and the vehicle braking curve parameters on pedestrian HIC (head injury criterion). Meanwhile, a hierarchy design strategy for a combined active and passive system is proposed, and a rapid prediction of HIC is achieved via the establishment of a fitting equation for each grading. The results show that the exterior airbag can effectively protect the pedestrian's head, prevent the collision between the pedestrian's head and the vehicle front structure, and reduce the HIC. The braking parameter H2 is significantly correlated with head injury, and when H2 is less than 1.8, the HIC value is less than 1000 in nearly 90% of cases. The hierarchy design strategy and HIC prediction method of the combined active and passive system proposed in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for rapid selection and parameter design.

Research on robustness of intelligent vehicle longitudinal active collision avoidance system based on equivalent external interference

The rate of fatal traffic accidents caused by sudden risks such as pedestrians crossing the road in violation of regulations and goods falling in front of the vehicles has remained high under the complex dynamic environment. The appearance of sudden obstacles/pedestrians will indirectly trigger sudden changes in sensor signals and control signals, and cause the drivers’ improper driving behaviors. At the same time, the parameter perturbation of the vehicle itself and the sensor noise and other direct disturbances will also put forward high requirements for the robust performance of the vehicle braking system controller. Traditional control methods are difficult to ensure the robust stability required by the vehicle braking system in the actual driving process under sudden emergency conditions. In order to improve the braking control performance and robust performance of the active collision avoidance system under sudden emergency conditions under the influence of its own parameter perturbation, sensor perturbation and other perturbations, this manuscript analyzes the accident risk characteristics of sudden emergency conditions, and establishes an equivalent virtual external force interference model [Formula: see text]. Considering the virtual external force interference model, self-driving parameter perturbation and sensor perturbation, we adopt the [Formula: see text] control theory-design brake controller. Under different perturbation conditions the [Formula: see text] controller, PID controller, and [Formula: see text] controller are simulated and compared. The results show that the [Formula: see text] controller can effectively suppress sudden emergency conditions under parameter uncertainty and external sensor noise interference compared with the PID controller and the [Formula: see text] controller, realizing emergency braking and collision avoidance, and having better closed-loop robustness.

Neural Sliding Mode Control of a Buck-Boost Converter Applied to a Regenerative Braking System for Electric Vehicles

This paper presents the design and simulation of a neural sliding mode controller (NSMC) for a regenerative braking system in an electric vehicle (EV). The NSMC regulates the required current and voltage of the bidirectional DC-DC buck–boost converter, an element of the auxiliary energy system (AES), to improve the state of charge (SOC) of the battery of the EV. The controller is based on a recurrent high-order neural network (RHONN) trained using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) as the tools to train the neural networks to obtain a higher SOC in the battery. The performance of the controller with the two training algorithms is compared with a proportional integral (PI) controller illustrating the differences and improvements obtained with the EKF and the UKF. Furthermore, robustness tests considering Gaussian noise and varying of parameters have demonstrated the outcome of the NSMC over a PI controller. The proposed controller is a new strategy with better results than the PI controller applied to the same buck–boost converter circuit, which can be used for the main energy system (MES) efficiency in an EV architecture.

Research on a Fault Diagnosis Method for the Braking Control System of an Electric Multiple Unit Based on Deep Learning Integration

A fault diagnosis method based on deep learning integration is proposed focusing on fault text data to effectively improve the efficiency of fault repair and the accuracy of fault localization in the braking control system of an electric multiple unit (EMU). First, the Borderline-SMOTE algorithm is employed to synthesize minority class samples at the boundary, addressing the data imbalance and optimizing the distribution of data within the fault text. Then, a multi-dimensional word representation is generated using the multi-layer bidirectional transformer architecture from the pre-training model, BERT. Next, BiLSTM captures bidirectional context semantics and, in combination with the attention mechanism, highlights key fault information. Finally, the LightGBM classifier is employed to reduce model complexity, enhance analysis efficiency, and increase the practicality of the method in engineering applications. An experimental analysis of fault data from the braking control system of the EMU indicates that the deep learning integration method can further improve diagnostic performance.

Математическое моделирование адаптивного торможения высокоскоростного поезда с дисковым тормозом

Based on the analysis of the dependence of the brake pad pressure reserve coefficient on the speed of movement of the rolling stock, a simulation computer simulation of the adaptive braking control system of a high-speed train was performed. The dependence of the pressure in the brake cylinder on the set value of the coefficient is found. The simulation results showed that the use of the adaptive braking algorithm makes it possible to shorten the braking distance, reduce the likelihood of wheelsets jamming and ensure the comfort level of passengers when braking a train. The study was carried out within the framework of the state-sponsored project «Adaptive automatic control system with increased efficiency for passenger and high-speed trains» No. 121050600026-9 dated 06.05.2021.

A Fault Diagnosis and Fault-tolerant Anti-lock Brake System Control for Actuator Stuck Failures in Braking System in Autonomous Vehicles

A Fault Diagnosis and Fault-tolerant Anti-lock Brake System Control for Actuator Stuck Failures in Braking System in Autonomous Vehicles