Control Of Heterogeneous Multi-agent Systems Research Articles

Lyapunov-Based Output Containment Control of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems With Markovian Switching Topologies and Distributed Delays

This paper considers the mean square output containment control problem for heterogeneous multi-agent systems (MASs) with randomly switching topologies and nonuniform distributed delays. By modeling the switching topologies as a continuous-time Markov process and taking the distributed delays into consideration, a novel distributed containment observer is proposed to estimate the convex hull spanned by the leaders' states. A novel distributed output feedback containment controller is then designed without using the prior knowledge of distributed delays. By constructing a novel switching Lyapunov functional, the output containment control problem is then solved in the sense of mean square under an easily-verifiable sufficient condition. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Observer-Based Resilient Consensus Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems Against Cyberattacks

Observer-Based Resilient Consensus Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems Against Cyberattacks

Bipartite hybrid formation tracking control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems in multi-group cooperative-competitive networks

In this paper, the problem of bipartite hybrid formation tracking for multi-agent systems with heterogeneous groups is studied. First, the network structure problem of a cluster of agents with both group relationship and cooperation-competition relationship is discussed. Then, based on the leading-following method, the system model consisting of nonlinear second-order dynamic agents and first-order linear dynamic agents is determined. In this network system, the first group of second-order dynamic individuals needs to track their leader with unknown input and realizes the bipartite time-invariant formation, while the other group tracks its leader to realize the bipartite time-varying formation. To solve this problem, a new control protocol based on neighbor information and leader dynamics is designed. In addition, for first-order dynamic individual, a velocity estimator is introduced to estimate its velocity state. Next, algebraic graph theory and Lyapunov stability theory are used to prove that the formation error can approach arbitrary neighborhood of zero. Finally, the simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed conclusions and the effectiveness of the designed velocity estimator.

Time-varying Group Formation with Leader-following Control for Heterogeneous Multi-agent Systems

Time-varying Group Formation with Leader-following Control for Heterogeneous Multi-agent Systems

Adaptive Fuzzy Fixed Time Time-Varying Formation Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems With Full State Constraints

This article presents an adaptive fuzzy fixed time time-varying formation control (TVFC) method for uncertain heterogeneous nonlinear multi-agent systems (HNMASs) with full state constraints. Meanwhile, both partial loss of effectiveness and bias fault are considered in HNMASs. The fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are selected as an effective tool to approximate uncertain nonlinear functions. The original constrained states of the systems will be converted to unconstrained states by the nonlinear transformed function (NTF). Compared with previous papers, it is the first time to handle the TVFC problem of HNMASs with full state constraints. In addition, formation control based on an adaptive fuzzy fixed time strategy not only ensures fast convergence of the system, but also the convergence time doesn't depend on any initial conditions. The stability of HNMAs is proven by the fixed time stability theory. Finally, a simulation is given to testify the effectiveness of the control method.

Distributed Optimization Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems under Directed Topologies

This paper focuses on the solutions for the distributed optimization coordination problem (DOCP) for heterogeneous multiagent systems under directed topologies. To begin with, a different convex optimization problem is proposed, which implies a weighted average of the objective function of each agent. Sufficient conditions are set to ensure the unique solution for the DOCP. Then, despite the external disruption, a distributed control mechanism is constructed to drive the state of each agent to the auxiliary state in a finite time. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the outputs of all agents can achieve the optimal value, ensuring global convergence. Moreover, the controller design rule is expanded with event-triggered communication, and there is no Zeno behavior. Finally, to exemplify the usefulness of the theoretical conclusions, a simulation example is offered.

Distributed output formation tracking control of heterogeneous multi-agent systems using reinforcement learning

This paper studies the distributed time-varying output formation tracking problem for heterogeneous multi-agent systems with both diverse dimensions and parameters. The output of each follower is supposed to track that of the virtual leader while accomplishing a time-varying formation configuration. First, a distributed trajectory generator is proposed based on neighboring interactions to reconstitute the state of virtual leader and provide expected trajectories with the formation incorporated. Second, an optimal tracking controller is designed by the model-free reinforcement learning technique using online off-policy data instead of requiring any knowledge of the followers’ dynamics. Stabilities of the learning process and resulting controller are analyzed while solutions to the output regulator equations are equivalently obtained. Third, a compensational input is designed for each follower based on previous learning results and a derived feasibility condition. It is proved that the output formation tracking error converges to zero asymptotically with the biases to cost functions being restricted arbitrarily small. Finally, numerical simulations verify the proposed learning and control scheme.

Distributed bipartite output containment control of heterogeneous multi-agent systems with directed signed graphs

This paper investigates the bipartite output containment control problem by utilising distributed control protocols for heterogeneous multi-agent systems over directed signed graphs. A fully distributed dynamic compensator is proposed to estimate the convex hull and symmetric convex hull spanned by states of leaders. Then, a distributed observer based on neighbour information is presented for estimating the state of each follower. An output feedback control protocol is further given based on the fully distributed dynamic compensator and neighbour-based observer to cope with the bipartite containment control problem of the linear heterogeneous multi-agent systems. Different from the related works, a neighbour-based observer is presented for heterogeneous multi-agent systems, in which the analysis method used in the Luenburger observer cannot be applied directly, because of the heterogeneity. Besides, the dynamics of the agents are allowed to not only have nonidentical coefficient matrices but also have different dimensions. A simulation example is shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.

Dynamic Event-Triggered Bipartite Output Consensus for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems Under Signed Digraphs

In this brief, the bipartite output consensus (BOC) problem is studied by dynamic event-triggered control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems under signed digraphs. A novel fully distributed control protocol, containing an observer-based adaptive controller and a Zeno-free dynamic event-triggered mechanism (ETM), is provided to guarantee the asymptotic convergence of BOC errors. Notably, an internal dynamic variable is introduced in the ETM to prolong interevent time intervals, which further reduces consumption on transmission. In addition, it is worth pointing out that the provided protocol remains valid even if global information about signed digraphs is unavailable. Finally, a numerical example is taken to demonstrate the effectiveness of protocol.

Continuous Fixed-Time Fault-Tolerant Formation Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems Under Fixed and Switching Topologies

This article proposes a novel continuous fixed-time fault-tolerant formation control framework for heterogeneous multiagent systems (HMASs) involving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) with actuator faults and model uncertainties under fixed and switching topologies. Firstly, to estimate the information of actuator faults and uncertainties for each follower, a fixed-time observer is constructed. Then, an integral fixed-time sliding mode surface is designed such that the merits of high robustness, exact transient response and fixed-time convergence can be achieved. Subsequently, based on the integration of disturbance observer, high-order sliding mode and backstepping technologies, distributed and decentralized continuous fixed-time formation tracking control schemes under actuator faults are developed of the HMASs in the X-Y axis and Z axis, respectively. The proposed algorithm can not only handle time-varying formation in a timely manner, but also provide continuous control action under fixed and switching topologies. It is theoretically proved that the designed protocol can realize the expected fixed-time formation missions by employing the Lyapunov stability theorem. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of the designed fixed-time control algorithm.

Sliding mode fault-tolerant consensus control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems based on finite-time observer and controller

This paper mainly investigates the fault-tolerant consensus problem for leader-following heterogeneous multi-agent systems with actuator faults. The model of multi-agent systems is reconstructed and the lumped faults, including external disturbances and actuator faults, are constructed. A new adaptive super-twisting sliding mode observer (ASTSMO) is constructed to estimate the undetectable lumped faults. The time-varying gain is introduced to solve the initial error problem and peak value problem. Then, based on the estimated results, an integral terminal sliding mode controller (ITSMC) is designed by integrating the fixed-time stability theory, which can effectively eliminate the nonlinear term and lumped faults. Finally, simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and benefits of the proposed theoretical results.

Fixed-Time and Prescribed-Time Fault-Tolerant Optimal Tracking Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems

Fixed-Time and Prescribed-Time Fault-Tolerant Optimal Tracking Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems

Fully Distributed Dynamic Event-Triggered Pinning Cluster Consensus Control for Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems With Cooperative–Competitive Interactions

In this article, the cluster consensus of heterogeneous multiagent systems is investigated via dynamic event-triggered and pining control strategies. Comprehensively considering the cooperative and competitive interactions among the agents, a novel cluster consensus control protocol is designed, and a class of fully distributed dynamic event-triggered laws that do not depend on the global information is proposed. Being distinct from the traditional static threshold value, a time-varying threshold value is introduced which can effectively reduce the trigger time. Meanwhile, some sufficient conditions are obtained theoretically by using Lyapunov stability theory and the pinning control strategy is addressed as well. Furthermore, it has also been shown that each agent can exclude Zeno behavior. Finally, two simulated examples are given to illustrate the correctness and validity of the proposed methods and our findings.

Multi-Agent Formation Control under Switching Network and Input Constraints

This work discusses formation control of heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems (MASs) under discrete time setting where its formation size is scalable by a scaling factor. The case with and without input constraints are discussed. The communication network is assumed to be jointly connected and the leader-follower network is assumed for the unconstrained case. Compared to the previous work on distributed scalable formation control for heterogeneous agents, this work considers input constraints in the formulation. The proposed algorithm is based on the discrete time version of the internal model principle and the constraint is handled by the command governor. Numerical examples are shown to illustrate the proposed method.

Prescribed-Time Fault-Tolerant Control for Fully Actuated Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems: A Hierarchical Design Approach

The formation control of heterogeneous multi-agent systems that are subjected to actuator faults is addressed in this work. To prevent the spread of faults among agents, a hierarchical design approach is utilized. In the upper layer, distributed prescribed-time observers are presented to estimate the leader's trajectory for followers on directed graphs. In the lower layer, adaptive fault-tolerant controllers are provided for the heterogeneous multi-agent systems subjected to partial effectiveness loss faults based on the fully actuated system model. Contrary to the results of fault-tolerant control that are already in use, the proposed method enables formation errors to zero within a predetermined time that can be set freely. What's more, the estimated errors of efficiency factors are bounded. Finally, simulation results are provided to show the suggested protocol's availability.

Adaptive fault tolerant tracking control of heterogeneous multi-agent systems with non-cooperative target

In this paper, the problem of tracking a non-cooperative target by heterogeneous multi-agent systems(MASs) with actuator faults is studied. Since the target is non-cooperative, the system matrix of the target is unavailable. Hence, the existing results dealing with consensus problem of heterogeneous multi-agent based on known exosystem matrix are inapplicable. A neural-network-based adaptive observer is designed for estimating the output of the non-cooperative target. Then, a finite-time adaptive fault tolerant controller is developed to resolve the heterogeneous target tracking problem in the presence of actuator faults. The tracking errors can converge within finite time. The proposed controller is fully distributed, thereby no longer requiring the system matrix of the target and actuator fault rates of the tracking agents. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed strategies and the correctness of achieved stability conditions are verified by some numerical examples.

Distributed adaptive fixed-time formation control for UAV-USV heterogeneous multi-agent systems

This paper investigates formation trajectory tracking control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems with external disturbances, model uncertainties and input saturation. The system that is considered comprises one unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and multiple unmanned surface vessels (USVs). First, based on directed graph theory, a distributed formation control protocol is proposed for the UAV-USV heterogeneous multi-agent system. Second, combining the advantages of the adaptive technique and radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, a global fixed-time adaptive neural network nonsingular fast terminal sliding formation control protocol is designed to ensure tracking of the desired trajectory and form the predetermined formation configuration within a fixed time in the presence of various uncertainties. Through the proposed adaptive neural network (NN) control technology, the lumped uncertainty can be estimated, and the number of update parameters can be reduced, thereby relieving the calculation burden of the controllers. In addition, a dynamic event-triggered mechanism is incorporated into the controllers, which can reduce the update frequency of controllers, thereby decreasing the communication number of controllers. A saturation function is introduced simultaneously to solve the problem of input saturation. Finally, the simulation results are given to indicate the feasibility of the proposed formation control protocol.

Guest Editorial: Learning, optimisation and control of cyber‐physical systems

Guest Editorial: Learning, optimisation and control of cyber‐physical systems

Research on fault-tolerant consensus of heterogeneous multi-agent systems based on adaptive robust sliding mode observer

Abstract The fault-tolerant consensus control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems with actuator faults and external disturbances is studied in this paper. Firstly, considering the unknown actuator fault information and the influence of external disturbance on the observer, a robust sliding mode observer with adaptive laws modification was proposed to realize the actuator fault reconstruction. Secondly, a fault-tolerant controller is designed based on the reconstructed values obtained from the adaptive robust sliding mode observer, and the original heterogeneous complex dynamic high-dimensional system is converted into two low-dimensional closed-loop error systems by decoupling method. Furthermore, Lyapunov and Ricatti theories are used to obtain the controller gain solution method. Finally, a simulation experiment of fault-tolerant consensus control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems is carried out with one leading agent and four following agents, and the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are verified.

Distributed Antiwindup Consensus Control of Heterogeneous Multiagent Systems Over Markovian Randomly Switching Topologies

The consensus control of multiagent systems (MASs) over randomly switching communication topologies has drawn increasing attention from researchers, since the mean square consensus or the most surely consensus is significant and practical. This manuscript focuses on the output consensus problem for heterogeneous MASs with input saturation constraints over the Markovian randomly switching topologies. The main challenge of solving the concerned problem lies in the interplay among the heterogeneous dynamics, input saturation constraints and the Markovian randomly switching topologies. To overcome such a challenge, a class of distributed adaptive observers is first designed for all agents to deal with the uncertainty caused by the randomly switching topologies. Then, a class of local state observers is presented for estimating each agent’s state information. Based on the above steps, a class of antiwindup controllers is constructed and the control gain matrices are selected using only the dynamics information of each node. Finally, the effectiveness of the consensus protocol is demonstrated.