Finite State Machine Control Research Articles

Thermal management for an air coolant system of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell using heat distribution optimization

This study aims to analyze the temperature characteristics of an air-cooled PEM (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) fuel cell and control its temperature distribution. A temperature control method for the air-cooled PEM fuel cell is achieved by regulating the operating temperature optimally and reducing the temperature gradient. A 3D numerical model is employed to predict the temperature distribution of the stack in the direction of the cooling channel at different air speeds. A multi-node control oriented model is constructed through simulation and control strategy design to reflect difference in the temperature distribution of the fuel cell in the direction of the cooling flow channel. The proposed thermal management system regulates the direction of the coolant airflow based on the finite-state machine control and the airflow speed control based on conventional proportional-integral control. The experiment is implemented on a 1.2 kW PEM fuel cell system for the thermal management validation and results show that the present temperature control scheme can enhance the performance of the cell and reduce the temperature gradient within 0.5 °C.

ZDAQ, a light data acquisition framework based on ZeroMQ

ZDAQ is a light data acquisition system, based on ZeroMQ and mongoose-cpp networking frameworks. Providing binary data collection, events building, web accessible finite state machine and process control, it is well suited to manage distributed data source of laboratory or beam test. It provides a simple event building (one unique process, no parallel building) with flexible data writing formats. It is intensively used for the tests of the Semi Digital HCAL (RPC+Fe) prototype designed for ILD and also for the tests of the new electronic for improved RPC (CMS HL-LHC upgrade)

Методи автоматизованого комп'ютерного проектування цифрового пристрою локального управління

The work is devoted to the issues of improving the reliability of logical control systems in supply systems. The presented method of computer-aided computer design of a digital device for local control (regulation). Based on a simplified algorithm for the functioning of the system, represented by GSA, an automaton model in the form of the transition graph of the Mile finite automaton consists. The transition graph is presented in the VHDL hardware description language in the form of a dual-process automaton pattern. According to the transition graph, an algorithm for diagnosing the control device is constructed according to the strategy of bypassing all the arcs of the graph, which guarantees its completeness. Based on the diagnostic algorithm, the VHDL model of the hardware diagnostic device is built. To diagnose the control finite state machine, it was proposed to conduct a “non-destructive” diagnostic experiment on traversing all vertices (arcs) of state diagram using synchronization sequences. The verification of the model of the diagnostics device developed is performed using the Active-HDL simulation system. Synthesis of control device and device diagnostics is performed using.To reduce the additional hardware costs for a device diagnosing in computer-aided design of digital control systems, methods of test-based design and built-in diagnostics should be used. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the further development of computer-aided computer-aided design of a digital local control device. The practical value of the results is in analyzing the circuit implementation (synthesis) of HDL models of the control device (control machine) and diagnostic hardware (diagnostic machine - the diagnostic device allows you to estimate the amount of additional equipment costs using Quine's criterion and analyzing the additional equipment costs and showed that they can be compared to the hardware costs of the control device itself, on the one hand, this increases the hardware costs of the digital system Thread management in general, but on the other hand, the implementation of management systems on an FPGA, SoC, as a rule, there is an untapped programmable logic, which can be used by diagnostic equipment.

Finite state machine control and power quality enhancement using Goertzel filter for multifunctional battery energy storage system

This study presents the design and control of a multifunctional battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide reactive power and harmonics compensation in grid-connected and uninterrupted supply modes to loads during grid non-availability. The BESS comprises of a bidirectional DC–DC converter and a grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC). The bidirectional converter is controlled to provide the battery charging and to maintain constant DC link voltage. The VSC uses a multimode controller and the finite state machine (FSM) based logic for mode transitions. The multimode controller uses a sliding Goertzel transform based filter for grid-connected mode and voltage controller for standalone mode of operation. The FSM logic monitors the system parameters using a voltage and the rate of change of frequency for deciding the mode of operation and for smooth transition between these modes. Simulated and test results validate the effectiveness of the proposed control in achieving the set objectives.

Evolutionary design method of probabilistic finite state machine for swarm robots aggregation

This paper proposes to use evolutionary computations to determine the parameters of probabilistic finite state machine controllers for swarm robots. The robots are evolved to perform an aggregation task. This problem was formulated as an optimization problem and solved by the PSO. Several computer simulations were conducted to investigate the validity of the proposed method. The results obtained in this paper show us that the proposed method is useful for the aggregation problem and the best evolved controllers are feasible as well as interpretable. This would be transferable to real swarm robots problems.

DESIGN AUTOMATION OF EASY-TESTED DIGITAL FINITE STATE MACHINES

Context. The relevance of the work is to provide minimal additional hardware costs during design automation of easy-tested digitaldevices, which are represented by models of control finite state machines on hardware description languages.Objective. To develop procedures of models’ constructing of easy-tested control finite state machines on hardware descriptionlanguages and estimate hardware costs for different methods of hardware redundancy introduction to HDL-models of finite state machines.Method. The introduction to HDL-models of control finite state machines, which are presented in the form of the FSM template,hardware redundancy (additional fragments of the HDL-code), providing the forcing setting of finite state machine into an arbitrary statewithout the use of synchronizing sequences. For implementation of this approach, the method of FSM’s state table extending is applied,which ensures the mode of bypassing of all nodes of FSM’ state diagram in the diagnostic mode.Results. Simulation of extended VHDL-models of the control FSM using Active-HDL confirmed the operability of this approach.Synthesis of these models using CAD XILINX ISE confirmed the receipt of testable structures and showed the minimum hardware costs forthe method associated with the extension of the state table, in comparison with the organization of the shift register in the Scan Path mode.Conclusions. The task of computer-aided design of testable control finite state machine on the basis of application of FSM’ settingmethods into given state is solved in the work. The optimal way of the setting organization into an arbitrary state of the control FSM is toexpand the state table, which improves the controllability of FSM’ states and leads to the structure’ transformation of their HDL-modelsinto easy-tested ones.The scientific novelty of the work is the transformation of control FSM’ models on hardware description languages, which is realizedby introduction of the additional symbol to the state table, providing the settings of the FSM into an arbitrary state without the use ofsynchronizing sequences.The practical significance of obtained results is to confirm the optimality, in terms of additional hardware costs, of the setting methodof the control FSM into an arbitrary state by introducing the additional symbol into the state table.

FES-UPP: A Flexible Functional Electrical Stimulation System to Support Upper Limb Functional Activity Practice.

There is good evidence supporting highly intensive, repetitive, activity-focused, voluntary-initiated practice as a key to driving recovery of upper limb function following stroke. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) offers a potential mechanism to efficiently deliver this type of therapy, but current commercial devices are too inflexible and/or insufficiently automated, in some cases requiring engineering support. In this paper, we report a new, flexible upper limb FES system, FES-UPP, which addresses the issues above. The FES-UPP system consists of a 5-channel stimulator running a flexible FES finite state machine (FSM) controller, the associated setup software that guides therapists through the setup of FSM controllers via five setup stages, and finally the Session Manager used to guide the patient in repeated attempts at the activities(s) and provide feedback on their performance. The FSM controller represents a functional activity as a sequence of movement phases. The output for each phase implements the stimulations to one or more muscles. Progression between movement phases is governed by user-defined rules. As part of a clinical investigation of the system, nine therapists used the FES-UPP system to set up FES-supported activities with twenty two patient participants with impaired upper-limbs. Therapists with little or no FES experience and without any programming skills could use the system in their usual clinical settings, without engineering support. Different functional activities, tailored to suit the upper limb impairment levels of each participant were used, in up to 8 sessions of FES-supported therapy per participant. The efficiency of delivery of the therapy using FES-UPP was promising when compared with published data on traditional face-face therapy. The FES-UPP system described in this paper has been shown to allow therapists with little or no FES experience and without any programming skills to set up state-machine FES controllers bespoke to the patient’s impairment patterns and activity requirements, without engineering support. The clinical results demonstrated that the system can be used to efficiently deliver high intensity, activity-focused therapy. Nevertheless, further work to reduce setup time is still required.

Методи автоматизації проектування легкотестованих комп'ютерних систем і пристроїв на основі цифрових автоматів

The relevance of the work is to provide minimal additional hardware costs during design automation of easy-tested digital devices, which are represented by models of control finite state machines on hardware description languages.To develop procedures of models’ constructing of easy-tested control finite state machines on hardware description languages and estimate hardware costs for different methods of hardware redundancy introduction to HDL-models of finite state machines.The introduction to HDL-models of control finite state machines, which are presented in the form of the FSM template, hardware redundancy (additional fragments of the HDL-code), providing the forcing setting of finite state machine into an arbitrary state without the use of synchronizing sequences. For implementation of this approach, the method of FSM's state table extending is applied, which ensures the mode of bypassing of all nodes of FSM' state diagram in the diagnostic mode.Simulation of extended VHDL-models of the control FSM using Active-HDL confirmed the operability of this approach. Synthesis of these models using CAD XILINX ISE confirmed the receipt of testable structures and showed the minimum hardware costs for the method associated with the extension of the state table, in comparison with the organization of the shift register in the Scan Path mode.The task of computer-aided design of testable control finite state machine on the basis of application of FSM’ setting methods into given state is solved in the work. The optimal way of the setting organization into an arbitrary state of the control FSM is to expand the state table, which improves the controllability of FSM' states and leads to the structure' transformation of their HDL-models into easy-tested ones. The scientific novelty of the work is the transformation of control FSM’ models on hardware description languages, which is realized by introduction of the additional symbol to the state table, providing the settings of the FSM into an arbitrary state without the use of synchronizing sequences. The practical significance of obtained results is to confirm the optimality, in terms of additional hardware costs, of the setting method of the control FSM into an arbitrary state by introducing the additional symbol into the state table.

Single Discharge Control for Single-Inductor Multiple-Output DC–DC Buck Converters

With ever-increasing demand of feature-rich portable electronics, single-inductor multiple-output (SIMO) converters are becoming a cost-effective option to provide different supply voltages while maintaining a long battery life. A single-discharge (SDC) control scheme is proposed to simplify the SIMO design, to achieve low cross-regulation, and to support wide range of loads with reasonable power efficiency. A SDC SIMO buck converter with four outputs composed of comparators, phased-locked loop, finite state machine (FSM) controller, and an output stage, is prototyped using TSMC's 0.18-μm BCD process. In addition to the basic switching functions, the FSM controller provides a state skipping feature to allow no-load regulation. Its functionality is verified experimentally and can convert an input voltage from 2.7 to 3.7 V to 1, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 V outputs. The simulated peak power conversion efficiency is 86% with a combined output power ranging from 150 to 300 mW. The packaged SDC SIMO converter ICs exhibit a lower measured peak efficiency of 73%, with a cross-regulation of 0.24 mV/mA due to the parasitic bond-wire resistance. The converter prototype can support a wide range of loading conditions, from open circuit to a total output power of 1 W.

Finite state machine control for aircraft electrical distribution system

This study deals with the development of new control logic for more electric aircraft (MEA) electrical power systems (EPSs). A key aspect of the MEA concept is that traditional pneumatic and hydraulic loads are replaced by electrical equivalents. These new electrical systems are more reliable, highly efficient, and easier to replace or maintain. However, as the number of on-board electrical loads increases the electrical distribution systems on-board are becoming more and more complex. As a result, the control system needs to be adapted and improved in order to allow better manage the overall electrical energy flow, provide faster computational operations, and ensure operation of safety-critical loads under all fault scenarios. This study first gives a brief analysis of the different electrical system topologies before outlining potential control strategies which may be applicable to future MEA EPSs. A new control concept for MEA EPSs is then investigated and considered as a potential substitute of the classical control systems. Finally, a model of the newly proposed logic is implemented and simulated showing how it is able to select and apply a correct reconfiguration of the electrical system under different operating conditions.

An Integrated Cooperative Antilock Braking Control of Regenerative and Mechanical System for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Intelligent Tire

AbstractWith the development of the global automotive industry, environmental pollution and driving safety have been major problems. This paper focuses on a novel integrated cooperative antilock braking system (ABS) controller, which is used for antilock regenerative braking systems (ARBS) and antilock mechanical braking systems (AMBS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) driving on different road surfaces. An intelligent tire system is utilized to detect varying road surfaces to obtain friction information and optimal operation slip ratio. In addition, the HEV eight‐degree‐of‐freedom dynamics model is developed for ABS control, which includes the LuGre tire model. Adaptive backstepping and finite state machine controllers are explored to maintain optimal wheel slip and regenerate energy, based on wheel slip, battery state of charge (SOC), motor capability torque, and vehicle velocity, and to develop the switching rules of regenerative and mechanical braking systems. In order to evaluate the performance of regenerative and mechanical braking systems on harvesting energy and driving safety, the HEV and LuGre dynamic tire models are developed in MATLAB SIMULINK /SimDriveline. The estimation results of different road surfaces and slip controller effects are tested via the experiments and simulations, finding good braking performances and high regenerative efficiency in different maneuvers.

A dynamically reconfigurable cell array for software-defined radio

The reconfigurable cell array (RCA) architecture and its implementation are presented in this article. A distinctive feature of this architecture is its dual mode of operations. A reconfigurable cell in this array can operate in either blocking mode or non-blocking mode. This makes it suitable for efficient dataflow computation. This architecture is designed for high-throughput applications of software-defined radio (SDR) using fully pipelined and wavefront computation with fast dynamic reconfiguration. The RCA is part of a SDR chip and is responsible for the high-throughput, intermediate-frequency processing such as digital up and down conversion. In addition to the processing cells, the RCA also includes finite-state machine controllers for data stream management and distributed memory elements for stream data storage. The RCA, when combined with the programmable digital signal processor array, forms a powerful system for the SDR.

Inducing finite state machines from training samples using ant colony optimization

A method for control finite state machine (FSM) induction in which an ant colony optimization algorithm is used for search optimization is proposed. The efficiency of this method is estimated using the generation of FSMs for controlling a model of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). It is shown that the proposed method outperforms the method based on genetic algorithms both in terms of performance and quality.

Finite-state machine control of mechatronic systems

This paper describes the design of control concepts and algorithms for complex processes that are characterized more by the occurrence of discrete events than by differential equations representing the laws of physics. Such design is intended for process description in a symbolic, rather than numeric form. The goal is to combine concepts from both computer science and control, in order to develop a meaningful theory for controlling power electronics, process controllers, embedded systems and motion drive systems. Such design improves the firmware quality in a short development time. A designer would have only to specify the actions, events and transitions in terms of simple functions and tables. Generally, such design is highly structured and efficient, programming tasks are readily comprehended and fault diagnostics are easily included into the program structure. An application to the automatic sliding door illustrates the feasibility of this approach. The paper presents the modular finite-state machine, event–condition–action system, motion generation, motion control with load estimation and an example of a digital signal processor system. The limitations and attributes of each technique are discussed, and a state table format is presented with the capability of representing parallel asynchronous sequential processes.

Integrated Design of Symbolic Controllers for Nonlinear Systems

Symbolic models of continuous and hybrid systems have been studied for a long time, because they provide a formal approach to solve control problems where software and hardware interact with the physical world. While being powerful, this approach often encounters some limitations in concrete applications, because of the large size of the symbolic models needed to be constructed. Inspired by on-the-fly techniques for verification and control of finite state machines, in this note we propose an algorithm that integrates the construction of the symbolic models with the design of the symbolic controllers. Computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is discussed and an illustrative example is included.

Radial fine seek control with fault protection in a digital versatile disc player

The paper proposes a fine seek servo controller for the digital versatile disk (DVD). The proposed control is an integration of a hybrid track position detector, a position accumulator, a position profile generator, a control finite state machine, an estimator, a defect detector, an RFRP signal compensator, a tracking servo equalizer (for both track-following and fine-seek) and a sled servo equalizer. The integration of these blocks enables a wider range of pull-in area for the servo to switch from track seeking to track following. The implementation results show that the proposed control achieves better performance over the conventional velocity control approach. The experimental results also demonstrated the ability of the control to effectively deal with disks with defects or fingerprints.

Labeled rough partitions – a new general purpose representation for multiple-valued functions and relations

Abstract In this paper, we present a new data structure for representing multiple-valued (MV) relations (functions in particular), both completely and incompletely specified, and an associated set of manipulation algorithms. Relations are represented by labeled rough partitions, structure similar to rough partitions introduced in [T. Luba, Decomposition of multiple-valued functions, in: Proceedings of the 25th ISMVL, 1995, pp. 256–261] but extended with labels to store the full information about relations. We present experimental results from comparison of our data structure to binary decision diagrams (BDDs) on binary functions (MCNC benchmarks) showing its superiority in terms of memory requirements in 73% cases. The new representation can be used to a large class of MV, completely and incompletely specified functions and relations, typical for machine learning and complex finite state machine (FSM) controller optimization applications.

Risk-Sensitive Control of Finite State Machines on an Infinite Horizon II

Risk-Sensitive Control of Finite State Machines on an Infinite Horizon II

A New Sequencing Control Strategy for Air-Handling Units

Air-handling unit (AHU) controllers commonly use sequencing logic to determine the most economic way to use the components of the AHU to maintain the supply air temperature at a setpoint value. The objective of this paper is to introduce the finite state machine (FSM) sequencing control strategy for AHUs and to compare this strategy with a traditional split-range sequencing control strategy. The FSM control strategy represents a paradigm shift in the way sequencing logic is developed, illustrated, and implemented for the control of HVAC systems. Simulation results obtained from representative weather data for each month of the year are presented to demonstrate the performance of the two sequencing strategies with respect to the controller gains (proportional gain and integral time) used for the heating coil, cooling coil, and mixing box dampers. Simulation results demonstrate that in comparison to the split-range control strategy, the FSM control strategy leads to more stable operation of the AHU when the feedback controller(s) used to control the supply air temperature is (are) poorly tuned.

Risk-Sensitive Control of Finite State Machines on an Infinite Horizon I

In this paper we consider robust and risk-sensitive control of discrete time finite state systems on an infinite horizon. The solution of the state feedback robust control problem is characterized in terms of the value of an average cost dynamic game. The risk-sensitive stochastic optimal control problem is solved using the policy iteration algorithm, and the optimal rate is expressed in terms of the value of a stochastic dynamic game with average cost per unit time criterion. By taking a small noise limit, a deterministic dynamic game which is closely related to the robust control problem is obtained.