Computer-controlled System Research Articles

A HOMEMADE SEMIAUTOMATIC GRAPHITIZATION DEVICE FOR AMS 14C DATING AT NTUAMS LAB

ABSTRACT A low-cost and computer-controlled graphitization system connected to an elemental analyzer (EA) has been designed and built at the NTUAMS Lab. This semiautomatic system equips 6-unit reactors for the graphitization of CO2 with H2 on the iron catalyst. The entire procedure takes about 7 hours for iron conditioning, sample combustion and loading, and graphitization. The system can produce good-quality graphite for samples containing 0.5–1.6 mg carbon mass, with the pressure yield of graphitization ranging from 57.7% to 87.1%. The average values of OXI and OXII agree well with the consensus value, but the result of ANU sucrose was observed to be slightly higher than the reported one. The background samples of anthracite over ten months yielded an average of 0.38±0.10 pMC (n=21) corresponding to a 14C age of 45 kyr BP. Intercomparison samples L and M of FIRI exhibit that the measured 14C ages are almost identical to the consensus values and have a small spread in these values. The system has been carrying out graphitization for total organic carbon (TOC) of peat samples, and providing a more efficient and convenient way for AMS 14C dating.

The Design of a Speech Recognition-Based Finger Training Rehabilitation Device: Mechanical and System Aspects

Aiming to address the extended diagnosis and recovery period along with low efficiency in traditional stroke patient rehabilitation, this study introduces a speech recognition-based finger rehabilitation training control system. This system enables patients to perform finger exercises while providing feedback on finger angle, speed, and position. Furthermore, it offers rehabilitation physicians valuable data for evaluation and reference in finger rehabilitation. The system is divided into hardware circuitry, a lower computer control system, and a voice recognition human-computer interaction system, all working in conjunction with the finger movement perception system. By applying the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) algorithm to the voice interaction system for pattern matching, the finger rehabilitation system undergoes simulation testing. The results demonstrate that the proposed rehabilitation training system based on speech recognition meets design requirements, ensuring safety, reliability, and substantial application potential in future finger rehabilitation training.

Research on the Construction Method of Real-time Scheduling Process and Bus Scheduling Table based on WorldFIP Fieldbus

The WorldFIP protocol is the third part of the European standard EN-50150. It is particularly suitable for use in distributed computer control systems. WorldFIP provides data transfer services for variable exchange, and in order to cope with the real-time requirements of the system during variable transfer, the WorldFIP protocol provides communication services based on periodic and non-periodic identification exchanges, in which periodic exchanges have the highest priority and are scheduled cyclically according to the bus scheduling table at runtime. execution at runtime according to the bus scheduling table. Therefore, when constructing the scheduling table, the respective schedulability can be determined at pre-run time. For acyclic variable exchanges, the situation is different as they have a lower priority level and perform variable exchanges according to a first-come-first-served strategy. In this paper, from the perspective of variable exchange, we study the communication mode of the WorldFIP protocol, the process of cyclic and acyclic variable exchange, introduce a method for constructing bus scheduling tables based on microcycles and macrocycles, and finally give specific examples to prove the rationality of this method.

Three solutions for a discrete fourth-order boundary value problem with four parameters

This paper presents several sufficient conditions for the existence of at least three classical solutions of a boundary value problem for a fourth-order difference equation. Fourth-order boundary value problems act as models for the bending or deforming of elastic beams. In different fields of research, such as computer science, mechanical engineering, control systems, artificial or biological neural networks, economics and many others,the mathematical modelling of important questions leads naturally to the consideration of nonlinear difference equations. Our technical approach is based on variational methods. An example is included in the paper.Numerical computations of the example confirm our theoretical results.

Pain during primary molar local anaesthesia with SleeperOne5 computerized device versus conventional syringe: A randomized, split-mouth, crossover, controlled trial.

Because of controversial results from clinical studies comparing different dental local anesthesia methods in children, the primary objective of this randomized, split-mouth, crossover, controlled trial was to compare pain intensity during local anaesthesia (LA) performed with a computer-controlled LA delivery system (C-CLADS) versus a conventional syringe (CONV). Secondary objectives included comparisons during dental treatment. Participants (4-8 years) with tooth pair requiring similar treatment were recruited from five French hospitals. The right primary molar, which was treated at the first visit, was randomly allocated to one of the anaesthesia groups (either intraosseous with C-CLADS or infiltration with CONV), whereas the contralateral molar (treated at the second visit) was assigned to the other group. Pain intensity and behaviour outcomes, assessed with the Faces Pain and Venham revised scales, respectively, were compared between groups using Proc mixed. Stratified analyses were performed on dentition and location. Among 107 participants, the analysis revealed reduced pain perception during LA in the C-CLADS group compared with the CONV group (-0.72, 95% CI: -1.43, -0.006), but not during dental treatment. Stratified analyses showed that this effect was observed only in primary dentition (p = .006) and mandibular molars (p = .005). Behavioural issues were fewer in the C-CLADS group than in the CONV group (p = .05) only during injection. C-CLADS emerged as the preferable system in primary dentition.

The Design of a Speech Recognition-Based Finger Training Rehabilitation Device: Mechanical and System Aspects

This research introduces a novel speech recognition-based control system for finger rehabilitation aimed at addressing the inefficiencies and prolonged recovery periods commonly associated with traditional stroke rehabilitation methods. The system enables stroke patients to engage in finger exercises while simultaneously providing real-time feedback on the finger's angle, speed, and position. This feedback is invaluable for rehabilitation physicians, offering critical data for assessing and refining rehabilitation strategies. The system architecture is composed of three main components: the hardware circuitry, a lower-level computer control system, and a voice recognition-based human-computer interaction system, all integrated with a finger movement perception system. Employing the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for pattern recognition in the voice interaction component, the system has undergone simulation testing to verify its effectiveness. The findings confirm that the speech recognition-based rehabilitation training system meets all design expectations, providing a safe, reliable, and promising approach for enhancing finger rehabilitation practices.

Camera-based plant growth monitoring for automated plant cultivation with controlled environment agriculture

Building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIPVT) greenhouse technology exhibits great potential to enhance crop yielding, energy harvesting, and water management for highly efficient farming and enables controlled environment agriculture (CEA) for automated plant cultivation. The proposed smart greenhouse system uses BIPVT, geothermal, image-based sensing, and control technologies for high energy efficiency and high-fidelity plant growth control. A camera-based, computer-controlled system was demonstrated to successfully monitor single and multiple food plants' growth. The growth rate over the life-cycle of the plant was automatically recorded by cameras without human interference. A novel algorithm was developed to extract the plants from the background of the image and then to measure the length from the ground to the top of the longest plant with different shapes or profiles. The growth rate was automatically generated as fundamental data for farming management and control. Because the plant growth is slow and the errors caused by image noise can be comparable with the actual growth when the interval between images is not large enough, the noise of a camera is evaluated by comparing multiple images under the same exposure condition, which is used to provide the error range of the measurements. The plant growth monitoring system will be integrated into an ongoing greenhouse project for smart greenhouse operation.

Preserving paradata for accountability of semi-autonomous AI agents in dynamic environments: An archival perspective

This paper proposes the category of real-time artificial intelligence (AI) systems as applications of computerized control systems in dynamic, time-constrained contexts normally managed by human intelligence. Noting the accountability challenges which these systems introduce, the paper posits the need for robust documentation and records capacities within these systems. The paper surveys four real-time AI systems with significant records needs: autonomous vehicles, online content targeting systems, mixed-reality tools for surgical contexts, and digital twin systems in airport facilities management. The paper identifies paradata, or the data leading up to an output in a system's operation, as a key data category necessitating preservation for full transparency in the records generated by these systems. Paradata is defined as “information about the procedure(s) and tools used to create and process information resources, along with information about the persons carrying out those procedures.” Paradata uncovers opaque technological processes underlying the production of other datasets and at a granular level must be identified and preserved to delineate the boundaries between human and system agency in semi-autonomous systems. With a basis in control theory, the paper finally offers a framework for assessing the functions of real-time AI systems' operations and their documentation and records needs.

Simulation model of a flat plate air solar collector

Simulation model of a flat plate air solar collector

MATLAB Simulation of PID Control Algorithm

PID control is actually three kinds of feedback control: proportional control, integral control and differential control collectively. According to the control object and application conditions, the partial combination of these three kinds of control can be used, namely P control, PI control, PD control or the combination of the three, namely PID control in the real sense. We can call them generally PID control laws. The controller that adopts this control law is called PID controller. Parameter setting of PID controller is the core content of control system design. Parameter setting refers to the process of determining the scale coefficient, integral time and differential time of PID controller according to the characteristics of the controlled process, so as to improve the dynamic and static characteristics of the system and obtain better control effect. In the industrial application, because the control by computer is a kind of sampling control, it can only calculate the control quantity according to the deviation value of sampling time. Therefore, in the computer control system, the discretization process must be carried out first, and the differential equation of continuous system must be replaced by the difference equation of digital form.

Making the Case for Scaling Up Microwave Sintering of Ceramics

The densification and sintering of ceramics using microwaves is first reported in the mid‐1960s. Today, the reduced carbon footprint of this process has renewed interest as it uses less energy overall compared to conventional process heating/furnaces. However, scaling up and commercializing the microwave sintering process of ceramics remains a formidable challenge. As a contactless method, microwave sintering offers geometric flexibility over other field‐assisted sintering processes. Yet, the inability to address multiscale, multiphysics‐driven heterogeneities arising during microwave coupling limits discussions about a future scale‐up process. Herein, the case is made that unlike 60 years ago, new advances in multiscale computational modeling, materials characterization, control systems, and software open up new avenues for addressing these challenges. More importantly, the rise of additive manufacturing techniques demands the innovation of sintering processes in the ceramics community for realizing near‐net‐shaped and complex parts for applications ranging from medical implants to automotive and aerospace parts.

Design and implementation of computer network security detection and control system

With the widespread application of computer network technology, computer network security defense capability has become a focus of attention in various industries. The extensive use of computer information systems in various sectors has significantly improved work efficiency but has also introduced security risks and management issues. The deployment of network security detection and control systems allows for effective security monitoring and management of computer operations and real-time network information. This paper presents a computer network security detection and control system based on human-computer interaction, which enables users to handle daily key business processes. The work principles and overall architecture of the network security detection and control system are analyzed and demonstrated. It offers functions such as filtering options, address rules, network security detection, network unreachability, overall traffic analysis, subnet definition, fault diagnosis, and security analysis. Testing and analysis indicate that the systems design achieves the intended goals. In the application of network security features, it can effectively combine various forces to enhance the quality and efficiency of network security, making it widely applicable in various industry units.

Deep Learning for Neuromuscular Control of Vocal Source for Voice Production.

A computational neuromuscular control system that generates lung pressure and three intrinsic laryngeal muscle activations (cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid) to control the vocal source was developed. In the current study, LeTalker, a biophysical computational model of the vocal system was used as the physical plant. In the LeTalker, a three-mass vocal fold model was used to simulate self-sustained vocal fold oscillation. A constant/ǝ/vowel was used for the vocal tract shape. The trachea was modeled after MRI measurements. The neuromuscular control system generates control parameters to achieve four acoustic targets (fundamental frequency, sound pressure level, normalized spectral centroid, and signal-to-noise ratio) and four somatosensory targets (vocal fold length, and longitudinal fiber stress in the three vocal fold layers). The deep-learning-based control system comprises one acoustic feedforward controller and two feedback (acoustic and somatosensory) controllers. Fifty thousand steady speech signals were generated using the LeTalker for training the control system. The results demonstrated that the control system was able to generate the lung pressure and the three muscle activations such that the four acoustic and four somatosensory targets were reached with high accuracy. After training, the motor command corrections from the feedback controllers were minimal compared to the feedforward controller except for thyroarytenoid muscle activation.

Expressions of Arab Influence on the Brazilian Architecture: The Case of Solar Control Elements

Over the centuries, architects have distanced themselves from the accumulated architectural knowledge, which often provided constructive solutions highly connected to the climatic context and cultural characteristics. With utmost expression from the 20th century on, building designers have assumed a somewhat negligent attitude towards the architectural project, essentially relying on active mechanical systems, to achieve indoor environmental comfort conditions. This paper overviews the current knowledge of solar control elements adopted and developed by Brazilian architecture, tracing its origin to the influence of Arab and Moorish architecture, with the objective of valuing passive solutions. Arab influence in Brazilian architecture began in the 17th century when Portuguese settlers felt the need to adapt the colonial buildings to the climatic constraints, particularly with regard to excessive solar radiation, leading to indoor thermal discomfort and excess natural light. Arab influence in Brazilian architecture remains present until the current day with the same objectives; however, it has been reinterpreted and appropriated by the Brazilian architectural school. Among the most used construction elements during the colonial period were the muxarabis, rótulas, and gelosias. Throughout the 20th century, these elements were culturally appropriated and served as inspiration for the development of the cobogó and the pioneering use of brise-soleis in Brazilian architecture. These elements have spread throughout global architecture, accompanied by the adoption of computer-controlled dynamic solar protection systems. Therefore, it is important to promote traditional solutions and encourage new architects to adopt passive approaches, aiming for energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts.

STUDY OF REQUIREMENTS AND CYBER SECURITY ANALYSIS OF THE SOFTWARE OF INFORMATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS OF NPP, IMPORTANT FOR SECURITY

In order to counter cryptoattacks on elements of critical infrastructure, in particular on computer control systems of nuclear power plants, the goal achieved in this work is to analyze the requirements for computer security (cyber security) of the software of this system, which are relevant to the stage of its design, development and operation, as well as proposed criteria and methodology for calculating the quality of compliance with these requirements. To achieve the goal, the first section of the article provides information on standards and identified requirements for software cyber security. In the second section, an analysis of the requirements is carried out and an approach to software development is described, taking into account these requirements and analyzing their consideration. In the third section, an approach to calculating the performance indicator of software cyber security requirements is proposed. The fourth chapter provides an example of the application of this approach to the existing computerized NPP management system to assess compliance with cyber security requirements. The article discusses the requirements of the international standard IEC62645 and the industry standard of Ukraine “NP 306.2.237-2022”, which are related to the development of software for the computer control system of nuclear power plants. Ensuring cyber protection of the software of the NPP computer management system is a complex task that includes administrative, legal, technical, cultural, and organizational components. From the point of view of software development and operation, the main cyber security measures include software code verification, ensuring the absence of hidden functions, implementing physical equipment protection, security of software components, authentication, security during data exchange. To determine the compliance of the software with the requirements of cyber protection, it is necessary to determine the requirements applicable to each component of the software and conduct an analysis of their implementation. This action should occur continuously during the development of new software and software evaluation of existing computer control systems. After the analysis of the applicability and fulfillment of the requirements, the calculation of the coefficient of the fulfillment of the requirements can be carried out. It was noted that cyber protection is only a component of the quality of the software of the NPP computer control system, which is important for the performance of security functions. The analysis of requirements and the calculation of the coefficient of their fulfillment can be an integral part of the complex model of the software development process of the computer system of NPP management.

Design and Implementation of Green House Data Logger for Optimum Crop Production

Greenhouse technology is a viable option for sustainable crop production in regions of adverse climatic conditions. During hot seasons the heat input to a greenhouse causes the internal temperature to exceed its optimal value. The present study was devoted to constructing an evaporative cooling system to reduce heat stress inside a greenhouse. The use of greenhouses with controlled microclimate according to the plant's needs isan important way to increase the production of fruits and vegetables and has recently become one of the hottest topics in precision agriculture. To know and control the greenhouse microclimate, smart sensing nodes with wireless communication capabilities are recommended. This paper presents a review of the use of technologies for automated activities in greenhouses. Different microclimate parameters inside the greenhouse are to be precisely controlled for successful greenhouse cultivation or to maximize production. Controlling can be done either by manually or by an automatic control system which comprises measurement, data processing, recording and management of environmental parameters. The manual method of control is not accurate, very time-consuming and very laborious process. Hence automatic control of microclimate is required for better performance of the greenhouse. Different methods of automation of the greenhouse include the use of microprocessor-based control systems and computer-controlled systems. Computerized control is more accurate but not economical for small and medium farmers. Microprocessor-based control is good for small farmers

Computer-controlled closed-loop norepinephrine infusion system for automated control of mean arterial pressure in dogs under isoflurane-induced hypotension: a feasibility study.

Intra-operative hypotension is a common complication of surgery under general anesthesia in dogs and humans. Computer-controlled closed-loop infusion systems of norepinephrine (NE) have been developed and clinically applied for automated optimization of arterial pressure (AP) and prevention of intra-operative hypotension in humans. This study aimed to develop a simple computer-controlled closed-loop infusion system of NE for the automated control of the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs with isoflurane-induced hypotension and to validate the control of MAP by the developed system. NE was administered via the cephalic vein, whereas MAP was measured invasively by placing a catheter in the dorsal pedal artery. The proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller in the negative feedback loop of the developed system titrated the infusion rate of NE to maintain the MAP at the target value of 60 mmHg. The titration was updated every 2 s. The performance of the developed system was evaluated in six laboratory Beagle dogs under general anesthesia with isoflurane. In the six dogs, when the concentration [median (interquartile range)] of inhaled isoflurane was increased from 1.5 (1.5-1.5)% to 4 (4-4)% without activating the system, the MAP was lowered from 95 (91-99) to 41 (37-42) mmHg. In contrast, when the concentration was increased from 1.5 (1.0-1.5)% to 4 (4-4.8)% for a 30-min period and the system was simultaneously activated, the MAP was temporarily lowered from 92 (89-95) to 47 (43-49) mmHg but recovered to 58 (57-58) mmHg owing to the system-controlled infusion of NE. If the acceptable target range for MAP was defined as target MAP ±5 mmHg (55 ≤ MAP ≤65 mmHg), the percentage of time wherein the MAP was maintained within the acceptable range was 96 (89-100)% in the six dogs during the second half of the 30-min period (from 15 to 30 min after system activation). The median performance error, median absolute performance error, wobble, and divergence were - 2.9 (-4.7 to 1.9)%, 2.9 (2.0-4.7)%, 1.3 (0.8-1.8)%, and - 0.24 (-0.34 to -0.11)%·min-1, respectively. No adverse events were observed during the study period, and all dogs were extubated uneventfully. This system was able to titrate the NE infusion rates in an accurate and stable manner to maintain the MAP within the predetermined target range in dogs with isoflurane-induced hypotension. This system can be a potential tool in daily clinical practice for the care of companion dogs.

EOG -Based Computer Control System for People with Mobility Limitations

EOG -Based Computer Control System for People with Mobility Limitations

Inducing Anaesthesia via Exact Feedback Linearization control

The necessity of painless surgery and delivering an accurate dose of drug to induce anaesthesia to the patient is indubitable. Delivering a higher dose to the patient may lead to adverse effects and postoperative complications, while a lower dose obviously leads the patient to regain consciousness during the surgery and in extreme cases even to surgery failure. To overcome such complications during surgeries several research studies revolve around the design of a computer-controlled system to deliver an accurate dose of drug to induce anaesthesia. Therefore this paper aims to introduce an exact linearization of the drug administration model in anaesthesia, without losing too much information about the internal dynamics. This is realised by creating a linear map between the input and output. The control law uses this model and is designed to ensure performances of no overshoot and minimum steady-state error. The control loop is tested on a system with parametric uncertainties (related to patient intra/inter-variability). The simulation results validate the proposed approach and demonstrate its robustness.

The Development of Flexible Manufacturing Systems in Automotive Production Under the Background of Industry 4.0: A Descriptive Study

Taking Industry 4.0 as the background, this paper investigates the role of Flexible Manufacturing System in automobile production, introduces flexible systems from the application of CNC machine tools, manufacturing robots and computer control systems in automobile production, summarizes the existing technical barriers, and points out the feasible development direction.