Control Appraisal Research Articles

Coping Effectiveness: A Path Analysis of Self‐Efficacy, Control, Coping, and Performance in Sport Competitions1

We examined a model of coping effectiveness based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress and coping theory and Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory. Female athletes (n= 178) aged 16 to 28 were studied over two rounds of a sport event. Path analysis (LISREL VI) revealed that higher levels of self‐efficacy and control appraisals were associated with better performance. As expected, performance and performance satisfaction in Round 1 influenced appraisals and coping during the second performance. In addition, control appraisal was associated with disengagement coping, and both engagement and disengagement coping were related to performance and performance satisfaction. Self‐efficacy mediated the performance/control relationship for Round 1, but not the performance satisfaction relationship.

PROGRAM BUDGETING: COSTS AND BENEFITS

: This article focuses on the divergence between the principle and the reality of program budgeting. The principle is that program budgeting is based on the “output” classification of expenditure. In reality, however, program budgets are more like hybrids between the organisational and functional classifications of expenditure. The reasons for this divergence between principle and reality are analysed by examining the costs and benefits of the output classification of expenditure, contrasted to organisational/functional classification, for the key purposes of budgeting—namely control, estimation and expenditure review and appraisal. It is concluded that, although the output classification of expenditure offers significant benefits from the standpoint of expenditure review and appraisal, it is inferior to the organisational/functional classification from a cost benefit point of view. This is essentially because of the very substantial costs of obtaining reliable information on actual expenditure in terms of output categories, relative to the lower costs of obtaining organisational/functional information. With respect to the other purposes of budgeting, two conclusions are drawn. First, output categories are much less suited to the estimation of forward expenditure than are organisational/functional categories. Second, the use of output categories for control (i.e. expenditure instruction) purposes is inappropriate, principally because it is unnecessary and creates unwarranted expenditure inflexibilities. It is argued, however, that this deficiency of the output categories for control purposes is a reflection of the general inappropriateness of prescriptive program budgets (whether based on output or organisationa/functional categories).

Parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disability in Israel: Resources, stress and the decision to apply for out-of-home placement

Israeli parents of adolescents with severe intellectual disability (n=86) were studied in respect to their locus of control and perceived social support as moderators of stress, and the likelihood of applying for out-of-home placement. Findings indicated that applying parents, of whom the higher percentage was single-parent families, tended to have external locus of control, less social support, and high levels of stress. Furthermore, parental internal locus of control and positive appraisal of social support were the only resources that moderated child-related stress and increased the likelihood of keeping the adolescent child at home. Findings are interpreted in relation to policy and practice.

Quality Control and Performance Appraisal, Volume II

Quality Control and Performance Appraisal, Volume II

Quality Control and Performance Appraisal, Volume II

Quality Control and Performance Appraisal, Volume II

Quality Control and Performance Appraisal

Quality Control and Performance Appraisal