Contract Terms Research Articles

Green Securitization, A Legal Structure Currently Unfit for Ecological Transition

Abstract Ever since the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the European banking sector and its regulating authorities have been seeking to revive securitization markets in Europe. The most recent attempt in this direction is the inscription of green securitization in the European sustainable finance agenda. Building on Katharina Pistor’s work on the legal coding of capital as well as Eve Chiapello’s work on financialization as a socio-technical process, our proposed contribution focuses on the legal structuring of green securitization. Based on the legal documentation and sustainability frameworks of four recent green securitization deals tied to energy-efficiency home improvements, it critically examines the new kind of financial circuits that is being constructed to channel funds towards projects deemed to create positive impacts on the environment. Our analysis shows that green securitization’s current legal structure fails to properly incorporate sustainability considerations, whether in its contractual terms, financial metrics, or parties involved.

Legal Problems of Labor and Employment of Minors

The employment of minors is an indicator of the state's social orientation to maintain and harmoniously involve young people in the labor process. However, much in this matter depends on the relevance and the possibility of applying legislative provisions in practice. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of legal regulation of labor and employment of minors and identify promising areas for the development of domestic labor legislation in this area. Materials and methods. In the study of the problems of labor and employment of minors, general scientific methods were used – analysis, synthesis, generalization and comparison. The use of the content analysis method made it possible to identify existing approaches to solving the problem of involving young people under 18 in the world of work. The methods of comparison and system analysis made it possible to place emphasis on the issue of further improvement of legislation on labor and employment of minors. The research uses particular scientific methods: comparative legal, formal legal, statistical ones. The analysis of legislative provisions on regulation of the labor law status of a minor employee and the practice of their implementation in the Russian economy is carried out. Results. The problem of labor and employment of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years has always been acute in Russia. There are several reasons: the financial costs of the employer, short term of the employment contract, special requirements for labor protection. A new impetus to solving the problem of youth employment was set in 2021–2022, when minors began to en masse register as self-employed. However, self-employed minors do not have the guarantees and the degree of protection that an employment contract provides them. It is noted that regulation of the labor law status of minors is primarily focused on ensuring an increased level of their social and legal protection in the field of hired labor. Attention is drawn to the shift in the emphasis of the Russian state's policy on the problem of underage employment from a classical solution of this issue to the interest in early career guidance and harmonious involvement of young people in the labor process. Implementation of this state task implies, among other things, the need to update the provisions of legislation on the labor and legal status of minors. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of legislative innovations introduced by Federal Law No. 259-FZ dated June 13, 2023 in the regulation of juvenile labor, a further direction for improving the labor law status of minors has been determined – softening the requirements for minors’ employment in terms of parental consent and medical examination while maintaining the level of their rights guarantee.

Smart Contract on a Crypto Assets in the Civil Law and Common Law Jurisdictions: Implementation of Best Practices

The article is devoted to the analysis on a crypto assets smart contract in the civil law and common law jurisdictions and the implementation of the best practices into Ukrainian law. It is argued that the essence of a crypto assets smart contract is that it is a self-executing contract which is represented and executed by a computer program, remains unchanged and unstoppable after the creation of this contract, and its terms are included in the internal functions of a decentralized database which is not controlled by the databases of the parties to the contract or third parties. It is noted that a cryptoasset smart contract, like any contract, may be declared invalid if the will to conclude it does not meet the conditions for the validity of this transaction, regardless of the form in which this transaction is concluded, as in this case in the form of a computer code. It is also stated that the terms of a cryptoasset smart contract must be specific (clear, unambiguous), feasible (objective), legitimate, and capable of automation (no evaluative terms, such as “reasonable time,” may be used), exist within the blockchain platform (on which cryptoassets are currently transacted) and not involve obtaining and confirming information from outside (in this regard, the terms of force majeure are not specified in the smart contract). The study applies dialectical, comparative legal, formal and logical, and systemic and structural methods of scientific knowledge. It is proved that a smart contract is a contract which is represented and executed by a computer program, the components of which are a computer code, some or all of the terms of this contract which are fulfilled upon the occurrence of predefined events, are stored in an electronic register system which records the result of execution of this program, and the contract itself cannot be changed and is executed in accordance with the programmed instructions of the computer program. The author concludes that the determination of the person who is legally liable when a smart contract fails to perform the programmed function depends on the terms of the smart contract, and in their absence, the provisions of applicable law regarding the legal consequences of non-performance of the contract and liability for such non-performance should be used.

The legal characteristics of the contract concluded as a result of public procurement

The relations in the field of procurement of goods, works and services for budgetary funds to meet the needs of enterprises, institutions and organizations in goods, works and services are one of the forms of cooperation between the state and subjects of economic activity. The use of public procurement involves certain procedures and mechanisms set out in the Law of Ukraine ‘On Public Procurement’ and a number of bylaws. For example, the specifics of public procurement of goods, works and services for customers provided for by the Law of Ukraine ‘On Public Procurement’ for the period of martial law in Ukraine and within 90 days from the date of its termination or cancellation are regulated by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 1178 dated 12.10.2022. The procurement agreement is the instrument and form that ensures the implementation of the regulation of relations in connection with the procurement of goods, works and services for budgetary funds. In this regard, the detailed theoretical analysis of the legal nature of this contract and its characterization have become urgent tasks of the national legal science. The essential terms of the procurement contract shall not differ from the content of the tender offer of the winner of the procurement procedure / simplified procurement or the agreed price of the participant’s offer in case of negotiation procedure, and shall not be changed after its signing until the parties have fulfilled their obligations in full, except in cases determined by law. The procurement agreement is a civil law, consensual, fixed-term, paid transaction by its legal nature and is bilateral. The procurement contract cannot be classified as a particular classification group of contracts (for the transfer of property, for the performance of works, for the provision of services, etc.) Depending on the subject matter, the respective procurement contract will be regarded as belonging to a particular group of contracts. At the same time, when determining the thresholds (criteria) for the application of certain public procurement procedures, it is necessary to proceed from the conceptual framework of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Public Procurement’ (for example, lease will be treated as a service, however, the essential terms will be determined based on the legal regulation of this particular type of property transfer agreement).

Redefining equality in European contract law: protecting consumer interests in a post-consumer society

Abstract Consumers have in law been defined as the weaker parties in a transaction. Contract laws have integrated consumer protection with a view to balancing the interests of the parties, ensuring equal bargaining power and to some extent substantive fairness in contractual relations. Rules of consumer protection have therefore, from a contract lawyer’s perspective, been construed as expressions of a general principle of equality. The principle of equality, conceived in this way, complements the general principle of autonomy underlying contract law, which embodies the idea that parties should have the capacity for self-realisation. Does this construction of consumer contract law still hold in EU consumer markets transformed by the rise of online platforms and the overall move towards an economy based on services and experiences rather than the sale of physical goods? Or do we need to redefine the ways in which the principle of equality is expressed in European contract law in order to correct for new inequalities arising between consumers and businesses? This article aims to answer that question against the backdrop of established insights of the ways in which the rationality of European contract law differs from that of national, doctrinal private law systems. It concludes that the rules laid down in instruments such as the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) and the Unfair Contract Terms Directive (UCTD) can protect consumers against exploitative practices. However, problems arise in cases where the interest at stake go beyond economic interests and concern also non-economic interests, such as data protection or freedom of expression, or do not have a market exchange value. Solutions can be pursued, it is submitted, by the European legislator and the European Court of Justice, potentially using the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as a catalyst for reform.

Job Quality Gaps Between Migrant and Native Platform Workers: Evidence From Poland

ABSTRACTThe platform economy has grown worldwide, opening labour markets but raising concerns about precariousness. Using a tailored, quantitative survey in Poland, this article studies taxi and delivery platform drivers' working conditions and job quality, focusing on the gaps between natives and migrants. Migrants' job quality is noticeably lower regarding contractual terms of employment, working hours, work–life balance, multidimensional deprivation and job satisfaction. Migrants who started a platform job immediately after arriving in Poland are particularly deprived. They also cluster on taxi platforms, which offer inferior working conditions compared to delivery platforms. The platform economy can be an arrival infrastructure for migrants. However, in New Immigration Destinations such as Poland, where the ethnic economy is underdeveloped and institutional support for migrants is weak, poor working conditions on platforms can exacerbate migrants' labour market vulnerabilities and hinder mobility to better jobs, as platforms often provide limited opportunities for skill development.

Lending to Women and Credit Risk in Microfinance Institutions: The Moderating Effects of Patriarchy and Female Leadership

Female poverty and financial exclusion of women often reflect patriarchy, a societal logic that consists of norms, beliefs, and traditions that rationalise the marginalisation of women. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have a developmental objective of promoting women’s empowerment through the provision of banking services. Yet, it remains the case that patriarchy not only influences the extent of outreach to women but also the relationship and contractual terms between MFIs and the female clients they serve. In this study, we revisit the debate on the relationship between lending to women and credit risk and test the moderating effects of the level of patriarchy in the host country and the existence of female leadership in the MFI. Using data on 415 MFIs, we find that patriarchy negatively moderates the impact of lending to women on credit risk. The results further show that the observed effect is less pronounced in female-led MFIs than in male-led ones. We argue that, in comparison to their male counterparts, female leaders of MFIs possess heightened skills and a deeper understanding necessary to effectively serve women in patriarchal societies.

Research on the Development Experience of the Dairy Futures Market and Exploring the Feasibility of the Dairy Market in China

With the dairy business across the world increasingly growing, a study of how Europe and the US established their dairy futures markets helps to understand whether they will be viable in China. For both of these regions, there are well-established dairy futures markets that play an important role in price risk management for both producers and buyers. This will help us to anticipate what we might face as challenges or opportunities when we introduce such a market in China. The significance of European and American markets is reflected by the various roles played by dairy futures. It highlights the necessity of strong infrastructure, efficient legal frameworks and regulations, vibrant market participation, and information dissemination that is transparent and efficient. It has been a stabilizing element for transparency in European dairy future markets. Various initiatives introduced by the EU have supported the development, including standardization of contract terms and provision of adequate liquidity. In contrast, the United States has multiple exchanges that trade dairy futures where each exchange trades different kinds of dairy contracts. This variety allows for individualization, but it also hinders uniformity in market operations and limits liquidity. In conclusion, we discuss the significance of developing strong infrastructures, effective legal frameworks, and regulations, encouraging active market participation, as well as ensuring transparency and efficiency in information dissemination. Lastly, through an examination of these European and American experiences coupled with the main ingredients underlying their achievements, we can support China to have a robust dairy industry future market.

Effect of Suppliers Relationship Management Strategies on Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP) and National Petroleum Investment and Management Services (NAPIMS) in Nigeria

This work focused on NAPIMS, BPP and Supplier Relationship Management Strategies in Nigeria. Supplier Quality Improvement or SPM, Supplier Lead Time Reduction or SLT, Supplier Collaboration in New Product Development or SCL and Supplier Partnership or Development was recognized in this study as five major categories of Supplier Relationship Management Strategies. Self-developed questionnaires were used in data collection for this study. The study’s analysis was based on ordinal regression analysis. Procurement success in Nigerian government agencies was strongly predicted by the following factors: Its types include supplier quality management (SQM), supplier partnership or development (SPT), supplier collaboration in the development of new product (SCL), and trust based relationship with suppliers (TBR). Based on the research, Supplier Relationship Management Strategies enable authorities in Nigeria to enhance their procurement status . This means that the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and other branches of the Nigeria government have commenced the use of SRM systems. Therefore, there is a need for government agencies in Nigeria to establish training that promotes constructive relationship between the procurement employees and their suppliers. Long term contracts are a great way to build relationships with providers as well as increase their confidence in you. To provide suppliers with a better understanding of the procurement process and to obtain improved results from collaborative product development projects, it is necessary to develop reference models

When a bonus is an employer’s responsibility: law enforcement issues

Realizing the granted right at the local level to resolve issues of labor incentives, the employer must not only clearly fix in local regulations the conditions for the employee to receive incentive payments, but also carefully formulate individual contractual conditions. When dealing with remuneration issues, employers should keep in mind the general norms, principles of the institute of remuneration and the priority importance of the terms of the employment contract in determining remuneration obligations. Otherwise, in the event of an individual labor dispute, the employer will not be able to refer to acts of the local level, no matter how they formulate the conditions for receiving bonuses in detail.

Termination of an employment contract with a remote worker in the absence of interaction with the employer

The study is devoted to current problems associated with the use of an additional basis for terminating an employment contract with a remote worker. An analysis of general and special norms allowed us to formulate the conclusion that in order to apply the grounds for termination of an employment contract due to failure to communicate with the employer without a good reason for employees performing a labor function under the terms of a remote employment contract on an ongoing basis, it is advisable to clarify the workplace remote worker, the procedure for the employer to control the performance of the labor function by the remote worker.

Enforcement of smart contracts in cross-jurisdictional transactions

Purpose This research aims to explore the complexities surrounding smart contracts enforcements in cross-jurisdictional transactions. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the aim of this study, doctrinal legal analysis was adopted. Although the subject is multidisciplinary, the aspect of enforcement in cross-jurisdictional transactions from legislative analysis does not require a technical method to be analysed, hence the adoption of this method. Where relevant legal academic journal articles were sourced and analysed along different legislative frameworks in some jurisdictions under review. To determine the legality of smart contracts, applicable law and court with jurisdiction to enforce blockchain smart contract disputes. Findings It was discovered that there remain fundamental questions regarding jurisdiction, applicable law and enforcement. Due to the problem of a uniform legislation to manage smart contract transactions. Research limitations/implications This study limits itself to the legality of smart contracts within a conflict of laws, and it propels the need for either a choice of domestic legislation for parties to be bound or the adoption of a universal legal framework for all smart contract formation through an international treaty or convention that has a binding effect on contracting parties to a smart contract. Originality/value This study highlights the fact that the key elements of smart contracts within traditional contract requirements as provided in domestic legislation vary across jurisdictions. This variation results not only in conflict of law but also affects enforcement in cases of dispute in the contractual terms.

Understanding barriers to the adoption of blockchain-enabled smart contracts in construction projects: perspectives of construction practitioners

Purpose Traditional paper-based contracts are document-intensive, insecure, susceptible to forgery and errors, detrimental to productivity improvement and require multiple intermediaries. Addressing these challenges requires computerised construction to modernise the way modern construction projects are procured with blockchain-enabled smart contracts. Smart contracts could replace paper-based contracts by improving transparency and security and automating contractual terms, processes and transacting activities. However, smart contracts are an emerging technology with limited adoption in construction projects, and the issues influencing its widespread adoption remain unclear and unexplored. Hence, this study aims at exploring and understanding the important obstacles to adoption of smart contracts in construction projects.Design/methodology/approachUsing an international questionnaire survey, the study draws on experienced construction practitioners with direct involvement and knowledge in blockchain technology and smart contract initiatives and activities. Descriptive statistics and fuzzy logic techniques were used to analyse and model the quantitative survey data to establish the critical barriers to smart contracts adoption.Findings Organisational and external characteristics, personal characteristics and technology characteristics constitute major obstacles to the successful adoption of smart contracts. Construction practitioners’ limited knowledge of smart contracts, resistance to technology change, insufficiently digitalised construction industry and lack of or weak governmental support are critical to smart contracts adoption.Originality/value The research contributes to the body of knowledge on diffusing cutting-edge technology by advancing the understanding of practitioners’ perspectives on the primary obstacles to smart contracts adoption. Understanding the obstacles provides industry stakeholders (policymakers, leaders and practitioners) with underpinning knowledge with which to develop and implement corrective actions.

Dynamic screening with liquidity constraints

AbstractWe consider a dynamic screening model with serially independent types where the agent is short-term liquidity constrained. We model a liquidity constraint as a hard constraint that forces the agent to renege whenever he would suffer a loss from fulfilling the contract terms in a given period. In particular, the violation of a liquidity constraint is a verifiable event that future contract terms can condition on. This verifiability leads to less stringent truth-telling constraints than those considered in the existing literature. We show that the weaker constraints do not affect optimal contracting, however. Moreover, we develop a novel method to study private values settings with continuous types and show that a regularity condition that has analogues in the literature on multi-dimensional screening ensures that the optimal contract is deterministic.

Non-compete clauses in employment contracts: The case for regulatory response

Abstract In the employment context, non-competes are contractual terms which provide that once the employment ends the employee cannot work for another employer in the same industry or field (i.e. a competitor), within a specified geographic area, for a specified time. The existing law and practice regarding non-competes in Australia is plagued with confusion and uncertainty. Non-competes also have adverse economic consequences; they are associated with reduced employee mobility and consequent negative impacts on wages and productivity. The use of non-competes by Australian business has increased over the past 5 years and absent a policy response; this trend is likely to continue. Non-competes are no longer limited to highly paid executives but now apply to about one in five Australian workers, across income, age, occupational, and education groups. The distribution and prevalence of non-competes in Australia are broadly consistent with data in other developed economies. A number of jurisdictions within the Organisation for Economics Co-operation and Development have imposed restrictions on the use of non-competes. The US Federal Trade Commission is considering a ban on their use and, in the UK, the government has announced its intention to limit the term of non-competes to 3 months. In Australia, the Competition Minister has recently asked the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission and Treasury for advice on the competitive aspect of non-competes. The Australian Government released an Issues Paper (https://treasury.gov.au/sites/default/files/2024-04/c2024-514668-issues-paper.pdf#page40) – ‘Non-competes and other restraints: understanding the impacts on jobs, business and productivity’ in April 2024. The Issues Paper outlines the existing research and evidence in Australia and overseas on the use and effects of non-competes. A public consultation process will conclude in May 2024 and Treasury will advise the Government on the outcomes of the consultations by the end of 2024. After reviewing the arguments for and against restricting the ‘reach’ of non-competes, I conclude that the weight of the evidence favours a regulatory response to ameliorate the unfairness inherent in the existing law and practice. A number of possible regulatory responses are considered.

Preventing Contract Termination Pitfalls in Construction Projects: Insights from the Ghanaian Construction Industry

<i>Purpose</i>: Premature termination of construction contracts is a recurring problem that causes financial losses, delays, and strained stakeholder relationships. However, there is limited research on the specific causes of contract termination, particularly in Ghana, and practical solutions to prevent it are often overlooked. This study aims to investigate the pitfalls of contract termination in the construction industry and to propose effective prevention strategies based on empirical data. <i>Design/Methodology/Approach</i>: A quantitative research approach was adopted, employing a combination of purposive and random sampling techniques to gather data from 315 participants representing diverse roles within the construction sector. A structured questionnaire based on contract termination pitfalls was used, and data analysis involved descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques. <i>Findings</i>: The study identified several critical factors influencing contract termination, including prompt payment by clients, adherence to contractual terms, competent supervision, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms. Through factor analysis and SEM, two main constructs emerged: Proactive Contract Management Strategies (PCMS) and Contract Termination Risk Mitigation Measures (CTRMM), each comprising specific indicators crucial for preventing terminations. <i>Originality/value</i>: This research contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence of contract termination pitfalls and effective prevention strategies within the construction industry. The study’s multidimensional analysis approach, integrating quantitative techniques with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), enhances the understanding of complex contractual dynamics and risk management in construction projects. <i>Implications</i>: The findings have practical implications for construction stakeholders, project managers, and policymakers. Implementing proactive contract management strategies such as clear payment protocols, rigorous quality control, and effective communication channels can significantly reduce contract termination risks. The study underscores the importance of integrating legal frameworks, innovative techniques, and managerial approaches in contract portfolios to enhance contract performance and project success in the construction sector.

Comparative Analysis Between Sharia Pawnshops and Conventional Pawnshops in The Economic Empowerment of Indonesian Communities

Sharia Pawnshops and Conventional Pawnshops are two financial entities that play an important role in strengthening the empowerment of Indonesian society. For years, they have been offering credit services with the aim of improving people's financial situations. However, the two institutions operate using different principles and methodologies. The aim of this scientific work is to analyze and then determine which one is more empowering to the community, between conventional pawnshops and sharia pawnshops. This research is included in qualitative research, with data sources containing all material that can be used as a guideline for research emphasis, namely the comparison between sharia pawnshops and conventional pawnshops in empowering Indonesian society. Sharia pawnshops play a bigger and more effective role in empowering the community, especially by providing financial products based on Islamic sharia principles. Sharia pawnshops prohibit all types of interest and focus on contract terms, honesty and security required in buying and selling transactions based on Islamic law.

Logistics service sharing in cross-border e-commerce

While the demand for cross-border e-commerce has grown rapidly, challenges have emerged for both retailers and consumers participating in this global market. Retailers have been struggling with high logistics costs to fulfill cross-border demand, while the lack of trust in foreign retailers is a major issue for consumers. In this paper, we study a cross-border collaboration scheme between a domestic and a foreign retailer to mitigate these challenges. This entails a co-opetition framework where the domestic retailer performs the last-mile delivery of the foreign retailer’s orders in exchange for a logistics service fee. We model demand via a Multinomial Logit (MNL) choice model where the consumers are trust- and price-sensitive. We compare the market outcomes of the two retailers in “pre-collaboration” and “post-collaboration” settings. We find that there exist win-win outcomes where both retailers benefit from collaboration under realistic settings. We also show that a cooperative mechanism can lead to higher profits for both retailers compared to the non-cooperative mechanism for setting the logistics service fee, if the contract terms are decided carefully.

Implementasi Akad Mudharabah, Musyarakah dan Salam Pada Petani Ikan di Provinsi Jambi

The practice of Sharia Economic transactions is a concept that meets the values ​​of justice, the togetherness of Ukhwatun Hasanah values ​​such as profit sharing contracts in the form of Mudarabah and Musyarakah contracts including buying and selling contracts with the salam contract scheme. The research objective is to analyze the application of the Mudarabah agreement to fish cultivation in Jambi Province. The research object is a catfish farming group, the research design uses qualitative descriptive research with 20 informants from the head of the catfish farming group in Jambi province. The data collection technique is by conducting in-depth interviews, while the research results are analyzed using content analysis. The research results prove that the analysis of the implementation of the first sharia contract, the implementation of the mudarabah contract, proved that there were several capital owners and managers in implementing the terms of the contract that were not in accordance with the terms of the mudarabah contract. Second, Implementation of the musyarakah agreement betweencatfish cultivation partners have been carried out in accordance with the terms of the Musyarakah agreement. If there are profits, they are shared according to the agreement and if there are losses, they are equally borne by the capital owner. Third, the implementation of the greeting contract is in accordance with the pillars of the greeting contract. Implementation of a sale and purchase agreement with greetings can provide benefits to both parties. The buyer can buy fish products with definite quality and price in accordance with the agreement. On the other hand, the farmers greatly benefit from the funder's tone for raising fish and the results can be sold at a price. profitable prices, so that catfish farms can be free from the grip of loan sharks.

МАТЕРИАЛЬНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА: СОСТОЯНИЕ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ, НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ

One of the determining conditions for competitive domestic agricultural production in foreign markets is the technical and technological modernization of the industry. However, despite the significance of the problem, over the past two decades, a stable trend of reduction in the number of employees in agricultural organizations in Russia has developed for all types of agricultural machinery. The highest rates of reduction in agricultural machinery were observed until 2010, and in subsequent periods the downward trend has significantly decreased. At the same time, it is not entirely correct to assess the current situation unambiguously, since the reduction in the fleet of machinery and equipment in agricultural organizations is due to certain objective circumstances and conditions: the area of cultivated land and cultivation of specific crops has decreased; the number of animals has decreased; the technical means used have become more energy-intensive and productive, which is especially important in the context of a shortage of personnel in rural areas. In 2018-2022 the production of domestic agricultural machinery in value terms increased by almost 2.5 times, while in physical terms the changes are insignificant. At the same time, domestic mechanical engineering practically does not produce machinery and equipment for pig farming, poultry farming, milk processing, potato harvesters, beet harvesting equipment, equipment for gardening, vegetable growing. As a result of the outstripping rate of disposal of agricultural machinery and equipment over the rate of their production and replenishment, the energy capacity of the industry is declining. The sanctions imposed on the Russian economy have led to increased risks of non-receipt of critical components and spare parts; disruption of stable logistics and distribution chains that have functioned for a long time, their rise in price; revision of contract terms, failure to meet delivery deadlines. Sanctions against the use of foreign high technologies used in precision farming, genetics, selection, enterprise management, etc. have a negative impact on the development of the agro-industrial complex.