Contraceptive Acceptors Research Articles

Natasha Szuhan, The Family Planning Association and Contraceptive Science and Technology in Mid-Twentieth-Century Britain

This is an important and solid study of often under-appreciated aspects of the work from 1930 to 1974 of the major birth control organisation in the UK, the National Birth Control Association, which became the Family Planning Association in 1939. It lacks the dramas we associate with the nineteenth-century pioneers, or Marie Stopes. What it does do is set out the more nuanced and humble history of the association and its members as leaders in medical contraceptive provision, scientific research, application and advocacy, the creation and delivery of education, advice and therapy, and networking and lobbying for the acceptance and oversight of contraception by officials, both medical and governmental. This book adds substantially to our understanding of the work of the NBCA/FPA, the progress of contraception research, the running of clinics and the contribution of various players both internal and external. However, it is rather oddly framed. Szuhan opens by describing three social and scientific theories intersecting at the opening of the twentieth century: ‘Social Darwinism‚ Malthusianism and Eugenics’ and claims that ‘Each supported scientific birth control to address decreasing health and living standards and population concerns’. The founding of the NBCA is said to have been in response to these needs.

IMPACT OF FAMILY WELFARE SERVICES IN A RURAL AREA OF CENTRAL KERALA, INDIA

Family planning was considered the centre of our national development since 1952 and India is the first country in the world to launch National Programme for Family Planning for the same. Objectives: To find the impact of family welfare services in Arpookara panchayat in Kerala and to find the prevalence and factors associated with the acceptance of contraception. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done among 650 eligible couples selected by Purposive sampling in Arpookara panchayat of Kottayam in Kerala, India. Data were coded and analysed using SPSSv20.0. Results: 2.76% (18/650) of the study participants used any type of contraception to delay the first pregnancy. Only 2.8% accepted vasectomy. Hindu religion and nuclear family were found as independent predictors for accepting contraception. Conclusion: Social factors of a couple do have an impact on family welfare indicators. Family planning in men should be encouraged with proper IEC activities.

Transforming masculine norms to improve men’s contraceptive acceptance: results from a pilot intervention with men in western Kenya

Men’s adherence to constraining male gender norms can lead them to resist contraceptive use. Very few interventions have attempted to transform masculine norms to encourage greater contraceptive acceptance and gender equality. We designed and evaluated a small-scale community-based intervention targeting the masculine norms tied to contraceptive resistance among partnered men (N = 150) in two western Kenya communities (intervention vs. control). Pre–post survey data fit to linear and logistic regression models evaluated differences in post-intervention outcomes, accounting for pre-intervention differences. Intervention participation was associated with increases in contraceptive acceptance scores (adjusted coefficient (aβ) 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16, 1.91; p = 0.02) and contraceptive knowledge scores (aβ 0.22; 95% CI 0.13, 0.31; p < 0.001) and with contraceptive discussions with one’s partner (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 3.96; 95% CI 1.21, 12.94; p = 0.02) and with others (aOR 6.13; 95% CI 2.39, 15.73; p < 0.001). The intervention was not associated with contraceptive behavioural intention or use. Our findings demonstrate the promise of a masculinity-driven intervention on increasing men’s contraceptive acceptance and positive contraceptive involvement. A larger randomised trial is needed to test the effectiveness of the intervention among men as well as among couples.

The role of social norms on adolescent family planning in rural Kilifi county, Kenya.

Despite Kenya's encouraging progress in increasing access to modern contraception among youth, several barriers remain preventing large-scale efforts to reduce demand-side unmet need for family planning. Shifting social norms around the use and acceptability of modern contraception may represent a potent target for future interventions. However, the structure of normative influence on individual modern contraceptive use among youth needs to be determined. Therefore, our aim was to estimate the influence of individual and group-level normative influence on modern contraceptive use among adolescents from two villages in rural Kenya. Trained enumerators collected data from individuals aged 15-24 who provided oral informed consent, or parental informed consent, in two villages in rural Kilifi county. Participants completed a questionnaire related to modern contraceptive use and were asked to nominate one to five people (referents) with whom they spend free time. The enumerators photographed each individual who nominated at least one referent using Android phones and matched them with their nominated referents. Using this social network data, we estimated group-level normative influence by taking an average of referents' modern contraception use. We then explored associations between descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and network modern contraceptive use on individual modern contraceptive use, controlling for known confounders using logistic regression models. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to test a pattern of differential referent influence on individual modern contraceptive use. There was a positive association between pro-modern contraception descriptive and injunctive norms and individual modern contraception use (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.6, and aOR = 1.31, CI = 1.06-1.62, respectively). Network modern contraceptive use was associated with individual use in the bivariate model (aOR = 2.57, CI = 1.6-4.12), but not in the multivariable model (aOR = 1.67, CI = 0.98-2.87). When stratified by sex and marital status, network modern contraceptive use was associated with individual modern contraceptive use among female participants (aOR = 2.9, CI = 1.31-6.42), and unmarried female participants (aOR = 5.26, CI = 1.34-20.69), but not among males. No interactive effects between norms variables were detected. Sensitivity analyses with a different estimate of network modern contraceptive use showed similar results. Social norms are multilevel phenomena that influence youth modern contraceptive use, especially among young women in rural Kenya. Unmarried women with modern contraceptive users in their social network may feel less stigma to use contraception themselves. This may reflect gendered differences in norms and social influence effects for modern contraceptive use. Future research should investigate group-level normative influence in relation to family planning behaviors.

Applicability of Lipid Ratios in the Prediction of Atherogenic Risks of Women on Combined Oral Contraceptives in North-Central Nigeria

Background: Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC) pill is associated with atherogenic and cardiovascular changes. Some service providers use individual lipid parameters to assess these changes unlike objective calculation using standard formulae. Objective: To determine and compare the atherogenic changes in women on COCs using six lipid ratios; coronary heart disease risk ratio, atherogenic index of plasma, atherogenic co-efficient, Cholesterol index, Castelli risk index I, and Castelli risk index II. Materials and Methods: A prospective, comparative study among new acceptors of contraceptives at four family planning clinics in Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria. Participants were categorized into COCs acceptors (group I, n=120) and acceptors of non-hormonal contraceptives (group II, n=120). Participants were followed up with serial lipid profiles at 0, 3 and 6 months after uptake. Atherogenic risks were calculated using six standard formulae; statistical analysis was with SPSS version 21.0 and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the differences of more than two means, Bonferroni Post Hoc test was used to test for specific significance within the group and p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 225 participants (111 COC users, 114 non-COC users) aged 19 to 48 years completed the study. Serum levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein showed a statistically significant rise among the COC users over the study period (p=0.038), especially between the third and sixth months. The lipid ratios were statistically increased using all six methods despite apparently normal lipid parameters. Conclusion: Atherogenic changes may occur in the presence of apparently normal lipid parameters among COC users; therefore, serial lipid ratio using standard method formulae is recommended.

Family Planning from a Male Perspective: Observations from a Community-Based Cross-sectional Study in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Traditionally, family planning has been considered in the context of maternal and child health, although men play a dominant role in all matters related to reproductive decision-making. This study is carried out to assess the attitude and participation in family planning among currently married males and identify factors influencing the acceptance of male contraception. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chennai in October 2018, which included 180 currently married men by systematic random sampling of eligible couples in the field practice area of Sanjeevarayanpet Primary Health Center (UPHC). Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire in the local language and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Absolute and relative frequencies were estimated for descriptive data while correlates were tested for statistical significance using Pearson or Trend Chi-square tests. Study participants considered two children (82%) and spacing of at least 2 years (95%) as ideal, with spousal communication regarding family planning considered essential by a two-thirds majority. Among the 117 men who reported ever using contraception as a couple, 69% had used a condom vs. 42% and 30% for female spacing methods and tubectomy, respectively. Vasectomy, with nil acceptors, was considered acceptable by only 21% of men. Education, per-capita income, and spousal communication were seen to positively influence male contraceptive use. While married men show considerable commitment to family planning decision-making and practice, the stigma and misconceptions surrounding vasectomy have become ever more prominent. There is a need for the community and the health care system to work together to promote gender equity in family planning.

Assessment of Age Category and other Factors of Contraception Acceptance among Post-Abortion Patients

Background: Women who have had abortions are almost immediately pregnant-risk, low post-abortion family planning usage perceived to be one of the primary and significant factors that cause of induced abortion and spontaneous abortion. The aim of the study was to determine the factors in which the women accept post-abortion contraceptive methods among abortion care service patients in our hospital. Study Design: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Riphah International hospital, Islamabad, for six month duration from March 2022 to August 2022. Methods: 125 out of 150 participant (abortion clients) selected by sampling technique were interviewed in Mayo hospital, Lahore. We analyzed dependent and independent variables. Data analysis was done statistically by SPSS 20 version. Results: This study included 150 participants who had a first trimester abortion between the study periods, 25 participants in this study were not willing to participate in the study, ultimately the responding rate of 83%. Among the 125 participants 92% were within the age group 21-39. The maximum participants were Muslim 92% and 8% non-Muslim. The maximum participants were married 96% and 4% unmarried. Most of the participants had only received the educational status 76%. This study indicate the strong relationship between women age 21-39 with the high usage of post-abortion contraceptive 92% as compared to &gt;40 years. The participants in our study were used 85% contraceptive method. Conclusion: Our finding shows that providing appropriate medical advice and contraceptive counseling services can increase contraceptive acceptance. Keywords: Post-abortion contraceptive, family planning, contraceptive counseling services.

‘That just sounds bizarre’: factors affecting heterosexual college students’ perceptions of new sperm-targeting contraceptives

Contraceptive responsibility has historically fallen on women in the context of heterosexual relationships, often resulting in a perceived burden on their emotional and reproductive health. We conducted in-depth, individual interviews with women and men in college to investigate factors influencing the choices they make regarding contraceptive use and more specifically their perceptions and willingness to try new sperm-targeting contraceptives. Thematic analysis revealed factors at a societal, interpersonal, and individual level affecting participants’ perceptions and imagined decisions. Societally, a perceived gendered divide continues to exist placing primary responsibility for contraceptive use on women. Interpersonally, the context of a relationship increased partners’ feelings of empathy and willingness to try alternative contraceptive methods; and individually participants remained concerned about their own sexual and reproductive safety. Findings indicate that societal level norms need to be shifted towards the acceptability of sperm-targeting contraceptives or other versions of contraceptives that act on male bodies, in addition to a greater focus on their development. It is proposed that this would help to ease the continued undue burden placed on women for reproductive health.

Compliance with DMPA contraceptive injection repeat visits during the Covid 19 pandemic

The 3-month of DMPA injectable contraceptive is one of the contraceptive methods that has decreased in the number of users during the Covid-19 pandemic. Acceptors of 3-month injectable contraceptives who do not comply with visits can reduce effectiveness and increase the risk of pregnancy. This study aims to examine the factors that influence the adherence of 3-month DMPA injection family planning acceptors during the Covid-19 pandemic. This was quantitative research with cross sectional design. The sample used in this study were 125 acceptors of 3-month DMPA injection family planning. Data was obtained by using a questionnaire. The analysis was performed using logistic regression. Based on multivariate analysis, there were 3 factors associated to adherence to DMPA injection repeat visits, namely family planning acceptor occupation　(OR=0.11, 95%CI= 0.04-0.31), knowledge (OR=3.59, 95%CI=1.34-9.58) and husband's support (OR=5.84, 95%CI=2.42-14.08). The most dominant factor was husband's support (OR=6.65, 95%CI=2.51-21.46). Husband's support is the most important factor that is strongly associated to injection repeat visits for DMPA family planning acceptors during the covid 19 pandemic. Good communication between partners is needed to increase DMPA injection repeat visits.

The association of quality contraceptive counseling measures with postabortion contraceptive method acceptance and choice: results from client exit interviews across eight countries

The availability of a variety of modern contraceptive methods is necessary but insufficient to provide a high-quality contraceptive service to postabortion clients. Women, especially young women, must be empowered to make informed choices about which methods they receive, including whether to use contraception following an abortion service. In this study, we conducted 2,488 client exit interviews with abortion clients after their induced abortion service or postabortion care visit in Ipas-supported health facilities in eight countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, and Uganda. We evaluated the quality of postabortion contraceptive counseling across two domains of contraceptive counseling: information exchange and interpersonal communication. We measured the association between these quality elements and two outcomes: 1) client-perceived choice of contraceptive method and 2) whether or not the client received a modern contraceptive method. We examined these relationships while adjusting for sociodemographic and confounding variables, such as the client feeling pressure from the provider to accept a particular method. Finally, we determined whether associations identified differ by age group: under 25 and 25+. Information exchange and interpersonal communication both emerged as important counseling domains for ensuring that clients felt they had the ability to choose a contraceptive method. The domain of information exchange was associated with having received a contraceptive method for all abortion clients, including young abortion clients under 25. Nearly 14% of clients interviewed reported pressure from the provider to accept a particular contraceptive method; and pressure from the provider was significantly associated with a client’s perception of not having a choice in selecting and receiving a contraceptive method during her visit to the facility. Improving interpersonal communication, strengthening contraceptive information exchange, and ensuring clients are not pressured by a provider to accept a contraceptive method, must all be prioritized in postabortion contraceptive counseling in health facilities to ensure postabortion contraceptive services are woman-centered and rights-based for abortion clients.

The Importance of Developing Online Counseling Services for Family Planning Programs in Indonesia

One of the reasons for the high of contraceptive acceptors drop out is the low number of contraceptive information received by clients. Indonesian Population Demographic Survey in 2017 stated that only 29% of women in Indonesia received contraceptive information including contraceptive side effects, how to deal with side effects, and alternative contraception that can be used. This is due to a limited number of family planning instructors, and a large number of tasks that health workers must carry out, especially midwives as the largest source of contraceptive services in Indonesia. The solution to overcome the low level of contraceptive information services is to build an online counseling service for family planning programs. Online counseling services based on digital technology are flexible and can be accessed by anyone who needs information. For this reason, this technology must be built on an evidence-based basis and a good reputation, so it is hoped that in addition to meeting the need for family planning information, it is also able to change behavior for the use of appropriate contraception.

The Effect of Social Support on Nutritional Status and Using Decision Making Contraception

Background: An uncontrolled increase in population can increase the number of maternal deaths, the use of contraception is an activity to regulate pregnancy spacing and prevent complications in mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. Several factors that can influence the decision-making for the choice of contraception are social support which consists of the support of husband, family, friends and health workers. While contraception has side effects, one of which is changes in body weight that can affect the nutritional status of women who accept contraception. Purpose: Determine the effect of social support on the nutritional status of women who accept contraception and the effect of social support on the decision making of contraceptive selection. Methods: the research design is cross sectional with the sampling technique using simple random sampling. The sample size is 225 respondents, data collection using questionnaires and observations using multiple logistic regression analysis. Findings: The results of the analysis of social support with contraception decision making showed that the family support variable had a p value of 0.04 and that of friends' support had a p value of 0.01. While the results of the analysis of social support with the nutritional status of contraceptive acceptors showed that the family support variable had a p value of 0.04. Conclusion: Social support from family support has a significant effect on the nutritional status of women who are contraceptive acceptors. Meanwhile, social support in the form of support from family and friends has a significant effect on decision making when choosing contraception.

Awareness and acceptance of contraception in postpartum women at tertiary care hospital

Introduction: Contraception is defined as prevention of conception voluntarily through use of various methods like condoms, sexual practices, drugs (progesterone, oral contraceptive pills etc.) surgical procedures. Any method whose purpose is to prevent women becoming pregnant is considered as contraceptive method. The aim of Contraception is to achieve maximum comfort and privacy with minimum cost and side effects. Contraception allows a couple to enjoy physical relation without fear of unwanted pregnancy and to beget child when desired.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati. A total of 300 postpartum women were enrolled in the study.Results: Among 300 women in the study group, more than 80% were in the age group of 15 to 30 years.51.7% women in urban areas, 48.3% women in rural areas. Acceptance was highest in women with 2 to 3 children. Maximum number of women were aware of female sterilization (90.1%), condoms (88%), intra uterine device (77.6%), OC pills (75.2%), POP’s (56%). Knowledge regarding emergency contraception was very low (2.9%). In our study at present 48% of postpartum women were using IUCD and 12% opted for female sterilization.Conclusion: Awareness of contraception given when pregnant women comes for first antenatal visit. Cafetaria approach according to the women needs.

Analysis of Husband Support, Family, Friends dan Health Workers to The Use of MKJP in Women of Reproductive Age

There are still fewer woman of reproductive age who use long term contraceptive methods compared to those who do not use MKJP. The choice of using MKJP can be influenced by social support, which can provide motivation, change the willingness and ability to solve challenges and provide security for contraceptive acceptors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the support of husbands, family, friends and health workers on the use of MKJP in women of reproductive age. This type of research is an observational analytic study using a cross sectional design. The samples in the study was 225 respondents. The data analysis used logistic regression test. The results showed that there was an effect of support from husbands, friends and health workers on the use of MKJP with p value &lt;0.05 (p value =0.04, p value =0.04, p value =0.03). The conclusion in this study is that social support that can affect the use of MKJP in women of childbearing age is husband support, friend support and health worker support. Suggestions to further researchers are to add various other factors that can influence the selection and determination of the use of MKJP.

Predictors of contraceptive use among young married women in India: Does pregnancy history matter?

Contraceptive use and its correlates among young women continue to draw research attention due to its implication for fertility reduction, improved maternal and child health, and sexual and reproductive rights. This study explores the association between pregnancy history and contraceptive use among currently married young women (aged 15-24 years at childbirth) in India. Data from the National Family Health Survey (2019-2021) was analyzed through STATA with a significance level of 5%. The births in the last 5 years preceding the survey to the women aged 15-24 years at childbirth (n=127 954) were considered for analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was used to check the unadjusted and adjusted effects of the pregnancy history on contraceptive use. Young women with a history of mistimed pregnancy had significantly lower odds of using modern limiting methods of contraception (odds ratio [OR]=0.90, confidence interval [CI]=0.82-0.98), and those with a prior unwanted pregnancy were more likely to use modern limiting methods of contraception (OR=1.75, CI=1.57-1.95). Pregnancy history influences young married women's current contraceptive use in India. Family planning programs may use the contacts with antenatal, delivery, and post-delivery care system as an opportunity to identify women with an unwanted pregnancy, especially those educationally and economically weaker, for targeted information and service delivery. Better counseling of potential young contraceptive acceptors will ensure informed decision-making and increased use of modern spacing methods.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Postpartum Females Regarding the Acceptance of Immediate Postpartum Contraception: A Cross-Sectional Study From North India.

The immediate postpartum period is a great time to encourage the acceptance of contraceptive methods; the time is influenced by both emotional and physical factors. At this stage, the administration of intrauterine contraceptives is relatively easier with lesser complications due to the prior obstetric event.A single-center cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-constructed questionnaire-based interview on 331 women in their immediate postpartum period who had delivered a healthy live-born infant.The majority (59.8%) of study participants had unplanned pregnancies. We conducted behavior change communication sessions for postpartum family planning which resulted in 89% of participants accepting the methods with the prime reasons for acceptance being temporary child spacing (41%) and a definitive desire for no more children (34%). The odds were higher in women with more than five pregnancies [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.951, 95% CI = 1.389-2.925] and women whose last pregnancy was planned [AOR = 1.248, 95% CI = 1.002-3.215].The hindrance to adopt and adhere to postpartum contraception stems from a variety of socio-economic factors which are unique to low-income countries. Individually tailored behavior change communication/counseling approaches may help overcome misconceptions and meet the heterogeneous needs for family planning in the immediate postpartum phase.

Perspektif Ibu Dalam Memilih Kontrasepsi IUD : Scoping Review

Background: One type of long-term contraception, namely the IUD which has high effectiveness, can last 5 to 10 years, but the number of acceptors is still low compared to other methods. The coverage of active IUD contraception participants in 2020 reached 11.91% of all active KB active participants, the low coverage of IUD contraception was due to several factors such as the wrong mother's perspective/perception about IUD contraception and the mother's lack of knowledge about IUD contraception and the lack of husband's support. If it is not handled, the impact that will arise is that users of IUD contraceptive acceptors can decrease. Objective: To review the literature on the mother's perspective in choosing the IUD contraception. Methods: The method in writing this article is a review of the literature contained in the database of health journals, namely PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. The selected articles are based on full text, open access, in English and Indonesian published based on the last 5 years (2017 – 2021). Results: 35 articles from Google Scholar, 10 articles from pubmed, and 8 articles from ProQuest. The results obtained that there is a significant relationship between the mother's perception or views in choosing the IUD contraception. Conclusion: The conclusion is that knowledge and perceptions of mothers about IUD contraception affect the choice of contraception and husband's support is also very necessary in the selection of contraceptives by providing support and attention will help mothers in choosing contraceptives that they understand, including the advantages and disadvantages, risks of the IUD contraceptive method.

A STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING CONTRACEPTIVE PRACTICES AMONG ELIGIBLE COUPLES OF URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE, FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES KHAJA BANDA NAWAZ UNIVERSITY, KALABURAGI

Background: According to Census 2011, India's population stood at 1,21,01,93,422, and the last decade has seen India's population growth by 17.64%. This high growth rate in India is a threat to its developmental and the unlimited utilization has caused various problems like unemployment, overcrowding and environmental pollution. The contraceptive methods have not been widely accepted by a large number of the eligible couples and the extent of acceptance of contraceptive methods still varies within societies and also among different religious groups. This study was done to nd out inuencing factors for the acceptance of contraceptives among the eligible couples of the urban eld practice area, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, KBNU, Kalaburagi. To Objective: nd out the proportion of eligible couples using contraceptive methods and factors inuencing its acceptance among the eligible couples of the urban eld practice area, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, KBNU, Kalaburagi. A Cross- Methodology: sectional study was conducted in urban eld practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, KBNU, Kalaburagi. Socio-demographic details, contraceptive methods used and factors inuencing its usage were collected using pre-tested, semistructured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Epi-Info 7 software and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Level of signicance was set at a P value of&lt;0.05. Out of 357 populations, 95 belonged to the age group 26-30 years. 121(33.8 Results: 9%) opted for tubectomy, 38(10.64%) were taking OCP'S, 25(7%) using condoms, 11(3.08%) have IUCD'S, 3(0.84%) were using injectable contraceptives, and only 1 opted for vasectomy. Statistically signicant association of contraceptive acceptance was found with type of family, early years of marriage, education of the husband, more number of living children and presence of male child. In order Conclusions: to make family planning effective, counseling and education should be provided to eligible couples to dismiss false facts regarding side effects of contraceptive methods.

Awareness and acceptance of contraception in postpartum women at government maternity hospital, Tirupati

Introduction: Contraception is an important intervention to decrease unwanted pregnancies and promote healthy and better living among women. As the population continues to rise, there will be overcrowding, a limiting of resources, and the quality of life will decline. India, as the first country in the world, initiated the National Family Planning program in the year 1951 with the objective of “reducing the birth rate to the extent necessary to stabilize the population at a level consistent with requirement of national economy.”Methodology: It is a cross sectional questionnaire-based study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati. A total of 300 postpartum women were enrolled in the study who are briefed about study. After taking informed consent, they were interviewed based on a predesigned questionnaire they were allowed to choose any method of contraception they like. Their level of awareness, acceptance, and reason for refusal was assessed.Results: Among 300 women in the study group, more than 80% were in the age group of 15 to 30 years.51.7% women in urban areas, 48.3% women in rural areas. Majority of the women were Hindus. 89.3% women were literates and majority of them were house wives. Most of the women had only one living issue. It was observed that both were highest in educated working women, urban population. Acceptance was highest in women with 2 to 3 children. Maximum number of women were aware of female sterilization (90.1%), condoms (88%), intra uterine device (77.6%), OC pills (75.2%), POP’s (56%). Knowledge regarding emergency contraception was very low (2.9%).Conclusion: There is still date lack of awareness of contraception in some postpartum women. Regular counselling is a must to all pregnant women from every health care centre in a village to super speciality centres in cities. Information should be provided about various methods of contraception and patient should be able to choose a method of her choice.

Thermal male contraception: A study of users' motivation, experience, and satisfaction.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the motivations, experience, and acceptability of thermal male contraception (TMC) in male partners of couples requesting the use of TMC as the only couple contraceptive. To the 72 men of couples seeking male contraception and using TMC between 2011 and 2019, we suggested an anonymous online survey (93 questions) exploring population characteristics, contraceptive histories, motivations for choosing TMC, patient experience at the successive phases of use, relations with partner and environment, and satisfaction with this method. Sixty-seven men agreed to participate (93% response rate); 63 responses were complete and were analyzed (94% participation rate). The main motivations for choosing TMC were "not using hormones" (n = 59/63, 94%) and using a method regarded as "natural" (n = 49/63, 78%). Most of the men surveyed (68%) adopted the method in less than 2 weeks. During the contraception use phase (n = 59 men), they described significantly improved sexual satisfaction, compared to that experienced with their previous contraceptive methods, and they reported high confidence (100% rather/totally confident partner) and support (88% rather/totally supporting partner) from their partner. Most men (n = 35/59, 59%) also reported improved self-esteem. The main negative point was discomfort, reported by 24% of the men. The overall satisfaction score of using this method was 3.78 ± 0.46/4, and 100% of the men reported that they would recommend the method to other men. Men using TMC successfully assumed the responsibility for and performed a daily task to provide couple contraception. This positive evaluation, together with the already published contraceptive efficacy and reversibility of TMC, should encourage the development of this method.