Continuous Temperature Monitoring Research Articles

Test rig dedicated for hardware used in wind tunnels

The paper present the results of work on measurement system dedicated to hardware used during wind tunnel tests, especially to servomechanisms. These devices could be applied to set specific position of control surface. Proposed system would ensure continuous monitoring of servo-rotor position and servo-motor temperature and would avoid uncontrolled change of control surface position. The application designed to monitor the operating status of the servomechanism was prepared in the LabVIEW software and was implemented on the myRIO platform. Developed test rig allow to register time histories of servo-rotor position and temperature during for different values of applied load. In the paper, test methodology were also presented. Experimental studies show that before wind tunnel tests, selected servomechanism should be tested in terms of maintaining the parameters declared by the manufacturer, especially during continuous operation. Developed measurement system can be used during wind tunnel tests, as well as only for servo-mechanism parameter testing.

Forced-air warming and continuous core temperature monitoring with zero-heat-flux thermometry during cesarean section: a retrospective observational cohort study

BackgroundOver 30% of parturients undergoing spinal anesthesia for cesarean section become intraoperatively hypothermic. This study assessed the magnitude of hypothermic insult in parturients and newborns using continuous, high-resolution thermometry and evaluated the efficiency of intraoperative forced-air warming for prevention of hypothermia. MethodsOne hundred and eleven parturients admitted for elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with newborn bonding over a 5-month period were included in this retrospective observational cohort study. Patients were divided into two groups: the passive insulation group, who received no active warming, and the active warming group, who received convective warming through an underbody blanket. Core body temperature was continuously monitored by zero-heat-flux thermometry and automatically recorded by data-loggers. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypothermia in the operating and recovery room. Neonatal outcomes were also analyzed. ResultsThe patients in the passive insulation group had significantly lower temperatures in the operating room compared to the actively warmed group (36.4°C vs. 36.6°C, p = 0.005), including temperature at skin closure (36.5°C vs. 36.7°C, p = 0.017). The temperature of the newborns after discharge from the postanesthetic care unit was lower in the passive insulation group (36.7°C vs. 37.0°C, p = 0.002); thirteen (15%) of the newborns were hypothermic, compared to three (4%) in the active warming group (p < 0.01). ConclusionForced-air warming decreases perioperative hypothermia in parturients undergoing cesarean section but does not entirely prevent hypothermia in newborns while bonding. Therefore, it can be effectively used for cesarean section, but special attention should be given to neonates.

Monitoring Temperature in Children Under General Anesthesia: Nasopharynx Versus Carotid Artery Surface

Continuous body temperature monitoring during anesthesia in children is very important. Hypothermia in children may lead to higher morbidity and mortality. Measurement points to detect the temperature of core body are not simply accessible. In this study we measured the skin temperature over the carotid artery and compared it with the nasopharynx. Totally, 84 children of 2-10 years undergoing elective surgery were selected. Temperature over the carotid artery and nasopharynx was measured during anesthesia. Mean temperature of these points was compared which each other, and the effects of age, sex, and weight change of temperature during anesthesia were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 5.4±2.6 years s. 37% of patients were female, and 63% were male. The mean weight was 20±7 kg. The mean duration of surgery was 60.45±6.65 min. The temperature of the skin and nasopharynx was decreased during surgery as after 60 min, the deference between skin over the carotid artery and the nasopharyngeal area was 1° C. The bodyweight has a significant effect on carotid skin temperature in regression model. Skin temperature over the carotid artery, with a simple correction factor of+1° C, provides a viable noninvasive estimate of nasopharyngeal temperature in children during elective surgery with a general anesthetic.

Ultrahigh Sensitive Au-Doped Silicon Nanomembrane Based Wearable Sensor Arrays for Continuous Skin Temperature Monitoring with High Precision.

Monitoring the body temperature with high accuracy provides a fast, facile, yet powerful route about the human body in a wide range of health information standards. Here, the first ever ultrasensitive and stretchable gold-doped silicon nanomembrane (Au-doped SiNM) epidermal temperature sensor array is introduced. The ultrasensitivity is achieved by shifting freeze-out region to intrinsic region in carrier density and modulation of fermi energy level of p-type SiNM through the development of a novel gold-doping strategy. The Au-doped SiNM is readily transferred onto an ultrathin polymer layer with a well-designed serpentine mesh structure, capable of being utilized as an epidermal temperature sensor array. Measurements in vivo and in vitro show temperature coefficient of resistance as high as -37270.72 ppm °C-1 ,22times higher than existing metal-based temperature sensors with similar structures, and one of the highest thermal sensitivity among the inorganic material based temperature sensors. Applications in the continuous monitoring of body temperature and respiration rate during exercising are demonstrated with a successful capture of information. This work lays a foundation for monitoring body temperature, potentially useful for precision diagnosis (e.g., continuous monitoring body temperature in coronavirus disease 2019 cases) and management of disease relevance to body temperature in healthcare.

Decreasing Hypothermia-Related Escalation of Care in Newborn Infants Using the BEMPU TempWatch: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Objective: To determine whether incorporating BEMPU TempWatch into the care of LBW/SGA neonates for continuous temperature monitoring decreases the rate of hypothermia requiring escalation of care. Methods: This was a randomised controlled trial conducted in a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were late preterm and term LBW/SGA neonates on the postnatal wards. Neonates were randomly assigned to receive either the BEMPU TempWatch in addition to standard care, or to receive standard care alone for the first 28 days of life. The primary outcome was hypothermia requiring escalation of care during initial hospital stay after birth. Results: Trial was discontinued after planned interim feasibility analysis, due to very low rates of hypothermia requiring escalation of care. In total, 75 neonates were included, with 36 in the intervention (TempWatch) group and 39 in the control group. The rate of hypothermia requiring escalation of care was 2/36 (5.6%) in the TempWatch group and 1/39 (2.6%) in the control group (relative risk (RR) 2.17, 95% CI 0.21 to 22.89). Rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge were 22/36 (61.1%) in the TempWatch and 13/39 (33.3%) in the control group (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.07, p = 0.02). All other secondary outcomes were similar between the groups. Conclusions: Low rates of hypothermia requiring escalation of care in a tertiary, high-income setting meant it was not feasible for studying the effects of the TempWatch for this outcome. TempWatch may have a role in promoting exclusive breastfeeding, and this needs to be explored further.

Utilization of Paragonix SherpaPak for human donor heart preservation

A heart transplant is the gold standard treatment for end stage heart failure. Preservation of the donor heart during its transfer from the hospital of the donor to that of the recipient has a significant impact on the outcome of the transplant procedure. Icebox storage is a conventional method utilized for this purpose that may not provide uniform cooling of the donor heart and does not allow monitoring of the temperature of the donor heart during preservation. The Paragonix SherpaPak Cardiac Transport System offers uniform cooling by suspending the donor heart in a preservation solution and provides continuous temperature monitoring.

Fast Measurement of Brillouin Frequency Shift in Optical Fiber Based on a Novel Feedforward Neural Network

Brillouin scattering-based distributed optical fiber sensors have been successfully employed in various applications in recent decades, because of benefits such as small size, light weight, electromagnetic immunity, and continuous monitoring of temperature and strain. However, the data processing requirements for the Brillouin Gain Spectrum (BGS) restrict further improvement of monitoring performance and limit the application of real-time measurements. Studies using Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) to measure Brillouin Frequency Shift (BFS) have been performed in recent years to validate the possibility of improving measurement performance. In this work, a novel FNN that is 3 times faster than previous FNNs is proposed to improve BFS measurement performance. More specifically, after the original Brillouin Gain Spectrum (BGS) is preprocessed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the data are fed into the Feedforward Neural Network (FNN) to predict BFS.

Thermal monitoring of the stator winding insulating part by a reliable thermal model for failure mitigation

Electrical motors fed by a voltage inverter always supply voltages in non-sinusoidal waveforms such that the current flowing through the machine is rich in harmonics. This not only increases losses in the machine but also leads to more severe thermal stress which affects the stator winding. Therefore, accurate and continuous monitoring of the coil temperature with reliable thermal models is essential, improving, the reliability of the motors. This paper focuses on the thermal reliability model study of a stator winding of Three Star Induction Machine TSIM shifted by 30° and fed by a nine leg voltage source inverter (VSI). A new application of the diffusive approach on the TSIM thermal reliability solution is also investigated. Moreover, the nodal method based on the thermal equivalent circuit is examined. The reliability, as well as the effectiveness of the proposed diffusive approach, are validated by experimental results. These results, together with the obtained simulations, show clearly the validity and the great reliability of the proposed diffusive approach.

Design and Dosimetric Characterization of a Broadband Exposure Facility for In Vitro Experiments in the Frequency Range 18-40.5 GHz.

A novel exposure facility for exposing cell monolayers to centimeter and millimeter waves (18-40.5 GHz) used by future 5G mobile communication technology and similar applications has been developed. A detailed dosimetric characterization of the apparatus for frequencies of 27 and 40.5 GHz and 60 mm petri dishes, used in a presently ongoing study on human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, was carried out. The exposure facility enables a well-defined, randomized, and blinded application of sham exposure and exposure with selectable values of incident power flux density, and additionally provides the possibility of continuous monitoring of the sample temperature during exposure while it does not require significant deviations from routine in vitro handling procedures, i.e. petri dishes are not required to be placed inside waveguides or TEM cells. Mean specific absorption rate (SAR) values inside the cell monolayer of 115 W/kg (27 GHz) and 160 W/kg (40.5 GHz) per watt antenna input power and corresponding transmitted power density (St ) values at the bottom of the cell monolayer of 65 W/m2 (27 GHz) and 70 W/m2 (40.5 GHz) per watt antenna input power can be achieved, respectively. For reasonable amounts of harvested cells (80% of petri dish bottom area), the variation (max/min) of SAR and St over the cell monolayer remains below 3.7 dB (27 GHz) and 3.0 dB (40.5 GHz), respectively. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Questionnaire survey and field investigation on sleep thermal comfort and behavioral adjustments in bedrooms of Chinese residents

Thermal comfort is one of the key factors affecting human sleep. This study aimed to provide new understandings on sleep thermal comfort in residential environments by investigating the characteristics of behavioral adjustments and exploring the relationship among indoor thermal environment, bed microclimate and sleep thermal comfort. Both online and field surveys were conducted in China. Two large-scale online questionnaire surveys were carried out in winter and summer, a total of 4127 valid samples were collected. The field study was conducted in 14 bedrooms and was divided into two periods in summer and winter, each period lasted for 2–3 weeks. The field study involved continuous monitoring of bedroom air temperature, bed temperature and daily collection of post-sleep questionnaires and collected 461 valid samples. Based on the collected data, people’s adjustments of bedding systems in different indoor environments were analyzed systematically from several aspects, including the components on both the covering side and the underlying side, the coverage forms, the total thermal insulation of bedding systems. The use of two heating modes during sleep (space heating and bed heating) were investigated and the effects of regional and personal factors on the usage were explored. Under the influence of behavioral adjustments, thermal sensation during sleep was found to be weakly correlated with overnight bedroom air temperature, bed temperature was not correlated with overnight bedroom air temperature.

Poster session

The Nightingale Hospital North West (NHNW) was a temporary field Hospital, built and run in collaboration between the NHS and the military. The Hospital was assembled in record time to combat the additional pressures placed on the NHS during the COVID-19 global pandemic. Due to the distance of the NHNW from Oxford Road Campus (ORC), the Transfusion service was asked to supply on-site O D Negative red cells for emergency blood provision on the 8th of April 2020. We needed a quick, creative and safe way to bring the blood closer to the patients. After seeing the already successful collaboration between the NHS and the military, it was decided what better way to support the war on COVID-19, but to respond as the military would. This solution came in the form of Golden HourTM Technology, Credo Cube;this technology was originally designed for the military to protect temperature sensitive components in the battlefield. Validation was carried out in a staggered approach to ensure a Credo Cube was on site as soon as possible. Each Credo Cube was validated for up to 120 hours. Variations on user preparation, packaging and stability meant we decided to adopt a 72 hour change over with the NHNW to fit in with our current workload. Continuous temperature monitoring was achieved by utilising small microchip temperature devices, to aid early detection of any problems and protect the quality of the emergency units issued. Each Credo Cube was truly-'Emergency Blood Provision in a Box'. The Cube contained giving sets and all documentation and information for the NHNW staff, including guidance on transfusion, traceability, transfer and investigation of transfusion reactions. The blood was on site by the 20th of April 2020, this was an extremely short time frame and a true collaboration between Wythenshawe Hospital and Oxford Road Campus. Our success was measured by the availability of emergency units to the NHNW patients, safeguarding against a Major Haemorrhage and supporting transfer of the critical patients back to A&E. This gave our users re-assurance that all patients within our care had the safest blood available for their needs.

Monitoring and modelling the risk of summertime overheating and passive solutions to avoid active cooling in London care homes

Summertime overheating in care settings has been identified as a key risk and research priority for the health and social care system. This paper examines the current and future risk of summertime overheating in two London-based care homes occupying modern and older buildings. Continuous monitoring of outdoor and indoor temperature in bedrooms, communal areas and offices in summer 2019 helped to establish the prevalence and intensity of overheating. Dynamic thermal simulation (EnergyPlusV8.9) of the two care settings assessed the potential for avoiding active cooling in future climate using passive solutions. In both care settings, indoor temperatures were observed to exceed 30 °C during daytime hours, significantly higher than the recommended 26 °C threshold of Public Health England. Although severity of overheating was lower in the older building, overheating was found to be prevalent and prolonged across both care settings with bedroom temperatures higher than lounges especially at night. Thermal simulation analysis showed that, with regards to temperature reduction and cooling load, nighttime ventilation was the single most effective passive solution for both buildings for the current climate, while a combination of night ventilation, external shading and high-albedo external walls was the most effective package solution. By the 2080s, air-conditioning was the most effective solution for reducing temperature, but also had the highest cooling load, highlighting the importance of balancing passive with active measures to improve thermal comfort and reduce cooling loads.

Real time equine temperature sensor applications: continuous monitoring of temperature in racehorses post‐vaccination

Real time equine temperature sensor applications: continuous monitoring of temperature in racehorses post‐vaccination

A multimodal quality improvement approach to promote normothermia in very preterm infants.

To achieve the National Neonatal Audit Programme (NNAP) standard of 90% normothermia among preterm infants born under 30weeks of gestation. Project SHIP (Stopping Hypothermia In Premmies) was a quality improvement programme to improve admission normothermia. Phase 1 of the project implemented low-fidelity simulations during 2011-2016. In Phase 2 (2017), a multimodal approach to quality improvement was used, including in situ simulations, videos of simulated scenarios, an allocated team member for thermal care, a clear protocol for thermal care, a coordinating 'lollipop man' role and monthly performance feedback. Additionally, continuous temperature monitoring using servo-control during stabilisation was introduced during Phase 2. Phase 3 (2018-2019) focused on embedding practice and maintaining performance. Phase 1 initiatives resulted in improvement of normothermia rates from 58% to 75%. However, the results plateaued. During Phase 2, the hypothermia rate fell from 16% to 3%. During Phase 3, this improvement in the hypothermia rate was sustained, achieving the standard of 90% normothermia in 2018 and falling just short in 2019 due to an increased hyperthermia rate. A multimodal quality improvement approach achieved sustained improvement in normothermia. Continuous temperature monitoring during stabilisation allows resuscitating teams to plan interventions to treat hypothermia and hyperthermia.

Evaluation of the TMRW vapor phase cryostorage platform using reproductive specimens and in vitro extended human embryo culture

To assess the impact of shipment and storage of sperm, oocytes, and blastocysts in vapor phase nitrogen compared with static storage in liquid phase nitrogen. Prospective cohort-matched study. Multiple invitro fertilization laboratories in an invitro fertilization network. Fifty-eight human embryos, 32 human oocytes, 15 units of bovine semen. Vapor vs. liquid nitrogen. The postwarming survival of oocytes, sperm, and blastocysts, and the developmental potential of blastocysts during invitro extended culture. Custom-designed labware, for use with the TMRW platform, enables continuous temperature monitoring during shipment and/or storage in the vapor phase robotic storage system. The highest temperature recorded for specimens shipped to a domestic laboratory was -180.2 °C with a mean ± SD of -190.4 ± 0.5 °C during shipment and -181.1 ± 0.6 °C during storage. Likewise, specimens shipped internationally had a high of -180.2 °C with a mean ± SD of -193.5 ± 0.6 °C during shipment and -181.2 ± 0.7 °C during storage. Results from the extended culture assays have revealed no deleterious effect of shipment and storage in nitrogen vapor. The viability of mammalian gametes and embryos was equivalent between the vapor phase and liquid phase storage. The evaluated system did not have any deleterious effects on the postwarming survival of sperm, oocytes, and blastocysts. The postwarming developmental potential of human blastocysts during invitro extended culture was unaffected by storage and handling in the vapor phase nitrogen TMRW platform when compared with static liquid phase nitrogen storage. Our results suggest that the vapor phase cryostorage platform is a safe system to handle and store reproductive specimens for human assisted reproductive technology.

Age and Infectious Dose Significantly Affect Disease Progression after RHDV2 Infection in Naïve Domestic Rabbits.

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2 or GI.2, referring to any virus with lagovirus GI.2 structural genes) is a recently emerged calicivirus that causes generalised hepatic necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation leading to death in susceptible lagomorphs (rabbits and hares). Previous studies investigating the virulence of RHDV2 have reported conflicting results, with case fatality rates ranging from 0% to 100% even within a single study. Lagoviruses are of particular importance in Australia and New Zealand where they are used as biocontrol agents to manage wild rabbit populations, which threaten over 300 native species and result in economic impacts in excess of $200 million AUD annually to Australian agricultural industries. It is critically important that any pest control method is both highly effective (i.e., virulent, in the context of viral biocontrols) and has minimal animal welfare impacts. To determine whether RHDV2 might be a suitable candidate biocontrol agent, we investigated the virulence and disease progression of a naturally occurring Australian recombinant RHDV2 in both 5-week-old and 11-week-old New Zealand White laboratory rabbits after either high or low dose oral infection. Objective measures of disease progression were recorded through continuous body temperature monitoring collars, continuous activity monitors, and twice daily observations. We observed a 100% case fatality rate in both infected kittens and adult rabbits after either high dose or low dose infection. Clinical signs of disease, such as pyrexia, weight loss, and reduced activity, were evident in the late stages of infection. Clinical disease, i.e., welfare impacts, were limited to the period after the onset of pyrexia, lasting on average 12 h and increasing in severity as disease progressed. These findings confirm the high virulence of this RHDV2 variant in naïve rabbits. While age and infectious dose significantly affected disease progression, the case fatality rate was consistently 100% under all conditions tested.

Analytics in Extracting Intelligence from IoT-Based Sensors in Transportation, Healthcare and Natural Gas Detection

Networking of sensors and the development of sensor systems have become routine technological endeavors. The advent of Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies has enabled an expanding matrix of applications for integration of specialized sensor systems. The focus on innovation is now on driving costs down, while increasing performance. Additive manufacturing techniques and topological improvements are key drivers of innovation for sensors.As sensors and sensor systems transform their capabilities from (strictly) data generation and gathering, the focus now shifts on how to increase the utility of the sensor and sensor system.SensorComm defines the utility of a sensor as its ability to provide intelligence. Intelligence comes from the collection of data. Through data-analytics, information can be extracted. The final step of interpreting the information is through the generation of intelligence. Off-the-shelf tools are available that include machine learning, artificial intelligence, and even toolboxes in platforms like MATLAB, all of which have changed the way we obtain information. The next step is obtaining the intelligence.SensorComm has applied this methodology of intelligence extraction in three areas: 1) transportation 2) healthcare and now 3) natural gas monitoring/detection.In transportation, we will describe how intelligence is obtained from SensorComm’s IoT-based mobile pollution monitoring system. Installed at the tailpipe, Wi-NOx™ captures the real-time pollution footprint of vehicles. The system extracts, analyzes and transforms NOx emissions data into real-time information providing transportation managers with business intelligence that leads to operational efficiencies and measurable savings. Wi-NOx™ is the cornerstone of a global pollution mitigation strategy that enables fuel savings, emissions reduction, vehicle optimization and extended asset life (to responsibly delay significant infrastructure investments like electrification).The Wi-NOx™ system was developed to monitor emissions from vehicles. Recently, we have modified it to remotely monitor patients in healthcare applications, and now, to monitor natural gas for oil & gas applications.In healthcare, Sensorcomm has developed a wrist-worn temperature monitoring system for COVID-19 detection using the Data-Centric Care™ model. Data-Centric Care™ focuses on data to provide the necessary intelligence to correctly assess the situation. The system uses (near) continuous temperature monitoring of individuals to identify at-risk persons who may or may not be symptomatic (for COVID-19 and beyond). The system uses a smart wearable device (wrist-worn) that monitors temperature as a trigger for second-tier screening from which a corresponding response is implemented (e.g. return to daily activity, isolate, elevated care). The continuous monitoring allows for the development of individualized thresholds (average temperature and fever threshold) rather than using population thresholds. The system identifies at-risk individuals (people with anomalies in their daily temperature profiles) for additional screening, prior to entering a facility.The most recent development at SensorComm is the partnership with the Center for Micro-Engineered Materials at the University of New Mexico, who is developing mixed-potential methane sensors using additive manufacturing. Mitigating environmental effects and financial costs of methane leaks requires a robust, widely deployable, low-cost sensing technology to provide continuous monitoring of natural gas infrastructure. Since methane emissions originate from multiple sources (agricultural or wetlands sites), sensors need to distinguish between natural gas or one of these other sources. Strategies for gathering the data, extracting the information and providing intelligence will be discussed.This talk will discuss the different techniques utilized in the data analytics and will provide key examples of how intelligence is extracted in the various applications.This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Office program under Award Number DE-FOA-0031864, and partially by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1632498. Figure 1

Design and Implementation of in-Home Real-Time Wireless Fever Monitoring in Pediatrics during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Fever is one of the most common concern to be taken care by parents which sometimes force them to bring their children to the hospital emergency for continuous following up especially at night when sleeping. Fever is defined when the rectal temperature reaches over 38.0°C (100.4°F). Temperatures measured from other sites of body are usually less. There is no defined threshold for fever due to variation of body temperatures between different individuals as much as 1°F. Fever itself is not life threatening unless the rectal temperature is persistent over than 41.6°C (107°F). Fever may be due to a serious illness such as COVID-19 and usually is caused by common infections, which are not serious. However, a fever can be caused by other reasons other than infections. Since continuous temperature monitoring is inapplicable at the rectal site, the paper aims at developing a real-time system using wireless sensor network for wireless continuous fever monitoring on the head skin or wrist, which are the most applicable area with suitable compensation for the read temperature correction. The system can record the temperature on the patient’s side who is required to be isolated and transmit the fever status and critical situations to an alarming system on the side of taking-care people. This system will help in in-home care for pediatrics suffering from fever and especially during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Examining the magnitude and perception of summertime overheating in London care homes

This paper brings together objective and subjective data on indoor temperature and thermal comfort to examine the magnitude and perception of summertime overheating in two London-based care homes occupying modern and older buildings. Continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor temperature, relative humidity and CO2 levels was conducted in summer 2019 along with thermal comfort surveys and semi-structured interviews with older residents and staff of the care settings. Indoor temperatures were found to be high (&gt;30°C) with bedroom temperatures often higher at night than daytime across both care settings. Limited opening due to window restrictors constrained night-time ventilation. Overheating was prevalent with four out of the five monitored bedrooms failing all four overheating metrics investigated. While 35–42% of staff responses perceived indoor temperatures to be uncomfortably hot, only 13–19% of resident responses were found to do so, indicating that elderly residents tend to be relatively insensitive to heat, leaving them open to overheating without realising it. Residents and staff in the modern care setting were less satisfied with their thermal conditions. As hybrid buildings, care settings need to keep both residents and staff comfortable and healthy during hot weather through night-time ventilation, management of heating and supportive institutional practices. Practical application: Care home designs have focused on keeping residents warm through the winter, neglecting the risks of summertime overheating. Care homes are hybrid buildings serving as living spaces for vulnerable older residents and offices/workspaces for staff. Providing comfort to both groups during periods of hot weather is challenging. Opportunities for ventilation are limited by Health &amp; Safety regulations that mandate up to 10 cm maximum window openings and institutional practices that result in windows routinely kept closed, particularly at night. Utilising natural and where possible cross-ventilation should be considered along with external shading. Heating should be managed to avoid unwanted heat gains in the summer.

Wearable Sensors and Systems for Wound Healing-Related pH and Temperature Detection.

Wound healing is a complex tissue regeneration process involving many changes in multiple physiological parameters. The pH and temperature of a wound site have long been recognized as important biomarkers for assessing wound healing status. For effective wound management, wound dressings integrated with wearable sensors and systems used for continuous monitoring of pH and temperature have received much attention in recent years. Herein, recent advances in the development of wearable pH and temperature sensors and systems based on different sensing mechanisms for wound status monitoring and treatment are comprehensively summarized. Challenges in the areas of sensing performance, infection identification threshold, large-area 3-dimensional detection, and long-term reliable monitoring in current wearable sensors/systems and emerging solutions are emphasized, providing critical insights into the development of wearable sensors and systems for wound healing monitoring and management.