Abstract
Wound healing is a complex tissue regeneration process involving many changes in multiple physiological parameters. The pH and temperature of a wound site have long been recognized as important biomarkers for assessing wound healing status. For effective wound management, wound dressings integrated with wearable sensors and systems used for continuous monitoring of pH and temperature have received much attention in recent years. Herein, recent advances in the development of wearable pH and temperature sensors and systems based on different sensing mechanisms for wound status monitoring and treatment are comprehensively summarized. Challenges in the areas of sensing performance, infection identification threshold, large-area 3-dimensional detection, and long-term reliable monitoring in current wearable sensors/systems and emerging solutions are emphasized, providing critical insights into the development of wearable sensors and systems for wound healing monitoring and management.
Highlights
Our skin is important in protecting internal organs from external environmental hazards [1]
The development and implementation of wearable sensors and systems used for wound healing-related pH and temperature detection have been growing rapidly, and have begun to revolutionize the approach to wound diagnosis and treatment
Smart wound dressings integrated with wearable sensors to monitor the pH and temperature at the wound site in a noninvasive and real-time manner are promising in facilitating efficiencies in clinical resource use and management of distant patients
Summary
Our skin is important in protecting internal organs from external environmental hazards [1]. The assessment and monitoring of wound status are usually based on visual evaluation of variables (e.g., the color of the wound bed, the amount of exudate) [5] This subjective observation can lead to inconsistencies due to changes in illumination and angles. Micromachines 2021, 12, 430 assessing the degree of wound healing These diverse physiological changes, especially pH and can be considered as biomarkers that provide important physthe degree of temperature, wound healing. [5,14,15,16,17,18] Thereproperties, these biomarkers can be roughly divided into biochemical markers (e.g., pH, fore, detection of the changes these markers provides effectiveTherefore, way for detection real-time uric acid) and physical markers of (e.g., temperature, pressure)an monitoring of wound status.
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