Continuous Movement Research Articles

Vasculogenic Myoclonus of Peripheral Origin after Whiplash Injury: A Case Report

Based on the neuroanatomical origin of the electrical discharge, myoclonus could be classified in terms of its etiology as cortical, subcortical, spinal, or peripheral. A 29-year-old female patient experienced a continuous involuntary rhythmic twitching movement of the right elbow for 6 months. This myoclonus occurred immediately after a whiplash injury caused by a rear-end car accident. The patient had no radiological, clinical, or electrophysiological evidence for central nervous system origin. Concentric needle electromyography recordings of the right biceps, brachioradialis, and triceps muscles presented bursts of spontaneous rhythmic activity synchronous to the clinical myoclonus. Doppler ultrasound on the right arm revealed that the biceps and triceps contraction coincided with the vascular pulsation of the brachial artery and vein. This result suggested that myoclonus was caused by vascular stimulation, similar to the pathophysiology of hemifacial spasms. A whiplash injury around the neck or arm may have affected the vascular structures in the upper and middle trunks, resulting in vasculogenic myoclonus. Electromyography can be used to determine the classification and distribution of myoclonic jerks.

Evaluation and Performance Enhancement of four Legged Intersection: Satdobato, Nepal

This study provides an overview of the current situation ofsignalized intersections in Satdobato. Satdobato, located in the central business district of Lalitpur connects busy approaches and faces congestion. The environment and traffic flow parameters are modeled in a microsimulation software ‘SIDRA Intersection 8.0’. The calibration and validation of the intersection model in the software are performed using field data. The performance of the intersection is evaluated based onthe LOS, and delay, and back of the queue. The evaluation of the performance is followed by the implementation of the performance enhancement strategies. Optimization of the signal timing is performed by changing the cycle lengths and splitting the timing. Further, the continuous left-turning movement is controlled under signal time. Appropriate recommendations are provided based on the evaluation of the system performances after making changes in the model.

Sensing ultrasound localization microscopy for the visualization of glomeruli in living rats and humans

Estimation of glomerular function is necessary to diagnose kidney diseases. However, the study of glomeruli in the clinic is currently done indirectly through urine and blood tests. A recent imaging technique called Ultrasound Localization Microscopy (ULM) has appeared. It is based on the ability to record continuous movements of individual microbubbles in the bloodstream. Although ULM improved the resolution of vascular imaging up to tenfold, the imaging of the smallest vessels had yet to be reported. We acquired ultrasound sequences from living humans and rats and then applied filters to divide the data set into slow-moving and fast-moving microbubbles. We performed a double tracking to highlight and characterize populations of microbubbles with singular behaviors. We decided to call this technique "sensing ULM" (sULM). We used post-mortem micro-CT for side-by-side confirmation in rats. In this study, we report the observation of microbubbles flowing in the glomeruli in living humans and rats. We present a set of analysis tools to extract quantitative information from individual microbubbles, such as remanence time or normalized distance. As glomeruli play a key role in kidney function, it would be possible that their observation yields a deeper understanding of the kidney. It could also be a tool to diagnose kidney diseases in patients. More generally, it will bring imaging capabilities closer to the functional units of organs, which is a key to understand most diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, or kidney failures. This study was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon H2020 program (ERC Consolidator grant agreement No 772786-ResolveStroke).

Large-Area Electronics-Enabled High-Resolution Digital Microfluidics for Parallel Single-Cell Manipulation.

Large-area electronics as switching elements are an ideal option for electrode-array-based digital microfluidics. With support of highly scalable thin-film semiconductor technology, high-resolution digital droplets (diameter around 100 μm) containing single-cell samples can be manipulated freely on a two-dimensional plane with programmable addressing logic. In addition, single-cell generation and manipulation as foundations for single-cell research demand ease of operation, multifunctionality, and accurate tools. In this work, we reported an active-matrix digital microfluidic platform for single-cell generation and manipulation. The active device contained 26,368 electrodes that could be independently addressed to perform parallel and simultaneous droplet generation and achieved single-cell manipulation. We demonstrate a high-resolution digital droplet generation with a droplet volume limit of 500 pL and show the continuous and stable movement of droplet-contained cells for over 1 h. Furthermore, the success rate of single droplet formation was higher than 98%, generating tens of single cells within 10 s. In addition, a pristine single-cell generation rate of 29% was achieved without further selection procedures, and the droplets containing single cells could then be tested for on-chip cell culturing. After 20 h of culturing, about 12.5% of the single cells showed cell proliferation.

Assessment of Livability in Commercial Streets via Placemaking

Livability is one of the key characteristics that urban architects strive to achieve. It is even more important for commercial streets, where functional diversity and the constant movement of people require special consideration. In the capital city of Erbil, Iraq, commercial streets suffer from neglect. However, there is huge potential to create an attractive environment for purposes other than shopping. Some countries have developed standards for the design of commercial streets. The basic requirements are the same, but the details vary according to people’s needs. This research study aimed to identify a comprehensive framework (i.e., a checklist) for placemaking as the basis for measuring livability on a main commercial street in Erbil, Iraq. This framework was considered as a basis for assessment and design simultaneously, helping designers to achieve two main goals: to develop the existing streets and to suggest basic principles for future street design. This study adopted a practical framework, a questionnaire, a field survey, and observations as its research methods. We concluded that placemaking dimensions were essential for activating livability, and a balance between the main dimensions was found. As more strategies were applied, the street livability increased. The results varied according to the research methods, whether quantitative or qualitative. The quantitative findings resulted from the questionnaire and one section of the practical framework. Street width, in terms of quantity, had an impact on containment and safety. The same applied to the sidewalks that had to accommodate the continuous and uninterrupted movements of four or more people. The qualitative findings were from two other sections of the practical framework, in addition to the field survey and observations. It was noted that the local elements on the street were maintained, which had a significant impact on increasing the street’s livability.

Teaching Video Neuro Images : Hemichorea-hemiballismus secondary to nonketotic hyperglycemia

A 59-year-old woman presented with a 10-day history of involuntary movements of the right body. She initially complained of continuous, irregularly timed, and unpredictable movements of her right hand that ultimately spread to her entire right upper limb, sometimes having an abrupt violent character (video, segment 1, on the Neurology ® Web site at [www.neurology.org][1]). She had poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.1 Her neurologic examination revealed slight right facial weakness and right hemichorea-hemiballismus. Blood glucose was at 31 mmol/L with no ketone bodies in the urine. Brain imaging revealed spontaneous high signal of the left caudate nucleus and putamen (figure). She received insulin and neuroleptics (risperidone) with rapid improvement (video, segment 2). [1]: http://www.neurology.org

Enhancing Photon Transfer Efficiency in Photocatalysis Using Suspended LED Lights for Water Treatment

Photocatalysis application in water treatment has been the object of many researchers worldwide in recent decades. However, there are limited commercial applications due to low photon transfer efficiency, which create barriers leading to challenges in making the process efficient and economically feasible. Fixed UV/visible light sources, which are generally located outside the reactor or encapsulated in quartz tube inside the reactor are the source of energy to activate photocatalyst generating powerful oxidants such as electrons and holes. Suspended waterproof LED visible lights were employed to enhance photon transfer efficiency. Consequently, the required energy was lower resulting in negligible temperature increase and eliminated the need for an external cooler, no need for quartz (UV transparent) or treated glass reactors, enhanced mixing due to continuous movement of light bulbs by convective currents, and minimum/no attenuation. Direct Blue 15 (DB15) dye was used as model compound and the photocatalyst was P25 TiO2 (Average particle: 30 nm, Surface area: 50 m2 g−1). The samples taken at different time intervals were analyzed by UV-Vis. spectrophotometer (UV-3600), and TOC-V CPN total organic carbon analyzer (both from Shimadzu). It was found that for the same level of degradation, the degradation rate increased by about 50% compared to conventional fixed light photoreactor. Overall, the cost of the operation can be reduced substantially, paving the road for feasible commercialization of the process.

Prototype of a Continuous Passive Motion device for shoulder rehabilitation

Continuous Passive Motion - CPM - is a therapeutic method that provides fast and safe patient rehabilitation. Considering the fact that the equipment performs the movement along with the patient, who also does it but passively, this treatment procedure can immediately be applied in the postoperative care period. Although this technique makes recovery faster, as strains will be spared from ligaments, muscles and tendons, not all clinics can offer CPM therapy due to its high cost. Bearing in mind the existence of such equipment that performs the aforementioned motion, the objective of this work was the development and manufacture of a prototype device for continuous passive shoulder movement, with costs reduced to an approximate value of USD$730.00 compared to the average price in the market which is around USD$1510.00. This difference in values would make it affordable for a greater majority of clinics and offices to purchase them and, thus, promote the accelerated timely recovery of the limb after operation, for a larger number of patients, allowing these patients to return to their daily tasks in shorter period of time. For the execution of the prototype, specific mechanical manufacturing methods, such us turning, milling and welding of materials, were applied in order to make the equipment safe and effective, provide comfort for the patient and, above all, make the device affordable for most physiotherapy clinics. The material used for the production was stainless steel, cables, pulleys, tilting automation kit and inductive sensors.

Fiber trajectory tracking of centrifugal spinning and coupled-forces field effects on jet motion stability

High-speed centrifugal spinning holds excellent potential as a promising approach for nanofiber manufacturing due to its various raw materials, low environmental requirements, and high preparation efficiency. However, continuous jet movement and trajectory tracking on the action of gravity, centrifugal force, Coriolis force, viscous force, and air resistance remain significant challenges. Therefore, the present article has developed a polymer jet motion model based on the momentum equation, continuity equation, and constitutive equation of non-Newtonian fluid to explore the influence of spinning parameters on jet motion. Moreover, curved fiber trajectory in the centrifugal field, jet velocity distribution, and variation of air velocity around the nozzle have been simulated using the discrete phase model in terms of different angular velocities and solution concentrations. It is found that the angular velocity affects the formation of the jet trajectory. Furthermore, the solution concentration determines the attenuation of the jet velocity. Therefore, centrifugal spinning experiments have been carried out to verify the correctness of the results and theoretical analysis gained from the research. Scanning electron microscope observations show nanofibers with 6 wt% polyethylene oxide solution at 5500 rpm have better morphology and quality.

Effects of short-term motor training on accuracy and precision of simple jaw and finger movements after orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery: A case-control study.

Orthognathic surgery has been performed with increasing frequency for the treatment of severe malocclusion, yet the postsurgical neuromuscular recovery of patients has been inadequately studied. To investigate the effect of short-term and simple jaw motor training on accuracy and precision of jaw motor control in patients following orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. Twenty patients who had completed preoperative orthodontics, 20 patients who had undergone bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and 20 age-and-gender-matched healthy controls participated in the study. Participants were asked to perform 10 continuous jaw opening and finger lifting movements before and after a 30-min motor training session. The variability in the amplitude of these simple movements was expressed as percentage in relation to the target position (accuracy - Daccu ) and as coefficient of variation (precision - CVprec ) to describe the motor performance. Furthermore, the changes in amplitude before and after training were measured in percentage. Daccu and CVprec of simple jaw and finger movements significantly decreased after motor training (p ≤ .018) in all groups. The relative changes in finger movements were higher than jaw movements (p < .001) but with no differences among the groups (p ≥ .247). Both accuracy and precision of simple jaw and finger movements improved after short-term motor training in all three groups, demonstrating the inherent potential for optimization of novel motor tasks. Finger movements improved more than jaw movements but with no differences between groups, suggesting that changes in occlusion and craniofacial morphology are not associated with impaired neuroplasticity or physiological adaptability of jaw motor function.

Study on the mechanism of dilute Mn addition in enhancing the creep resistance of hot-rolled Mg-1.5Y alloy sheet

In this work, the compressive creep behaviors of Mg-1.5 wt%Y (0Mn alloy) and Mg-1.5 wt%Y-1wt.%Mn (1Mn alloy) were investigated. The compressive creep tests were performed along the rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD) and normal direction (ND) at 523 K under applied stresses ranging from 30 MPa to 80 MPa. It was shown that the 1Mn alloy exhibited a much higher creep resistance than the 0Mn alloy when crept along the same direction. The microstructure characterization indicated that the addition of dilute Mn barely changed the creep mechanisms crept along the RD and TD, including the dislocation cross-slip composed of basal <a > dislocations and prismatic <a > dislocations and {101‾2} twinning in both alloys. While the creep mechanisms crept along the ND changed from dislocation climb and pyramidal <c + a > slip in the 0Mn alloy to dislocation cross-slip and pyramidal <c + a > slip in the 1Mn alloy. The creep resistance enhancement by dilute Mn addition was closely related to the dynamic precipitation of α-Mn particles that strongly hindered the mobilities of dislocations and grain boundaries regardless of the loading direction. Moreover, the Mn atoms tended to segregate on the dislocations during creep, which effectively suppressed the continuous movement of dislocations and led to the excellent creep resistance of the 1Mn alloy. With increasing applied stress, the increased twin amounts crept along the RD and TD were responsible for the strong creep anisotropy in both alloys. Nevertheless, the dynamic precipitation of α-Mn particles evidently inhibited the thickening of twins, which was beneficial for the enhanced creep resistance and decreased creep anisotropy in the 1Mn alloy.

Dual stage ensemble technique for intrusion detection in cloud computing

A capability of cloud-based IDS in identifying complicated and anonymous attacks is rising in the current era. However, unwanted delays hinder the detection rate. A malicious user might utilize vast quantities of computational power. The cloud provides to perform attacks both within and without the cloud. Furthermore, there are major challenges for intrusion detection due to the ease of the cloud and also the continual restructuring and movement of cloud resources. Intruder detection, feature extraction, and data processing are all included in the novel optimization-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) paradigm that will be presented in this study. Data normalization is used to first pre-process the input data. Then, appropriate feature extraction is carried out, including the extraction of (a) raw features, (b) statistical features, then (c) higher-order statistical features using suggested kurtosis. The detection phase is then applied to the retrieved features. A two-stage ensemble method is suggested for finding intruders in clouds. Random forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), optimal Neural Network (NN), and RNN make up the suggested ensemble technique. The RF, SVM, and Optimized NN algorithms are directly fed the collected features. The output of these classifiers is then provided to the RNN classifier (i.e.), RF output to RNN1, SVM output to RNN2, and optimized NN output to RNN3. Then, the weighted average of RNN 1, 2, and 3 is considered as the final output. A Self Adaptive Salp Swarm Optimization optimizes the weights of NN for exact detection (SA-SSO). Finally, a test is conducted to confirm the developed model’s superiority.

Concurrent metaboreflex activation increases chronotropic and ventilatory responses to passive leg movement without sex-related differences

Previous studies in animal models showed that exercise-induced metabolites accumulation may sensitize the mechanoreflex-induced response. The aim of this study was to assess whether the magnitude of the central hemodynamic and ventilatory adjustments evoked by isolated stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in humans are influenced by the prior accumulation of metabolic byproducts in the muscle. 10 males and 10 females performed two exercise bouts consisting of 5-min of intermittent isometric knee-extensions performed 10% above the previously determined critical force. Post-exercise, the subjects recovered for 5 min either with a suprasystolic circulatory occlusion applied to the exercised quadriceps (PECO) or under freely-perfused conditions (CON). Afterwards, 1-min of continuous passive leg movement was performed. Central hemodynamics, pulmonary data, and electromyography from exercising/passively-moved leg were recorded throughout the trial. Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD, index of vagal tone) was also calculated. Δpeak responses of heart rate (ΔHR) and ventilation (Delta dot{V}_{{text{E}}}) to passive leg movement were higher in PECO compared to CON (ΔHR: 6 ± 5 vs 2 ± 4 bpm, p = 0.01; 3.9 ± 3.4 vs 1.9 ± 1.7 L min−1, p = 0.02). Δpeak of mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) was significantly different between conditions (5 ± 3 vs − 3 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.01). Changes in RMSSD with passive leg movement were different between PECO and CON (p < 0.01), with a decrease only in the former (39 ± 18 to 32 ± 15 ms, p = 0.04). No difference was found in all the other measured variables between conditions (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that mechanoreflex-mediated increases in HR and dot{V}_{{text{E}}} are sensitized by metabolites accumulation. These responses were not influenced by biological sex.

Disentangling the relationships between motor control and cognitive control in young children with symptoms of ADHD

ABSTRACT Children with ADHD experience difficulties with motor and cognitive control. However, the relationships between these symptoms are poorly understood. As a step toward improving treatment, this study investigated associations between specific aspects of motor control and cognitive control in children with varying levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. A heterogeneous sample of 255 children of 4 to 10 years of age (median = 6.50, MAD = 1.36) completed a battery of tests probing motor generation, visuomotor fluency, visuomotor flexibility, cognitive inhibition, verbal and visuospatial working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Their caregivers were interviewed regarding their hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. 25.9% of the main sample met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine whether specific aspects of motor control were associated with specific aspects of cognitive control, and whether any associations were moderated by hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Additionally, cognitive modeling (the drift diffusion model approximated with EZ-DM) was used to understand performance on a cognitive inhibition task. Visuomotor fluency was significantly associated with cognitive inhibition. Visuomotor flexibility was significantly associated with cognitive flexibility. There were no significant moderation effects. Cognitive modeling was inconclusive. In conclusion, the ability to fluently perform visually guided continuous movement is linked with the ability to inhibit the effects of distracting information. The ability to spontaneously use visual information to flexibly alter motor responses is related to the ability to cognitively shift from one frame of mind to another. These relationships appear to be quantitatively and qualitatively similar across the childhood hyperactive-impulsive continuum as rated by parents.

Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus types 1 and 2 affecting the Republic of the Philippines and Malaysia, 2019-2021.

Concurrent outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus serotypes 1 and 2 (cVDPV1, cVDPV2) were confirmed in the Republic of the Philippines in September 2019 and were subsequently confirmed in Malaysia by early 2020. There is continuous population subgroup movement in specific geographies between the two countries. Outbreak response efforts focused on sequential supplemental immunization activities with monovalent Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (mOPV2) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccines (bOPV, containing Sabin strain types 1 and 3) as well as activities to enhance poliovirus surveillance sensitivity to detect virus circulation. A total of six cVDPV1 cases, 13 cVDPV2 cases, and one immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 case were detected, and there were 35 cVDPV1 and 31 cVDPV2 isolates from environmental surveillance sewage collection sites. No further cVDPV1 or cVDPV2 have been detected in either country since March 2020. Response efforts in both countries encountered challenges, particularly those caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic. Important lessons were identified and could be useful for other countries that experience outbreaks of concurrent cVDPV serotypes.

Seroprevalence, associated risk factors, and molecular detection of bovine brucellosis in rural areas of Egypt.

The study was carried out on six villages in northern Egypt to evaluate the epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis among 989 unvaccinated household cattle by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect ELISA (iELISA) and to investigate the existence of Brucella DNA using real-time PCR in 100 milk and 100 sera from seropositive cattle and 50 sera from seronegative cattle. The overall seroprevalence was 20.7% and 23.7% by RBPT and iELISA, respectively. Based on the iELISA results, the seroprevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the village II (34.7%) and cattle >7 years (30.1%). More males than females were non-significant seropositive (P=0.6). There was 95% agreement between RBPT and iELISA, although iELISA showed a higher positivity rate (23.7%, 95% CI: 0.21-0.26) than RBPT (20.7%, 95% CI: 0.18-0.24). DNA of Brucella was confirmed in 16 milk samples by IS711 qPCR from seropositive cattle, however, no Brucella DNA was detected in serum samples tested positive and negative. Brucella abortus was the only species detected based on the alkB gene. Prevalence is highly related to the sampling site and the age of the animals. In conclusion, although qPCR is more accurate and commonly used in the diagnosis of most infectious diseases but in this situation iELISA is preferred and recommended for continuous screening and animal movement restriction and vaccination protocols, especially in high-risk areas.

Adaptive Nonlinear Least Squares Framework for Contactless Vital Sign Monitoring

The respiratory and heart rates are critical physiological parameters, and conventional contact-based monitoring techniques may cause discomfort and epidermal damage, being therefore inadequate for long-term monitoring. Despite recent advances, accurate contactless vital sign monitoring is still challenging in practical scenarios, especially in relation to heart rate estimation. In this work, we propose a comprehensive framework for vital sign processing in frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar systems and evaluate its performance with real data imitating common working conditions in an office environment. First, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio before estimation, we propose a novel slow-time phase correlation processing, which allows early integration of the vital sign energy at nearby range bins. Subsequently, we present an adaptive nonlinear least squares framework that explores the harmonic structure existing in the recovered displacement signal. An additional Kalman filter stage is designed to select among multiple estimates from different search regions, thus conferring adaptivity and robustness against harmonic interference and noise. This approach largely provides estimates within the predefined error intervals, being capable of tracking the true breathing and heart rate values even during continuous small body movements. The final accuracy and root mean square error values have shown enhanced estimation, outperforming conventional spectral estimation and other recently proposed methods in almost all scenarios.

Howard Lune. Transnational Nationalism and Collective Identity among the American Irish.

In this slim volume, Howard Lune tells historians of Irish America—and Irish American nationalists—a story that they know much of already, but he does it in an engaging and conceptually intriguing manner that prioritizes the history of organizations over that of individuals or ideologies. Lune, a sociologist, brings to bear his knowledge of organizational theory to study the deep continuity of conviction on the part of Irish and Irish American people who “saw themselves as a nation with or without a state of their own” (3). Lune emphasizes the creation and maintenance of an “organizational field” (4) of Irish nationalism that extended beyond Ireland itself to a larger diaspora of Irish emigrants and their descendants. Over seven chapters, Lune gives us a brisk and readable narrative of nationalist organizing in the United States and Ireland, stretching from the efforts of the United Irishmen in the late-eighteenth century through to the formation of the Irish Free State. After an introductory chapter, chapter 2 focuses on the social imaginary of the United Irishmen and their success in creating a framework for future nationalist efforts despite the failure of their immediate goals. Chapter 3 investigates the role of United Irish émigrés in remaking Irish American associational life and carries the story through the repeal movement of the 1840s. Chapter 4 focuses on nativist pressures and the impact that they had on Irish American organizational life. The fifth chapter focuses on the Fenian movement and the ambiguous relationship between Irish- and US-based physical-force nationalists in the 1860s, after which Lune turns to the period between the Land War of the early 1880s and the Easter Rising of 1916. A final chapter offers him a chance to step back from the narrative and think more generally about the “continuous social movement for Irish independence”—and specifically the ongoing conviction that there was an Irish nation—sustained by various organizations with different immediate goals—from which specific efforts to realize that independence emerged.

Analysis of flow characteristics and throttling loss of a novel high-frequency two-dimensional rotary valve

High-speed on-off valve uses its high-frequency characteristics to realize the switching effect of fast opening and closing or generate relatively continuous pressure and flow. Compared with the conventional direct acting structure, the frequency of reciprocating sliding of the valve spool is limited due to the need to overcome the large inertial force, while the valve spool of the rotary valve structure can easily achieve continuous and rapid rotary movement, which makes it easier to quickly open or close the hydraulic valve. Therefore, a novel high-frequency two-dimensional rotary valve is proposed. Through the two-dimensional rotary valve, the fluid is discretized in the form of fluid pulse width modulation to realize the flow distribution according to the demand of the system actuator. The spool has two independent degrees of freedom: the rotary motion of the spool is used to control the frequency of the fluid pulse width modulation and the axial displacement of the spool is used to control its width. Inspired by the working principle of the high-speed on-off valve to realize the instantaneous release of energy by quickly opening action, the flow characteristics and throttling loss of two-dimensional rotary valve are analyzed. The shape of the valve port of the high-frequency two-dimensional rotary valve is designed, flow field models with different valve port angle are established and the throttling loss of the valve port is obtained, which is verified by the simulation and the experiment. The working principle of two-dimensional rotary valve is similar to the high-speed on-off valve group, but compared with the high-speed on-off valve using the electric signal control mode, two-dimensional rotary valve can control the flow only by controlling the axial position of the valve spool. The high-frequency two-dimensional rotary valve using fluid pulse width modulation is expected to be used in variable system, load sensing system, distributed power source and other systems with variable and energy-saving requirements.

A Mini Review on Working Mechanism, Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and Preventative Maintenance of Low Temperature Long Term (LTLT) Milk Pasteurizer

A small-scaled batch Low Temperature- Long Term (LTLT) pasteurizer is one of many types of pasteurizers that is being utilized in food-based industries particularly in dairies. It has a capacity of heating up the milk and holding the temperature for a certain amount of time to kill pathogenic microorganisms. The instantaneous heat up is caused by heat exchangers either in the form of plates or metal coils depending on the machine. The coil is circulated within the jacket of the tank where it heats up and holds the temperature. Hot water circulation will be in continuous movement around the milk to heat it up and maintain the desired temperature. After certain period, the efficiency of LTLT pasteurizer starts declining due to cumulated issues. Decline in efficiency will affect the output of the machine too. Instantaneous heat exchanges, leaking, unstable pressure and electrical problem degrades the machine over period if it is not complying with Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and a proper Preventative Maintenance (PM) plan. The SOP and PM will increase the machine’s lifespan and maintain a good efficiency rate for longer period. This mini review paper will compile the possible PM plan and establish a sustainable SOP for the LTLT Pasteurizer.