Continuous Displacement Research Articles

Euler\u2013Bernoulli elastic beam models of Eringen\u2019s differential nonlocal type revisited within a mathbf{C }^{0}-continuous displacement framework

A theory of the Erigen’s differential nonlocal beams of (isotropic) elastic material is prospected independent of the original integral formulation. The beam problem is addressed within a C^{(0)}-continuous displacement framework admitting slope discontinuities of the deflected beam axis with the formation of bending hinges at every cross section where a transverse concentrated external force is applied, either a load or a reaction. Concepts sparsely known from the literature are in this paper used within a more general context, in which the beam is envisioned as a macro-beam whose microstructure is able to take on a size dependent initial curvature dictated by the loading and constraint conditions. Indeed, initial curvature seems to be an effective analytical tool to inject size effects into micro- and nano-beams. The proposed theory is applied to a set of benchmark beam problems showing that a softening behaviour is always predicted without the appearance of paradoxical situations. Comparisons with other theories are also presented.

TRANSPORTES E A RODOVIA BR-319: MUDANÇAS, ECONOMIA E OXIGÊNIO

Global changes in industry and transport have led to transformations in several countries, with the insertion of infrastructures to increase territorial fluidity and provide continuous and safe displacement of cargo, passengers and information. This global context is present in several territorial fractions of Brazil with the construction completion and maintenance works on the circulation routes. In this context, we will address the main changes that are taking place at the industrial level, the need to reduce travel time and the importance of the BR-319 highway in the recent context of territorial fluidity and the particular case of oxygen displacement to the city of Manaus in the first weeks of 2021.

Foveal configurations with disappearance of the foveal pit in eyes with macular pucker: Presumed role of Müller cells in the formation of foveal herniation

Many eyes with macular pucker are characterized by a centripetal displacement of the inner foveal layers which may result in a disappearance of the foveal pit. In this retrospective case series of 90 eyes with macular pucker of 90 patients, we describe using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography different foveal configurations with ectopic inner foveal layers, document the relationship between posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation and spontaneous and postoperative morphological alterations of the fovea, and propose an active role of Müller cells in the development of foveal herniation. We found that ERM were formed during or after partial perifoveal PVD, or after foveal deformations caused by tissue edema. The ERM-mediated centripetal displacement of the inner foveal layers and in various eyes anterior hyaloidal traction caused a disappearance of the foveal pit and an anterior stretching of the foveola with a thickening of the central outer nuclear layer (ONL). After the edges of the thickened inner layers of the foveal walls moved together, continuous centripetal displacement of the inner foveal layers generated a bulge of the fovea towards the vitreous (foveal herniation). Macular pseudoholes with a herniation of the inner foveal layers show that the outer layer of the protruding foveal walls is the outer plexiform layer (OPL). If the ERM covered the foveal walls and parafova, but not the foveola, the inner layers of the foveal walls were not fully centripetally displaced and the foveal pit was present. The visual acuity of eyes with ectopic inner foveal layers was inversely correlated with the thickness of the foveal center. Spontaneous morphological alterations after disappearance of the foveal pit may include the development of cystoid macular edema or additional thickening of the foveal tissue and foveal herniation. The foveal configuration with ectopic inner layers of the foveal walls and a thick central ONL persisted over longer postoperative time periods. The data show that the centripetal displacement of the inner foveal layers in eyes with macular pucker, which results in a disappearance of the foveal pit, may also generate foveal herniation which is suggested to be caused by contraction of Müller cell processes in the OPL. The centripetal displacement of the inner foveal layers and the formation of foveal herniation are suggested to reverse the foveal pit formation during development.

Morphometric investigations on the NW Bitlis-Zagros mountain range (SE Turkey): Implications for the internal deformation of the western Turkish-Iranian Plateau

Collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates has resulted in uplift of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, where debate continues over how post-collisional convergence is being converted to strain. The internal deformation models of the plateau have taken into account the distribution of deformation in the NW-trending Bitlis-Zagros Mountain Range (BZMR), the southern boundary of the collision. The western end of the BZMR is marked by contrasting topographic relief resulting from the coupling of tectonic and erosional processes. This region providing an excellent record for undertaking quantitative analysis which can improve our understanding of its tectonic evolution. Mountain front analyses reveal that each fault segment located in front of the western BZMR falls within the limits of Class-1 that corresponds to an uplift rate of >0.5 mm yr−1. Hypsometric and basin asymmetry analysis were analyzed for 93 drainage basins, indicating that weakly to moderately eroded basins can be moderately to strongly asymmetric but show no uniform tilting direction. Channel concavity, integral and knickpoint analyses suggest that, apart from the thrust fault that represents the margin of the collision zone, there is no pronounced single geological constraint that causes differential tectonic uplift and furthermore implies that the effect is distributed across multiple different structures. The findings of this study suggest that continuous lower rate horizontal displacement has occurred in this region since the onset of collision, but also indicates that the western end of the BZMR represents a zone of higher convergence, in which shortening is being converted to the vertical plane strain.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Continuous Gas Displacement for EOR in Hydraulically Fractured Shale Reservoirs

SummaryThe main objective of this study is to analyze and describe quantitatively the effectiveness of continuous gas displacement as an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process to increase production from multifractured shale oil reservoirs. The study uses CH4 continuously injected through horizontal wells parallel to the production wells as the displacement agent and investigates the effects of various attributes of the matrix and of the induced and natural fracture systems.This numerical simulation study focuses on the analysis of the 3D minimum repeatable element (stencil/domain) that can describe a hydraulically fractured shale reservoir under production. The stencil is discretized using a very fine (millimeter-scale) grid. We compare the solutions to a reference case that involves simple depressurization-induced production (i.e., without a gas drive). We monitor continuously (a) the rate and composition of the production stream and (b) the spatial distributions of pressure, temperature, phase saturations, and relative permeabilities.The results of the study indicate that a continuous CH4-based displacement that begins at the onset of production does not appear to be an effective EOR method for hydraulically fractured shale oil reservoirs over a 5-year period in reservoirs in which natural or induced fractures in the undisturbed reservoir and/or in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) can be adequately described by a single-medium porosity and permeability. Under these conditions in a system with typical Bakken or Eagle Ford matrix and fracture attributes, continuous CH4 injection by means of a horizontal well parallel to the production well causes a reduction in water production and an (expected) increase in gas production but does not lead to any significant increase in oil production. This is attributed to (a) the limited penetration of the injected gas into the ultralow-k formation, (b) the dissolution of the injected gas into the oil, and (c) its early arrival at the hydraulic fracture (HF; thus, short circuiting the EOR process by bypassing the bulk of the matrix), in addition to (d) the increase in the pressure of the HF and the consequent reduction in the driving force of production and the resulting flow. Under the conditions of this study, these observations hold true for domains with and without an SRV over a wide range of matrix permeabilities and for different lengths and positions (relative to the HF) of the gas injection wells.

Full-Field Strain Reconstruction Using Uniaxial Strain Measurements: Application to Damage Detection

This work investigates the inverse problem of reconstructing the continuous displacement field of a structure using a spatially distributed set of discrete uniaxial strain data. The proposed technique is based on the inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM), which has been demonstrated to be suitable for full-field displacement, and subsequently strain, reconstruction in beam and plate structures using discrete or continuous surface strain measurements. The iFEM uses a variationally based approach to displacement reconstruction, where an error functional is discretized using a set of finite elements. The effects of position and orientation of uniaxial strain measurements on the iFEM results are investigated, and the use of certain strain smoothing strategies for improving reconstruction accuracy is discussed. Reconstruction performance using uniaxial strain data is examined numerically using the problem of a thin plate with an internal crack. The results obtained highlight that strain field reconstruction using the proposed strategy can provide useful information regarding the presence, position, and orientation of damage on the plate.

Challenging Infrastructure Project Assisted by Monitoring and Numerical Modelling as the Follo Line Tunnels were Excavated Below Existing Tunnels

Just south of Oslo Central Station, the new high-speed Follo Line railway tunnels pass beneath the existing Ekeberg road tunnels. This paper presents the construction methods, numerical model, and monitoring program used to assess the stability of the E6 road tunnels during the excavation of the Follo Line tunnels only a few metres below. The construction of the Follo Line was approved subject to three conditions: (1) there should be no negative effect on the stability of the Ekeberg tunnels, (2) the traffic flow in the Ekeberg tunnels had to be maintained at all times and (3) any risk of instability in the existing tunnels must be detected beforehand, so that necessary precautionary actions could be taken in good time. To deal with the challenges, SINTEF developed a comprehensive analysis procedure, combining continuous rock stress measurements and displacement measurements with 2D and 3D numerical modelling. The rock stress change monitoring was used together with the numerical model to monitor the stability conditions in the Ekeberg tunnels as the Follo Line tunnels were excavated. This ensured that any risk of instability in the existing tunnels could be detected in advance to enable precautionary action to be taken. The successful completion of the new tunnels without any disturbance to the road tunnels shows that the procedure would be useful for dealing with similar applications in the future.

A Questão do “Insílio” em Mulheres de Cinza: o Monolinguismo e a Monoidentidade do Outro

Focaliza-se o romance moçambicano como terreno propício para a representação do insílio, isto é, o exílio interno no âmbito da língua portuguesa, e paralelamente, dos processos de identificação cultural, a partir da representação máxima da personagem Imani, tradutora do português na comunidade local. Com base na leitura da obra O monolinguismo do outro ou a prótese de origem, de Derrida procura-se analisar a língua do colonizador enquanto instância surgida no intervalo do jogo entre a presença e a ausência, problematizando-a como o fora, isto é, “a língua que não é minha”, mas advinda do outro. À medida que escapa da total apreensão, esta língua traz consigo a promessa de transbordamento. Nessa linha de raciocínio, reafirma-se, de igual modo, a impossibilidade de uma identidade plena, pronta e acabada, demonstrando-se a configuração de identidades em constante deslocamento.

Red‐coated rocks on the seashore: The esthetics and geology of prehistoric rock art in Alta, Arctic Norway

AbstractResearch suggests that the World Heritage rock engravings in Alta, Northern Norway, were made along the seashore over a period of 5000 years. The postglacial rebound and consequent land uplift have caused a continuous displacement of the shoreline, now situating the earliest rock art panels up to 26 m above sea level. By examining the rock surfaces at Hjemmeluft and other sites, using field observations and geological analyses, we found that the pronounced red bedrock surfaces in the current seashore zone are composed of inorganic iron films related to a high content of magnetite in the native sandstone. Coupled with an interpretation of regional environmental history, we also found that it is highly likely that the rock art was originally carved on rocks with red iron films, rocks that are now generally gray. Due to the land uplift and subsequent covering of the rock art with lichen, moss, and turf, the red color has waned at the rock art sites. This knowledge may renew interpretation and understanding of the location of rock art in Alta and may have implications for conservation and management.

The Effects of Displacing Sedentary Behavior With Two Distinct Patterns of Light Activity on Health Outcomes in Older Adults (Implications for COVID-19 Quarantine).

Rationale: The COVID-19 pandemic is limiting outdoor and community-based activities, especially for older adults owing to the requirement for self-isolation, potentially increasing prolonged sedentary behavior (SB). Given a poor tolerance for intense exercise, SB displacement with light intensity physical activity (LIPA) is a promising health enhancing alternative. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the effects of two different types of SB displacement on health outcomes in older adults and any differential impact of associated LIPA pattern.Method: 28 older women (age: 73 ± 5 years, height: 1.60 ± 0.07 m, weight: 67 ± 10 kg, and BMI: 26.1 ± 3.6 kg/m2) underwent overnight fasted dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) imaging, blood sampling, and functional assessments before being randomly allocated to one of two groups: (1) single continuous bout of 45–50 min LIPA daily (n = 14); or (2) SB fragmentation (SBF; ~48 min LIPA daily, 2 min LIPA for every 30 min of SB; n = 14). Compliance was systematically monitored using tri-axial accelerometery. All measures were taken at weeks 0 and 8.Results: Physical behavior significantly altered (decreased SB/increased LIPA; p < 0.05) and to a similar extent in both groups. We observed a significant reduction in serum triglycerides [p = 0.045, effect size (ɳp2) = 0.15; SBF: −0.26 ± 0.77 mmol/L, LIPA: −0.26 ± 0.51 mmol/L], improved 30 s sit-to-stand (STS) count (p = 0.002, ɳp2 = 0.32, 2 ± 3 STS) and speed (p = 0.009, ɳp2 = 0.35, −10 ± 33%), as well as increased average handgrip strength (p = 0.001, ɳp2 = 0.45, 6 ± 12%), and gait speed (p = 0.005, ɳp2 = 0.27, 0.09 ± 0.16 m/s) in both groups. Interestingly, SBF caused a greater increase in peak handgrip strength (8 ± 14%), compared to LIPA (2 ± 10%; p = 0.04, ɳp2 = 0.38).Conclusion: SB displacement induced significant improvements in fasting triglycerides, gait speed, as-well as STS endurance/speed in older women. Frequent vs. continuous SB displacement also caused greater increases in handgrip strength. While both SB displacement protocols display promise as efficacious home-based interventions for self-isolating older adults, our results would suggest a physical functioning advantage of the SBF protocol for certain outcomes.

Four Years of Continuous Seafloor Displacement Measurements in the Campi Flegrei Caldera

We present 4 years of continuous seafloor deformation measurements carried out in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy), one of the most hazardous and populated volcanic areas in the world. The seafloor sector of the caldera has been monitored since early 2016 by the MEDUSA marine research infrastructure, consisting of four instrumented buoys installed where sea depth is less than 100 m. Each MEDUSA buoy is equipped with a cabled, seafloor module with geophysical and oceanographic sensors and a subaerial GPS station providing seafloor deformation and other environmental measures. Since April 2016, the GPS vertical displacements at the four buoys show a continuous uplift of the seafloor with cumulative measured uplift ranging between 8 and 20 cm. Despite the data being affected by environmental noise associated with sea and meteorological conditions, the horizontal GPS displacements on the buoys show a trend coherent with a radial deformation pattern. We use jointly the GPS horizontal and vertical velocities of seafloor and on-land deformations for modeling the volcanic source, finding that a spherical source fits best the GPS data. The geodetic data produced by MEDUSA has now been integrated with the data flow of other monitoring networks deployed on land at Campi Flegrei.

Comparison of various approaches to pipe-pile capacity control for offshore wind turbines

Tubular pipe piles have a wide application in geotechnical engineering, for example as foundation structures in rivers, lakes and for offshore structures. For assessment of pipe pile bearing capacity the static load test is often used due to its commonly consideration as the most reliable method of pile testing. Nevertheless, because of high costs of the test and difficulties with appropriate construction of kentledge system, the application of static load test is often limited. The great supplement to obtain information on pile’s capacity are tests conducted on model piles in small laboratory scale. In this paper, results of static load test conducted on small scale tubular model pipe pipes installed in non-cohesive homogenous soil are introduced. The installation process, pile testing procedure and equipment applied for continuous load and model pile head displacement measurement are presented. The results of tests are shown in load-displacement charts. For load-displacement curve construction and pile bearing capacity estimation from static load test several different method are introduced with their application to performed tests and discussion of the results. Finally, future research plans are proposed.

Mechanical Properties Study of Reinforced Thermoplastic Pipes Under A Tensile Load

This paper presents a study on the tensile properties of reinforced thermoplastic pipes (RTPs). A mechanical model of RTPs with an arbitrary number of reinforced layers under tensile action is constructed by combining the constitutive relationship of elastoplastic materials with the continuous displacement condition. On this basis, the effects of various parameters such as the winding angle, the number of structurally reinforced layers, and the inner polyethylene (PE) liner thickness on the tensile properties of the RTPs were analyzed, and a tensile test was carried out for validation. The results showed that the winding angle of the structurally reinforced layers was the main factor affecting an RTP’s tensile performance—decreases in the winding angle significantly improved its tensile ability, especially the longitudinal strength. With ±45° as the demarcation point, the winding angle smaller than ±45° will result in higher strength in longitudinal direction, and the lifting effect on RTP’s mechanical properties of the increasing number of reinforcement layers was better than that of the increasing thickness of the lining layer; when the winding angle was larger than ±45°, the opposite results were obtained. The fibre load was more sensitive to the winding angle than the PE load.

Active Deformation and Relief Evolution in the Western Lurestan Region of the Zagros Mountain Belt: New Insights From Tectonic Geomorphology Analysis and Finite Element Modeling

AbstractTo unravel how and where coseismic and interseismic deformation impacts the spatial and temporal patterns of rock uplift of the Lurestan sector of the Zagros Mountains, we performed an investigation of the large‐scale features of topography and river network coupled with 2‐D finite element modeling. Geomorphological analysis and constraints from parameters such as elevation, local relief, normalized channel steepness index (ksn), river longitudinal profiles, and transformed river profiles (chi plots) were used to unravel the time‐space distribution of vertical motions. Whereas the much longer timescale over which topography grows and/or rivers respond to tectonic or climatic perturbations with respect to even multiple seismic cycles, the outputs of the finite element model yield fundamental information on the source of the late part of the spatiotemporal evolution of surface uplift recorded by the geomorphology. Model outputs shed new light into the processes controlling relief evolution in an actively growing mountain belt underlain by a major blind thrust. The outputs illustrate how coseismic slip controls localized uplift of a prominent topographic feature—the Mountain Front Flexure—located above the main upper crustal ramp of the principal basement thrust fault of the region, while continuous displacement along the deeper, aseismic portion of the same basement fault controls generalized uplift of the whole crustal block located farther to the NE, in the interior of the orogen.

Enzyme-free dual-DNA walker based on catalytic hairpin assembled DNAzyme for sensing telomerase activity

Telomerase is a potential tumor biomarker. Herein, an enzyme-free and isothermal fluorescence strategy, dual-3D DNA walker based on catalytic hairpin assembled DNAzyme (CHA-DNAzyme), for ultrasensitive detection of telomerase activity is described. Upon incubation with telomerase, the telomerase primer is elongated to form telomeric repeat sequences (TR). The elongated TR stochastically moves along the predesign track by continuous strand displacement reaction to assemble the intact DNAzyme (CHA walker). Then, the activated DNAzyme autonomously moves along the other track by cleaving DNA hairpins to release fluorescent-labeled DNA fragments from AuNPs (DNAzyme walker). As a result, a large amount of fluorescence is recovered to analyze telomerase activity. The use of CHA walker and DNAzyme walker endows the sensing strategy with high sensitivity and signal transfer efficiency. The strategy exhibits a wide analytical range from 10 to 1000 HeLa cells mL−¹ with a limit of detection of 7 cells mL−¹. The strategy not only can detect telomerase activity in different tumor cells, but also quantifies telomerase activity of cancer cells from accumulated normal cells. In addition, the practicability of the strategy is validated by detecting telomerase activity in human serum.

Cultural Displacement and Palliative Measures: An Exploration of Dramatic Literature

ABSTRACT One of the realities and experiences of contemporary African people is the continual cultural conflict and eventual displacement of their culture in the process of struggling to find a balance in getting the best of modern life or experience without losing the indigenous legacies. This study aims at examining symbolic representation of cultural conflict as well as exploring the possibility of coexistence of the culture of both the coloniser and the colonised using Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman. The study concludes that in order to minimise conflicts the respect for other people’s culture is imperative. However, African people must put their culture first above any other conflicting culture, re-embrace the best Yoruba cultural heritage, and imbibe the best of Western culture to make the society a better place.

Governmentality and Translation: Re-thinking the Cultural Politics of Lineage Landscapes in Contemporary Rural China

AbstractThis paper explores the cultural politics of lineage landscapes in contemporary rural China. Drawing on a combined governmentality/translation approach and ethnographic fieldwork in rural Wenzhou, it examines how the state governs the production of lineage landscapes and how local lineages translate governmental technologies in complex ways. Empirical evidence reveals that the government develops diversified rationalities and modes of governance to direct the (re)construction of lineage landscapes. It is also found that local lineages are skilled at appropriating state discourses and practices as well as enrolling other (non-)human actors, thereby legitimizing their landscape projects of ancestral tombs and memorials. On the ground, they often displace state objectives with the production of their preferred landscape (for example, “chair” tombs). Respectful of ancestors, state agents sometimes turn a blind eye to local displacement; however, while encountering challenges from the higher-level government, they intensify regulation, but lineages still retain the capacity to negotiate with them. With sensitivity to the entanglement of diversified actors and their dynamic interactions, this paper underlines the multiplicity and contingency of state governance and societal responses. It also foregrounds the cultural politics of lineage landscapes as a process of translating governmental technologies characterized by continuous mobilization, displacement and negotiation in a heterogeneous network.

Research, development, and field trial of the universal Global Navigation Satellite System receivers

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can provide continuous, high precision, and absolute displacement information on landslides. It can thus be used in landslide monitoring applications. However, the cost of high-precision GNSS is too high for large-scale deployment. From an application perspective, we reviewed the status and challenges of applying GNSS technology to landslide monitoring. We then investigated the data specification for a landslide monitoring GNSS receiver to better meet specified engineering requirements. We further developed prototype universal GNSS monitoring devices and deployed them in the Heitai area for testing. Approximately two months of testing indicated that the prototype universal GNSS devices well meet the engineering requirements, and the tested GNSS data are in good agreement with the crack data. The hourly monitoring GNSS solution achieves sub-millimeter level accuracy and can be used for extracting landslide information.

Finger instability of oscillating liquid–liquid interface in radial Hele-Shaw cell

The dynamics of the interface between two immiscible liquids with a high viscosity contrast is studied experimentally when the liquids are pumped through a radial Hele-Shaw cell. Two cases are considered: a monotonous radial displacement of the viscous fluid, when the classical Saffman–Taylor instability develops, and an oscillatory interface motion due to harmonic flowrate modulation in the absence of the average displacement flow. At small amplitudes of flowrate modulation, the interface performs axisymmetric radial oscillations, maintaining the ring shape during the entire period, while with an increase in the amplitude, it loses stability in a threshold manner. In the phase of fluid displacement, finger instability develops at the interface in the form of an azimuthally periodic structure during a fraction of the period. Fingers reach the greatest length in the phase of maximum fluid displacement, while in the contraction phase (maximum displacement toward the cell center), the interface restores its concentric shape. The threshold for the occurrence of finger instability is determined by the relative amplitude of interface oscillations and under conditions of high contrast of viscosities (one liquid oscillates following the “viscous” law and the other obeys the “inviscid” law) coincides at different oscillation frequencies and different average radii of the interface. The discovered type of instability is new and is studied for the first time. A comparison of the wavelengths of the pulsating fingers with the well-known case of continuous displacement of a viscous fluid in a Hele-Shaw cell indicates that the Saffman–Taylor instability mechanism underlies the observed phenomenon.

Prediction of transient wellbore cement circulating temperature distribution using CFD simulation

Accurate prediction of the cement slurry temperature while being circulated downhole is critical for a successful cement job. Failure to predict the cement slurry temperature correctly may result in premature or delayed cement setting. Due to the practical limitations of using temperature sensors for direct measurement and the complexity of the bottomhole circulating conditions, it is difficult to gather accurate information about how the temperature of cement slurry changes as it is being circulated through the well. To overcome these challenges and help with designing a cement system more accurately, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed. The model simulates the balanced-plug cementing operation, which considers the continuous displacement of the drilling fluid by the cement slurry and the cement slurry by water. The CFD model predicts the transient changes in the temperatures of the cement slurry and near wellbore formation during this displacement process involving three different fluids. A new dynamic mesh method was developed to effectively handle the interface mixing of different fluids, and thus model the three-fluid displacement process in the annulus more realistically. The CFD model can also deal with complex well conditions such as deviated wellbores, variable geothermal gradients and formation rock properties. Most importantly, in the absence of the measurements allowing direct monitoring of the downhole conditions, the new CFD model allows for continuous monitoring of downhole transient fluid and formation temperature at any position along the wellbore. The results of CFD transient simulations indicate that the bottomhole circulation temperature (BHCT) values predicted by using API method are significantly overestimated. The highest cement slurry temperature in the annulus was observed at some distance above the bottom of the well. Results also confirmed the existence of an equilibrium plane (extending horizontally) into the formation across which a temperature reversal was observed. The formations above and below the equilibrium plane have opposite heat transfer patterns. The depth of the equilibrium plane rises steadily while its temperature gradually decreases as the circulation continues. The change of the cement/drilling fluid interface temperature is traced dynamically. CFD simulation is proven to be a realistic and reliable approach for prediction of the cement circulating temperature and can be easily used in combination with real time operational data. Practical guidelines and solutions derived from the simulation results can be useful for improved cement job design in field applications.