Continuous Aerobic Training Research Articles

The effectiveness of various intensity interval training compared to continuous training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Abstract Background/Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation including exercise therapy is beneficial for improving exercise tolerance, physical function, quality of life (QOL), and life expectancy in patients with heart failure. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is increasingly reported as a new training modality to improve exercise tolerance more effectively than conventional moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MCT). However, the optimal intensity of HIIT for achieving the greatest effects in patients with heart failure remain controversial. Purpose This systematic review and network meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of HIIT compared to MCT on exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure. Methods We searched for studies published up to 30 January 2024 in Embase, MEDLINE via Ovid SP, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library via Wiley Online Library with no limitations on data, language, or publication status. We included randomised controlled trials comparing the efficacy of HIIT and MCT on peak oxygen uptake (VO2), as a measure of exercise tolerance, aerobic threshold (AT) VO2, ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) slope, and QOL. We categorized HIIT into three different intensities [> 80% heart rate max (HRM), 60-80% HRM, < 60% HRM] and compared the outcomes with those of MCT. Results We identified 15 randomised controlled trials with 557 patients from a total of 27,931 records. Our network meta-analysis revealed that the following results of peak VO2 from the comparisons among the three intensities of HIIT and MCT: > 80% HRM (10 studies, mean difference 1.27 ml/min/kg, 95% confidence interval -0.20 to 2.73), 60-80% HRM (3 studies, 1.47, -0.89 to 3.83), < 60% HRM (2 studies, 2.10, -1.22 to 5.43) (Fig. 1). Regarding AT VO2, HIIT at 60-80% HRM demonstrated significant improvements compared to MCT: > 80% HRM (8 studies, 0.18, -0.83 to 1.18), 60-80% HRM (2 studies, 2.50, 0.72 to 4.28), < 60% HRM (2 studies, 1.14, -0.93 to 3.20) (Fig. 2). Regarding VE/VCO2 slope, HIIT at 60-80% HRM also demonstrated significant improvements compared to MCT: > 80% HRM (7 studies, 0.29, -1.89 to 2.47), 60-80% HRM (2 studies, -3.26, -6.18 to -0.35), < 60% HRM (no study). The network meta-analysis did not reveal any significant differences in QOL between the various intensities of HIIT and MCT. Conclusions Our systematic review and network meta-analysis revealed that HIIT prescribed at a sub-maximal intensity, 60-80% heart rate max, is most effective in improving exercise tolerance. Higher intensity does not necessarily yield better outcomes, and future research on interval training should include detailed methodologies that account for the training intensity.Fig.1 Network meta-analysis on peak VO2Fig.2 Network meta-analysis on AT VO2

Comparative analysis of the effects of high-intensity interval training and traditional aerobic training on improving physical fitness and biochemical indicators in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), linked to sedentary lifestyles and metabolic dysfunction, is highly prevalent. Exercise is an established intervention, but the relative efficacy of different exercise modalities remains unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on physical fitness, biochemical parameters, and liver function in NAFLD patients. Sixty NAFLD patients (32 males, 28 females; age: 49.7±8.7 years; BMI: 31.1±3.3 kg/m2) were randomized into HIIT, aerobic training, and control cohorts. The HIIT cohort performed 4-minute high-intensity intervals at 85-95% of peak heart rate, interspersed with 3-minute active recovery at 60-70% of peak heart rate for 30-40 minutes per session. The aerobic training cohort performed continuous exercise at 60-70% of peak heart rate for 45-60 minutes per session. Both intervention cohorts underwent 12 weeks of supervised training, thrice weekly. Before and after the intervention, assessments included cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, flexibility, lipid profile, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress markers. Compared to controls, both exercise cohorts showed significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and flexibility. However, HIIT elicited superior enhancements in cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. Biochemically, both exercise cohorts exhibited reductions in triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST]), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyl). Notably, HIIT yielded more substantial improvements in these parameters. HIIT and traditional aerobic training are effective in improving physical fitness and ameliorating biochemical indicators in NAFLD patients. Notably, HIIT appears to be more advantageous in enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress profiles, suggesting its potential as a time-efficient and effective exercise modality for managing NAFLD.

Effects of Center Based vs. Telerehabilitation using an Interval and Continuous Aerobic Training among Post-Coronary Revascularization Patients-A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: This investigation used continuous aerobic and high-intensity interval training to compare the differences between centre-based and telerehabilitation. This study seeks to identify the most efficient rehabilitation strategy positioned to empower patients on their path to recovery and well-being in the contemporary era of cardiac care. Methodology: The study was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial involving 80 patients who had undergone coronary revascularization procedures, were enrolled in the cardiac rehabilitation department, and were eligible for Phase-III CR. Patients were divided into Group A, receiving centre-based Continuous Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise, 3–4 days a week, at 50%-70% of MHR. Group B received high-intensity interval-based training for 3–4 days and at four subsequent intervals. Telerehabilitation was conducted with Group C following the same protocol as Group A and Group D following the same protocol as Group B, while each group had n=20 participants. Results: The within-group analysis showed significant improvements in the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Self-reported Seven-Day Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAR) across all groups (p<0.001). Significant improvements in the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were found in Groups A and B (p<0.05). ANOVA results indicated that centre-based rehabilitation was significantly more effective than telerehabilitation in improving 6MWT and RPE scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Centre-based intervention is more effective than telerehabilitation in Phase-III Cardia Rehabilitation patients. However, high-intensity interval-based training was more effective in centre-based, while continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise was effective in telerehabilitation. Keywords: Aerobic Exercises, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Coronary Artery, Physical Activity.

Hypotensive effects of exercise training: are postmenopausal women with hypertension non-responders or responders?

We tested the hypothesis that increasing the exercise dose or changing the exercise mode would augment hypotensive effects when traditional aerobic exercise training failed to produce it in postmenopausal women. Sixty-five postmenopausal women with essential hypertension were randomly allocated into the continuous aerobic training (CAT) and non-exercising control (CON) groups. CAT group cycled at moderate intensity 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Individuals who failed to decrease systolic blood pressure (BP) were classified as non-responders (n = 34) and performed an additional 12 weeks of exercise training with either increasing the exercise dose or changing the exercise mode. The 3 follow-up groups were continuous aerobic training 3 times a week, continuous aerobic training 4 times a week, and high-intensity interval training. After the first 12 weeks of exercise training, systolic BP decreased by 1.5 mmHg (NS) with a wide range of inter-individual responses (-23 to 23 mmHg). Sixty-seven percent of women who were initially classified as non-responders participated in the second training period. Sixty percent of women who participated in continuous exercise training 3 or 4 times a week at greater exercise intensities reduced systolic BP. All (100%) of the women who performed high-intensity interval training experienced significant reductions in systolic BP. Traditional aerobic exercise was not sufficient to decrease BP significantly in the majority of postmenopausal women. However, those women who were not sensitive to recommended exercise may reduce BP if they were exposed to continuous aerobic exercise at higher intensities and/or volumes or a different mode of exercise.

Home- vs gym-based exercise delivery modes of two multicomponent intensity training regimes on cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in adults with intellectual and developmental disability during the COVID-19 pandemic - a randomized controlled trial.

Background: We compared the effects of home- vs gym-based delivery modes of two 8-week supervised multicomponent intensity training regimes on cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness in 17 adults with intellectual and developmental disability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were assigned to sprint interval training or continuous aerobic training, both incorporating resistance training. The intervention started with 8-weeks of online training (M1-M2), 1-month of detraining, plus 8-weeks of gym-based training (M3-M4). Results: Peak oxygen uptake decreased from M1-M2 and increased from M2-M4. Central arterial stiffness decreased between M1-M2, and M1-M4, along with peripheral arterial stiffness. Central systolic blood pressure decreased from M1-M2 only with sprint interval training. Conclusion: Home-based training minimized the negative impact of the lockdown on central arterial stiffness and central blood pressure, but it did not match the benefits on cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral arterial stiffness of a gym-based intervention, irrespective of the multicomponent intensity training regime. Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05701943.

Simultaneous Effect of Eight Weeks High-fat Diet, Continuous Moderate-intensity Training, and High-intensity Intermittent Training on the Gene Expression Levels of PLIN2 and ATGL in the Twin Muscle of Male Wistar Rats

Background: A high-fat diet can cause obesity and endanger health. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-fat diet, continuous moderate-intensity training, and high-intensity intermittent training on the gene expression levels of PLIN2 and ATGL in the twin muscles of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=8): 1- control group with a standard diet (ND) 2- control group with a high-fat diet (HFD) 3- high-fat diet and continuous aerobic training with Moderate intensity (HFD+MICT) 4- high-fat diet and intermittent aerobic training (HFD+HIIT). For one training group, eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT), and for the other group, eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent aerobic training (HIIT) were performed on the treadmill. Then, 48 hours after the last training session, the twin muscle tissue was isolated to check the expression of PLIN2 and ATGL genes. Gene expression analysis was done by Real-time PCR technique. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to analyze the collected data. Results: After eight weeks of training, the level of PLIN2 gene expression in the two training groups was significantly lower than in the HDF group, and the level of ATGL gene expression was significantly higher in both groups than in the HDF group (P<0.05). Conclusion: It was shown that two exercises had a modulating effect on the expression of genes that are effective in the process of autophagy and the formation of fat cells.

A Comparative Study of Intense Continuous and Intermittent Aerobic Training on Physiological Factors in Football Players

A Comparative Study of Intense Continuous and Intermittent Aerobic Training on Physiological Factors in Football Players

RESPOSTAS FISIOLÓGICAS E PSICOAFETIVAS DE ADULTOS TREINADOS EM PROTOCOLOS AGUDOS DE HIIT

ABSTRACT High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) promotes similar adaptations and in some cases, superior to continuous aerobic training of moderate intensity, even when performed at all-out intensities. In this condition, it tends to have the greatest physiological disturbance and accumulation of metabolites compared to submaximal intensities, being one of the main factors associated with the negative response of pleasure in training. Objective: To verify the relationship between physiological and psychophysiological responses in order to repeat the training of two HIIT protocols of mesm volume load and different periods of work in trained adults of both sexes. Methods: In a randomized experiment, the sample consisted of 9 individuals aged 28±5 years, body mass 69.6±14.2 kg, height 169±0.1cm, BMI 24.1±2.3 kg/m2 and body fat percentage 20.2±7.9% practitioners of structured aerobic physical exercises for at least six months. Two different HIIT protocols were performed on an exercise bike, being (I) protocol 1:0.5, with prescribed intensity (80-90% of MAX HR), (II) protocol 1:2 with prescribed intensity (all-out) with total duration of effort of 20 minutes and interval of at least 48 hours between each session. Heart rate (HR), systemic blood pressure (SBP), subjective perception of exertion (SPE), visual analog scale (VAS), affective response (AR), fun (PACES) and intention to repeat the session were analyzed. The statistical analysis used was ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc (p<0.05). Results: The analyses of HR, SBP, VAS, PACES and SPE showed no significant difference between the training protocols. The affective response (AR and intention to repeat) showed a decline in the protocol 1:0.5, but without significance (p>0.05). Conclusion: The data allow us to conclude that the 1:2 protocol caused greater physiological disturbances during exertion and presented greater positive affective response and intention to repeat the exercise session, variables that may contribute to adherence to regular physical exercise. Level of Evidence I; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

The effectiveness of high-intensity interval training compared to moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background/Introduction Cardiac rehabilitation including exercise therapy is beneficial for improving exercise tolerance, physical function, quality of life (QOL), and life expectancy in patients with heart failure. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has attracted attention as a new training modality in heart failure, whereas moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MCT) is recommended as the main training modality to improve exercise tolerance. However, the effects of HIIT in patients with heart failure remain controversial. Purpose This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of HIIT compared to MCT on exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure. Methods We searched for studies published up to 4 March 2022 in EMBASE, MEDLINE via Ovid SP, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library via Wiley Online Library with no limitations on data, language, or publication status. We included randomised controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of HIIT and MCT on peak oxygen uptake (VO2), as a measure of exercise tolerance, aerobic threshold (AT) VO2, ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2), and QOL. We pooled the data on peak VO2, compared HIIT to MCT, and conducted a sub-analysis if there was heterogeneity in the result. Results We identified 15 randomised controlled trials with 557 patients from a total of 23,272 records. Our meta-analysis showed that participants who underwent HIIT achieved a significantly higher peak VO2 than those who underwent MCT (mean difference 1.46 ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 2.53; I2 = 65.7%; very low-quality evidence) (Figure 1). Participants who underwent HIIT had no statistically significant difference in AT VO2, VE/VCO2, and QOL compared to those who underwent MCT. The meta-regression analysis, conducted as a sub-analysis to explore possible causes of heterogeneity, revealed that the effect size of HIIT compared to MCT was inversely associated with body mass index (r = -0.508, p = 0.028, 95% confidence interval -0.95 to -0.07) (Figure 2). Conclusions Our systematic review showed that HIIT achieved a higher peak VO2 than MCT in patients with heart failure. In addition, HIIT may be more effective in improving exercise tolerance in patients with low body mass index.

Mediterranean diet and time-restricted eating as a cardiac rehabilitation approach for patients with coronary heart disease and pre-diabetes: the DIABEPIC-1 protocol of a feasibility trial

IntroductionDespite proven programmes, implementing lifestyle interventions for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes is challenging. Cardiac rehabilitation, provide a valuable opportunity to promote the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviours for patients...

Elevated meteorin-like protein from high-intensity interval training improves heart function via AMPK/HDAC4 pathway

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been found to be more effective in relieving heart failure (HF) symptoms, than moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MICT). Additionally, higher meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) levels are seen after HIIT versus MICT. We investigated whether Metrnl contributed to post-HF cardiac functional improvements, and the signaling pathways involved. 50 HF patients underwent MICT, and another 50, HIIT, which was followed by cardiac function and serum Metrnl measurements. Metrnl was also measured in both blood and skeletal muscle samples of mice with transverse aortic constriction-induced HF after undergoing HIIT. Afterward, shRNA-containing adenovectors were injected into mice, yielding five groups: control, HF, HF + HIIT + scrambled shRNA, HF + HIIT + shMetrnl, and HF + Metrnl (HF + exogenous Metrnl). Mass spectrometry identified specific signaling pathways associated with increased Metrnl, which was confirmed with biochemical analyses. Glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functioning were evaluated in cardiomyocytes from the five groups. Both HF patients and mice had higher circulating Metrnl levels post-HIIT. Metrnl activated AMPK in cardiomyocytes, subsequently increasing histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) phosphorylation, leading to its cytosolic sequestration and inactivation via binding with chaperone protein 14-3-3. HDAC4 inactivation removed its repression on glucose transporter type 4, which, along with increased mitochondrial complex I-V expression, yielded improved aerobic glucose respiration and alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction. All these changes ultimately result in improved post-HF cardiac functioning. HIIT increased skeletal muscle Metrnl production, which then operated on HF hearts to alleviate their functional defects, via increasing aerobic glucose metabolism through AMPK-HDAC4 signaling.

Hemodynamic Predictors of Blood Pressure Responsiveness to Continuous Aerobic Training in Postmenopausal Hypertensive Women.

Blood pressure (BP) responses to recommended aerobic training can vary widely between individuals. Although studies demonstrate the role of exercise training in regulating BP responsiveness, predictive models are still unknown. This study aimed to identify hemodynamic predictive markers for the diagnosis of BP responsiveness based on baseline characteristics and postexercise ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) before an aerobic training program in postmenopausal women. Sixty-five postmenopausal women with essential hypertension were randomly allocated into the continuous aerobic training (CAT, n = 51) and nonexercising control (CON, n = 14) groups. CAT group cycled at moderate intensity three times a week for 12 weeks. Individuals who failed to decrease systolic blood pressure (SBP) were classified as nonresponders (NRs; n = 34) based on typical error of measurement. Baseline anthropometric, metabolic, cardiovascular, hemodynamic variables, and postexercise ABP was measured to predict BP responsiveness. A logistic regression model based on Baseline SBP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.202; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.080-1.338], SBP Nighttime (OR = 0.889; 95% CI = 0.811-0.975), and heart rate (HR) Nighttime (OR = 1.127; 95% CI = 1.014-1.254) were able to diagnose responders and NR individuals to BP reduction in response to CAT with 92.6% accuracy (P < 0.001; Sensitivity = 94.1%; Specificity = 79.4%). The findings highlight the potential value of baseline clinical characteristics as Baseline SBP, SBP, and HR Nighttime as markers for diagnosing BP responsiveness to recommended CAT in hypertension postmenopausal women. Clinical Trial Registration number: RBR-3xnqxs8.

The effect of chronic high-intensity interval training programs on glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis.

Type 2 diabetes is an increasing health problem worldwide. HIIT has been proposed as an exercise alternative to be part of integral type 2 diabetes treatment. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the effect of different types of chronic HIIT on glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and body composition in individuals above 18years with T2D. This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement and was registered with PROSPERO on November 21st, 2021. A systematic literature search of the following databases: EbscoHost (Academic Search Ultimate, Fuente Académica Plus, MEDline and SportDiscus), Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE between April of 2021 and April of 2023 was conducted. Eligibility criteria included (1) participants aged ≥ 18years with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, (2) an HIIT protocol with detailed description, (3) control group and/or continuous aerobic training comparison group, (4) report of pre-test and post-test values for at least one of the studied variables (from glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and/or body composition), and (5) experimental or quasi-experimental intervention design. Meta-analysis was made by a pre-post-test between-group analysis following the inverse variance heterogeneity model for each variable, and then, a subgroup analysis by type of HIIT was conducted. Of the 2817 records obtained, 180 records were included for meta-analysis. Significant improvements were found in the most part of the variables when HIIT was compared to control group, while fat-free mass kept without changes. HIIT vs. continuous aerobic training results showed and advantage in favor of HIIT for fasting blood glycemia. Subgroup analysis refers a possible advantage of SI-HIIT and SIT-HIIT in the improvement of fasting glycemia and SIT-HIIT advantage in HOMA 1-IR decrease. HIIT improves glycaemic control, aerobic resistance, and % fat and waist circumference, and kept fat-free mass unchanged in individuals with T2D. SI-HIIT and SIT-HIIT could be better than the other types of HIIT. HIIT benefit is similar to continuous aerobic training except for fasting blood glycemia.

Return to Performance Protocols and Criteria Specific to Aerobic Capacity for Aerobic Athletes Who Sustain Lower Extremity Injuries: A Narrative Review

ABSTRACT Return to performance (RTP) protocols vary greatly between sports due to energy system involvement, physical and biomechanical skills, injury type and severity, and varied recommendations from members of the interprofessional care team. Return decisions are guided by clinical reasoning, expert opinion, experience, and sport-specific frameworks. Lower extremity injuries that prevent athletes from continuous aerobic training lead to decreased aerobic capacity upon return, which is linked to increased risk of injury or reinjury. This narrative review compares documented rehabilitation programs and RTP protocols and criteria specific to aerobic capacity for athletes who sustain lower extremity injuries in highly aerobic sports. Databases were searched from 2010 to 2022, yielding 9 primary articles and 11 review articles. No RTP protocol specific to aerobic capacity was identified. Considering the lack of evidence regarding aerobic capacity testing and prescription in RTP protocols, research is necessary to determine the significance of aerobic capacity recommended for RTP. Strength and conditioning coaches should be aware of the decreased aerobic capacity at the time of return, thus the need for additional testing, and implement individualized aerobic conditioning programs to optimize return. .

Effect of Aerobic Training and Melatonin Consumption on TNF-α Expression in the Spinal Cord Tissue of Male Rats with Type 1 Diabetes

Background: Neuroinflammation plays a central role in the onset and development of diabetic neuropathic pain. Objectives: This study aims to thoroughly investigate the effects of aerobic training and melatonin on TNF-α expression in rats suffering from diabetic neuropathic pain. Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats, aged 8 weeks and weighing 204 ± 11.3 g, were randomly assigned to one of five groups: Diabetic, melatonin-treated diabetic, exercise-trained diabetic, melatonin and exercise-trained diabetic, and control. Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 50 mg/kg. After verifying the development of diabetes through a pain perception test, the training group underwent six weeks of continuous aerobic training on a treadmill with an average intensity of 15 meters per minute for 30 minutes. The melatonin groups received a daily dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weight for 6 weeks. TNF-α expression levels were measured using real-time PCR. Results: The combination of aerobic training and melatonin supplementation significantly decreased TNF-α expression levels (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the levels of TNF-α expression were found to be lower in the diabetic group compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: It appears that combining aerobic training with melatonin supplementation can regulate TNF-α expression levels and enhance the sensitivity of nociceptors to nociceptive factors resulting from the gradual deterioration of sensory neurons caused by diabetes.

High-intensity interval training versus moderate-intensity continuous training in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with heart failure (HF) remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the efficacy of HIIT versus moderate-intensity continuous aerobic training (MCT) on exercise tolerance in patients with HF. We searched for studies published up to 4 March 2022 in Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library with no limitations on data, language, or publication status. We included randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of HIIT and MCT on peak oxygen uptake (VO2), as a measure of exercise tolerance. We pooled the data on peak VO2, compared HIIT to MCT, and conducted a sub-analysis if there was heterogeneity in the result.We identified 15 randomized controlled trials with 557 patients. Our meta-analysis showed that participants who underwent HIIT achieved a significantly higher peak VO2 than those who underwent MCT (mean difference 1.46ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 2.53; participants = 557; studies = 15; I2 = 65.7%; very low-quality evidence). The meta-regression analysis, conducted as a sub-analysis to explore possible causes of heterogeneity, revealed that the difference in peak VO2 between HIIT and MCT was inversely associated with body mass index (r = - 0.508, p = 0.028, 95% confidence interval - 0.95 to - 0.07).Our systematic review showed that HIIT achieved a higher peak VO2 than MCT in patients with HF. In addition, HIIT may be more effective in improving exercise tolerance in patients with low body mass index.

Benefits arising from the practice of High Intensity Interval Training

High intensity interval training, also known as HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training), is characterized by short duration sessions, with loads and speeds at high intensity, using different pause variables. HIIT, when consistently prescribed, can accelerate metabolism and increase processes of caloric expenditure, aerobic resistance and VO2max. Thus, this study aimed to carry out a review of the specialized literature on the benefits related to HIIT. For the composition of this research, scientific articles published between the years 1962 until the most current 2023 were consulted. HIIT has been much discussed by specialists in the sports field and physiologists around the world, featuring a practice that has been rapidly gaining prominence among athletes and non-athletes alike, as it is a short-term activity and presents several benefits when compared to continuous long-term aerobic training. duration. It is concluded that HIIT training is a strong ally for promoting health and well-being, as it is an effective, fast method that can be practiced in different ways and in different environments.

Effects of Concurrent, Within-Session, Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training on Functional Capacity and Muscle Performance in Elderly Male Patients with Chronic Heart Failure.

The best format of exercise training (ET) in the setting of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) is still to be defined. Current guidelines recommend aerobic exercises, such as running and cycling, including some sessions per week of resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to address the effectiveness of a concurrent exercise training program utilizing a circuit of sequential endurance and resistance exercises on functional capacity and muscular strength in patients with CHF. Ninety-five consecutive male patients (age 63.1 ± 6 years) with CHF (EF < 40%) in NYHA functional class II/III, were randomly assigned on 1:1 basis to a 12-week aerobic continuous training (AT) or concurrent CT), aerobic + resistance, training (CT), three times a week, with each session lasting 80 min. We used high quality, specifically designed ergometers, connected with each other and governed by a central console, and managed by a single physiotherapist. Before and after training all patients performed a symptoms-limited exercise test on a treadmill and a 6-min walking test (6MWT). Patients in the CT group also performed resistance exercises of upper and lower body. The 6MWT and exercise duration at ergometric test increased significantly in both AT and CT groups, with the increase being greater in CT group (p < 0.001; ES = 0.13; p < 0.01; ES = 0.07). Muscular strength increased significantly in the CT group, particularly in the lower body muscular districts (p < 0.001). Quality of life improved in both groups, with a significantly greater improvement in the CT group (p < 0.05). No side effects leading to discontinuation of training were observed. These findings indicate that concurrent, within-session training results in larger improvements in functional capacity, in addition to muscle performance, in patients with CHF, in comparison to single-mode aerobic training.

O HIBISCUS AUMENTA A CAPACIDADE FUNCIONAL E O EFEITO ANTIOBESIDADE EM RATOS OBESOS TREINADOS

ABSTRACT Introduction Hibiscus sabdariffa (Hs) has been widely used for weight loss and in the fight against obesity-associated comorbidities. Objective To evaluate the effects of Hs and physical training on the functional capacity of normal-weight and obese rats. Methods Wistar rats were distributed into eight experimental groups: control (C, n = 8) , Hibiscus Sabdariffa (Hs, n = 8), high-intensity interval training (IT, n = 8), high-intensity interval training + Hibiscus Sabdariffa (ITHs, n = 8), obese (O, n = 8), obese + continuous aerobic training (OAT, n = 8), obese + Hibiscus Sabdariffa (OHs, n = 8), , and obese + continuous aerobic training + Hibiscus Sabdariffa (OATHs, n = 8). Hibiscus Sabdariffa extract was administered for 60 days in a dose of 150 mg/kg of body weight. The maximum progressive effort test (MPET) was performed on a treadmill at the beginning and end of the study. The variables analyzed were maximum speed Vmáx time, and distance covered. Lactate was measured immediately after the MPET. Functional capacity was evaluated by the distance/adiposity index. The ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc and Pearson’s correlation tests were used at a 5% significance level. Results After both types of training, moderate-intensity continuous and high-intensity interval performed on the treadmill, final body weight, weight gain, and the adiposity index decreased, and Vmax, time, and distance covered in the MPET increased, in addition to an improvement in functional capacity. Hs supplementation reduced the adiposity index in normal-weight and obese rats. Hs associated with aerobic training reduced final body weight and increased functional capacity. Conclusion Hs supplementation promoted a reduction in the adiposity index in normal-weight and obese rats and an increase in the functional capacity of trained obese rats. Level of Evidence III; Therapeutic Studies - Outcome Investigation. Case study – control.

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Continuous Aerobic Training on Health-Fitness, Health Related Quality of Life, and Psychological Measures in College-Aged Smokers.

The study examined the effects of exercise on health-fitness, health related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological measures in college-aged smokers. Outcomes included HRQOL, hemodynamic, anthropometric, lung function, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Sixty physically inactive college-aged male smokers (18-30 years) were randomly assigned into three groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), continuous aerobic training (CAT), and a control (CON). Both HIIT and CAT groups completed 8 weeks of non-consecutive cycling sessions thrice weekly. The CON group were not subjected to the exercise intervention. Sixty participants met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 48 (HIIT: n = 18, CAT: n = 16, CON: n = 14) participants completed the study and were included in the final analysis. Compared to CON, HIIT significantly (p = 0.01) improved forced expiratory flow (FEF_75%) more than the CAT group (p = 0.29). HIIT provided a significant (p = 0.04) improvement in FEF_75% compared to CAT. Recovery heart rate (RHR) was significantly improved in participants assigned to HIIT (p = 0.00) and CAT (p = 0.002) groups compared with the CON. A significant difference in RHR was found in HIIT compared to CAT. The study findings indicate that both HIIT and CAT exercise interventions significantly improve markers of lung function and cardiorespiratory endurance, respectively. However, findings suggested that HIIT should be the preferred form of exercise regime among college-aged smokers for more significant, healthier benefits.