Continuous Development Programs Research Articles

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Supply Chain Efficiency in Turkey

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of artificial intelligence on supply chain efficiency in Turkey. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly enhanced supply chain efficiency in Turkey. AI applications such as predictive analytics, demand forecasting, and optimization algorithms have streamlined operations, reduced costs, and improved decision-making. Automation of repetitive tasks through AI has increased productivity and accuracy in inventory management and logistics. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resource-based view (RBV) theory, dynamic capabilities theory & technology acceptance model (TAM) may be used to anchor future studies on the impact of artificial intelligence on supply chain efficiency in Turkey. Invest in continuous training and development programs for supply chain professionals to effectively utilize AI tools. Develop industry standards and regulatory frameworks for the ethical use of AI in supply chains. These policies should address data privacy, security, and the responsible use of AI technologies to protect stakeholders.

Engagement of science process skills for teaching science concepts in early childhood

This study aimed to explore how early childhood teachers engage science process skills for teaching science concepts in early childhood settings. Social constructivist theory was employed as the guiding framework for this study. Four Grade R teachers were purposefully selected and engaged through qualitative research methods. Data generation was informed by semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. Thematic data analysis was used to unpack the aim of the study. Results reveal that the low engagement of science process skills by participants was strongly influenced by their limited knowledge of content and science process skills when teaching the concepts. This finding implies that the training of early childhood teachers needs to improve and be supported with continuous development programs. This finding may inform teacher training programs and curriculum development efforts geared toward improving science education in the crucial early years of a child’s academic journey.

Impact of Digital Transformation on Strategic Marketing Practices in Germany

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the impact of digital transformation on strategic marketing practices in Germany. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The impact of digital transformation on strategic marketing practices in Germany has been profound and multifaceted, driving significant changes in how businesses engage with their customers and operate in the market. The adoption of advanced digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and social media platforms has enabled companies to develop more personalized, efficient, and data-driven marketing strategies. This transformation has facilitated improved customer targeting, enhanced engagement, and greater insights into consumer behavior, leading to more effective and responsive marketing campaigns. Moreover, digital transformation has encouraged a shift from traditional marketing methods to innovative, omnichannel approaches, allowing German businesses to reach a broader audience and provide a seamless customer experience. The integration of digital tools has also streamlined marketing operations, reduced costs, and increased the agility and adaptability of marketing teams in responding to market changes and consumer demands. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Resource-Based View Theory, Diffusion of Innovations Theory & Dynamic Capability Theory may be used to anchor future studies on Impact of Digital Transformation on Strategic Marketing Practices in Germany. Organizations are encouraged to invest in continuous learning and development programs aimed at enhancing digital marketing capabilities among employees. This entails providing training, workshops, and access to resources that enable marketers to stay abreast of the latest digital trends, tools, and techniques. There is a need to advocate for the development of policies and regulations that foster innovation, competition, and consumer protection in digital marketing environments. This involves engaging policymakers and stakeholders to create an enabling regulatory framework that encourages digital innovation while addressing concerns related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical marketing practices.

Survei Keterlaksanaan Kurikulum Merdeka Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani Olahraga dan Kesehatan (Pjok) pada Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan SMAN/SMKN Se-Kecamatan Driyorejo

The independent curriculum is the newest curriculum in Indonesia which changes traditional learning methods to encourage learning that is centered on students' abilities. It is implemented in all subjects, one of which is Education, Physical, Sports and Health (PJOK). The purpose of this research is to determine the implementation of PJOK learning in SMAN/SMKN in Driyorejo District using the Independent Curriculum and the supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing the independent curriculum. The method used in this research is a survey by distributing questionnaires to respondents. This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research. The population used was PJOK teachers and eleventh grade students at SMAN and SMKN Driyorejo and the research sample was the principal, deputy principal, five PJOK teachers, and two hundred and twenty-one students. The sampling technique applies cluster random sampling. Data analysis used percentage. Based on the research results, it can be explained that; 1) The implementation of the independent curriculum in PJOK subjects in SMAN and SMKN throughout Driyorejo District is in the "sufficient" category. Therefore, there are still several indicators or components that need to be improved for both teachers and students. 2) The factors that support the implementation of the independent curriculum at SMAN 1 Driyorejo and SMKN 1 Driyorejo are that the principal and head of curriculum support the continuous PJOK teacher training and development program regarding the implementation of the independent curriculum, and 3) the factor that hinders the implementation of the independent curriculum is that not all teachers understand learning flow in the independent curriculum.

Does capital efficiency influence economic growth in Bangladesh? Application of the Harrod-Domar model

PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of capital efficiency on the economic growth of Bangladesh using the Harrod-Domar (H-D) model.Design/methodology/approachWe use annual data from 1980 to 2019 for this paper. Three steps are taken in the data analysis. First, to check the existence of a unit root, we use the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and to determine co-integration among the variables, we use the Johansen-Juselius co-integration test. Next, for long-run estimation, we use the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) estimator. The sensitivity of the long-run estimations is further checked by the fully modified OLS (FMOLS) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimators. Lastly, we use the Granger causality test to determine the long-run causality among the variables.FindingsThe long-run co-integration test validates the co-integrating relationship among the variables. DOLS estimations reveal that the economic growth of Bangladesh is negatively associated with the incremental capital output ratio (ICOR), validating the notion that capital efficiency matters for achieving higher economic growth. On average, an increase in ICOR by a unit tends to reduce economic growth in the long term by 0.75 percent. Our results also reveal no significant relationship between savings and economic growth when the model is extended. Finally, causality results indicate unidirectional causality between ICOR and economic growth.Practical implicationsBased on the results obtained, we argue that the enhancement of capital productivity could bring efficiency because ICOR is an inverse of capital productivity. Since Bangladesh’s capital productivity is considerably low compared with other neighbouring countries, it is suggested that firms should gradually move towards technological advancement and enhance economies of scale, etc. in the long run. Moreover, policies in favour of continuous skill development programmes could be highly effective in increasing capital productivity given that capital follows a vintage structure.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to analyse the economic growth pattern of Bangladesh using the traditional H-D model by incorporating variables such as savings and ICOR and also by relaxing the assumption of time-invariant (i.e. fixed) data of the variables. Moreover, this paper extends the traditional H-D empirical model by introducing key indicators and time breaks for Bangladesh’s economy through a stepwise regression process.

Co-creating a continuous leadership development program in rural municipal healthcare - an action research study.

An increasingly complex healthcare system entails an urgent need for competent and resilient leadership. However, there is a lack of extensive research on leadership development within healthcare. The knowledge gaps extend to various frameworks and contexts, particularly concerning municipal healthcare, knowledge leadership, and the application of knowledge in the field of practice. This study is the first in a larger action research project that aims to co-create a knowledge-based continuous leadership development program for healthcare in a rural Arctic municipality. This present study aims to explore the knowledge and experiences of the participating healthcare leaders to develop a common basis for co-creating the program. This hermeneutical study presents the first cycle of the larger action research project. An appreciative approach facilitated the project. Twenty-three healthcare leaders from three different leadership levels attended and evaluated two leadership development workshops and participated in four focus groups. The data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's reflexive thematic analysis. Two main themes were identified: (1) changing from striving solo players to team players, and (2) learning to handle a conflicting and complex context. These results influenced how the leadership development program based on the participants' co-creation was organized as a collective and relational process rather than an individual competence replenishment. The knowledge and experiences of healthcare leaders led to the co-creation of a knowledge-based continuous leadership development program based on the facilitated interaction of four essential elements: (1) competence development, (2) structures for interaction, (3) interpersonal safety, and (4) collective values and goals. The interaction was generated through trusted reflection facilitated by appreciative inquiry. The four elements and core played a crucial role in fostering relationships and facilitating learning, driving transformative change in this leadership development program. The study's results provide a solid foundation for further co-creating the program. However, more research is needed to fully explore the practical application and overall significance.

The Impact of Covid-19 on The Skills Matrix in the Hospitality Industry: A Study of Selected Lodges and Hotels in Lusaka District

This study explores the profound impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the skills matrix within the hospitality industry in Lusaka, Zambia. Through a mixed-methods approach involving 49 establishments, the research highlights significant job losses and skills mismatches resulting from the pandemic. It also examines the adaptive strategies employed by the industry to mitigate these effects. The findings advocate for the implementation of continuous skills development programs and strategic workforce planning to enhance industry resilience and sustainability. Recommendations are made for the development of crisis management plans that incorporate skills development, aimed at better preparing the industry for future global crises.

Assessing The Role of Ongoing Training Initiatives In Improving Overall Employee Job Performance: A Case of an emerging Economy

This research delves into the pivotal role of ongoing training initiatives in elevating job performance within Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mir's. The objective is to scrutinize the role of ongoing training initiatives on overall job performance of employee through a descriptive research model, utilizing both primary and secondary information. The convenience sampling method is employed in study, 65 participants across three categories: Faculty Members, Officers, and Staff participated in the survey. A structured close-ended likert scale questionnaire serves as the primary tool for data collection. Statistical tools such as regression analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are applied to examine the proposed alternative hypothesis. it was transpired from the results that the hypotheses are tested supported, in result it was known that ongoing training initiatives significantly enhance the employee overall job performance. The results are also encouraging for the organizations to increase the training initiatives to elevate employee performance. In summary, the research indicates that continuous training efforts are crucial in positively impacting the overall job performance of employees at Mehran UET, SZAB Campus, Khairpur Mir's. This underscores the significance of continuous learning and development programs in organizational settings, emphasizing the need for institutions to prioritize such initiatives for enhancing employee performance and organizational success.

Empowering the next generation of women in interior design in the United Arab Emirates through competitive education: a curriculum review

PurposeThis paper explores the impact of interior design education and its effectiveness in the work environment for women in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as they are the primary recipients of interior design programs. The analysis focuses on the role of women in interior design in the Gulf countries and the update of an interior design program curriculum as part of the continuous development program requested by the UAE Commission of Academic Accreditation (CAA) of the national Ministry of Education (MoE).Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts different methodologies: an academic annual effectiveness report (AER), requirements of relevant international and regional accreditation bodies and a double round of surveys and interviews with female students, alumni, instructors and professionals.FindingsThe article collects and compares data from different perspectives, from the academic to the professional point of view, discussing challenges and opportunities for female students in contemporary interior design in the UAE. After collecting the necessary feedback on the strengths and weaknesses of the bachelor’s program, a set of informed recommendations has been developed, approved and introduced during the academic year 2022/2023. At the end of the year, a second feedback from faculty and external reviewers was gathered and analyzed, providing preliminary insights into the effectiveness of the curricular revisions and highlighting the significant benefits for the female students.Originality/valueThe paper discusses the comprehensive and up-to-date combination of traditional elements, innovative approaches and sustainable practices, alongside the strategic planning of the United Arab Emirates, proposed to enhance female learning experiences while reinforcing their skills and competencies for their future careers.

Attitude of Indian nurses towards importance of families in nursing care: A cross-sectional study.

To evaluate the attitudes of Indian nurses towards the importance of family involvement in nursing care and the association between nurse attitudes and sociodemographic characteristics. Involving the family in the care process is crucial for delivering family- and patient-centred care and ensuring the best possible patient outcomes. Nevertheless, published literature revealed that the nurses may lack clarity regarding the role of family members in the patient's care, which in turn hinders families' participation in care. Cross-sectional descriptive study. The STROBE checklist was used to report the present study. A total of 203 Nurses participated in a prospective cross-sectional study between May 2022 and August 2022. They were recruited through convenience sampling from two tertiary care centres in India. A two-part questionnaire was used to gather the data; the first section contained questions for gathering sociodemographic information, and the second part contained the standardized FINC-NA scale. The mean age of the nurses was (28.08 ± 4.722) years, and their median professional experience was 2.5 (1-5.5) years. Nurses' attitude regarding family's importance in patient care was found to be significantly associated (p ≤ .05) with education level, marital status, religion and hometown region. In several items Indian nurses have positive attitudes towards family involvement in care but some of the lower scoring items can present opportunities for focused improvement. Continuing development programmes about family-centered care can constitute important strategies to improve the positive attitudes of nurses towards families in practice. No patient or public contribution.

Analisis Kompetensi Pustakawan dalam Penerapan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi di Perpustakaan Khusus Kementerian/Lembaga

The role of adaptive librarians affects the implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), especially in governmental libraries. It adjusts the competencies and abilities needed by librarians. Therefore, librarians are required to rebuild and improve their skills related to ICT. In Indonesia, Standar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia (SKKNI) 2019 is used as a national education & training framework for librarians. To explore this theme according to SKKNI, a sequential exploratory research was conducted with contributions from librarians and/or library staff who work in governmental libraries across the Republic of Indonesia. Through in-depth interviews, focused group discussions with 28 librarians from 14 governmental libraries in Jabodetabek, also an online survey (74 respondents), the researchers were able to gain a pattern that showed the tendency of higher ability level in the competency units related to ICT utilization in the library than the competency units in developing library information systems. The unit of competence with the highest mean score is the unit of competence related to multimedia production, including the management of the library’s social media content. Aligning with this result, National Library as the central supervisor for the librarian needs to collaborate with related stakeholders, especially in accommodating competence development efforts to build a national digital ecosystem. Those efforts include the formulation of continuing development program -gradual education and training program. Through this collaboration between various stakeholders, the development of librarian competencies specifically within governmental libraries can be carried out efficiently, following the real needs in the field.

Teachers’ perspectives on teaching science through an argumentation-driven inquiry model: A mixed-methods study

This study aimed to better grasp science instructors' perspectives on the argumentation-driven inquiry (ADI) teaching model through a sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach. A random sample of 184 Saudi Arabian science teachers (96 males and 88 females) completed a questionnaire. In addition, seven science teachers volunteered to participate in semi-structured interviews. The results indicated that ADI was used by science teachers less frequently than expected. This is because of the widespread belief that inquiry-based instruction, when combined with argumentation, necessitates greater classroom time and effort. Additionally, respondents reported engaging in some form of ADI on a monthly basis, once a month. Consequently, it was suggested that science teachers’ professional preparation and continuous development programs be re-evaluated to ensure that they are in line with the most recent science education standards and new approaches such as STEM, STEAM, and NGSS.

Implementasi Supervisi Akademik Dalam Merespon Kebutuhan Peserta Didik Di Sma Negeri 1 Puri Mojokerto

This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Puri Mojokerto, which is located on Jl. Jaya Negara no. 2 Gatul, banjaragung, kec. Puri, district. Mojokerto, Supervision is a process of mentoring educators carried out by school principals with the aim of improving the professional abilities of educators in order to improve the quality of learning and maximum student learning outcomes. This study used qualitative research methods. The resource persons in this study were the principal, vice principal, and educators. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Puri Mojokerto. The subjects in this study were principals, vice principals, and educators. researchers conducted data collection using observations, interviews, and documentation of data analysis used by data triangulation. Researchers have a goal to find out the role and strategy of the principal at SMA Negeri 1 Puri Mojoker so that it can meet the needs of students. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Academic supervision is able to respond to the needs of students through teacher professionalism which is continuously improved and evaluated based on the results of supervision carried out by the principal. 2) The results of academic supervision are followed up in four ways, namely by giving examples, discussions, and training. The evaluation aspect of teachers has also been carried out in four ways, namely preparation, implementation, learning evaluation, and follow-up plans. Specifically, the follow-up plan will be adjusted to the teacher continuous competency development program (PKB), which will also be evaluated for PKG in 2021/2022.

Islamic Education for Women in Madrasah Mu’allimat

Madrasah Mu'allimat was established as the first women's school to develop graduates with prophetic leadership. This study aims to examine the institution and its educational practices to develop and nurture prophetic leadership for the students. This type of research is descriptive-qualitative. Data were obtained using in-depth interview techniques, participant observation, and documentation. The analysis of data is conducted through reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusion. The results of the study show that Madrasah Mu'allimat takes into consideration five competencies for its educational service: science, personality, skills, humanity, and social movements. These five competencies are designed towards developing women's leadership competencies based on the prophetic spirit of Islam. A systematic and continuous development program for student is one of the contributing factors to the success of Madrasah Mu'allimat. The institution strives to deliver its educational service and maintain its position as the leading and oldest women's madrasah in Indonesia.

VARK preference and perception of online versus offline professional development training of medical laboratory technologists.

This study aims to understand the learning preferences and perception of medical laboratory technologists on sudden shift from offline to online training sessions during COVID-19 pandemic. Microsoft form containing twenty-four questions was circulated to the twenty-five laboratory technologists after 1year of online continuous professional development training. VARK questionnaire was circulated to understand the learning style. Provision of recording lectures, significant reduction of performance anxiety, anxiety associated with criticism, and QA sessions emerged as the major positive aspects of a virtual training platform. Analysis of learning preferences revealed that most technologists had a unimodal aural (45%) or kinesthetics (33%) than visual (11%) and reading (11%) learning preference. In bimodal learning preference, AK (44.44%) emerged as the predominant form. Forty percent of the technologists showed trimodal learning pattern with 50% among them showing an ARK pattern while 25% each showing VAK and VRK patterns of learning preferences. Medical laboratory technologists adapted well to the sudden shift from offline to online continuous development programs. However, efficient managerial mechanisms to address the major perceived hurdles and designing a multimodal training module to accommodate the learning preferences of our technologists can ensure enthusiastic participation and effective learning among medical laboratory technologists.

Leadership Style and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya

This study aimed at establishing the influence of leadership style on the financial performance of commercial banks operating in Kenya. The study adopted a positivist philosophy, correlational and cross-sectional research deigns and a target population comprising management staff working in commercial banks. 385 respondents were selected from 10,395 management staff. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires with data being analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Parametric test statistics was adopted to establish the significance influence of variable effect at 95% level of significance as well as to test the study hypothesis. The regression of coefficients indicates that transformational leadership has a positive and significant partial effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya with Democratic Leadership having a positive and significant partial effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study also shows that autocratic leadership has a positive and significant partial effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya while Laissez-Faire leadership has a negative and significant partial effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study recommends that that top managers of the commercial banks need to take up effective transformational and democratic leadership style in their management programs. This can be achieved through staff training and development using both in-house and open training programs as well as continuing development programs. Banks should join hands with training and educational institutions in regard to development of leadership modules under their training programs.

Insights into the interaction and discourse in the senior phase natural sciences classroom

This paper investigated interaction and discourse during teacher classroom practices in the Senior Phase Natural Sciences in some rural schools positioned in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. The research method employed was a qualitative interpretative multiple case study design. Two schools were selected, and one Natural Science teacher from each school participated in this study. Classroom observations and interviews were used to collect data from Senior phase Natural Sciences teachers. Natural sciences teachers were interviewed in their schools and observed during classroom practice. The findings of the study show that the type of discourse observed from Natural Sciences teachers was authoritative discourse and the pattern of discourse employed was Initiation Response Evaluation. Teacher questioning was used to develop the lesson and evaluate learner understanding. Teachers used an interactive-authoritative communicative approach during their lesson presentations. The consequences of the approaches the teachers use limit the opportunities for learners to interact amongst themselves and the subject content. It is recommended that besides focusing on subject matter knowledge during continuous development programs, there is a need to focus on interactions and discourse. Furthermore, there is a need to conduct further studies on a large scale so that a suitable intervention program can be designed for in-service teachers.

CHALLENGES FACING IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS (CPDS) IN THE INSURANCE SECTOR IN KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not insurance industry employees in Kenya were properly trained in the area of continuous professional development, and to identify the significant challenges that arose during the implementation of CPD. Continuing professional development, also known as CPD, is an ongoing professional activity in which a practitioner identifies, undertakes, and evaluates learning appropriate to the maintenance and development of the highest standards of practice within an evolving scope of practice.
 Methodology: This study focuses mostly on conducting a literature review, specifically one that examines previous research on Continuous Development Programs and a search of the relevant literature was incorporated into the work technique. Relevant seminal references and journal articles for the study were identified using Google Scholar beginning in 2018 and ending in 2022.
 Findings: It was revealed that the challenges to CPD in insurance sectors was lack of self-motivation, a person's life circumstances, lack of information about learning possibilities, a shortage of employees, inadequate notification and communication regarding study days, and lack of support. Staff shortages and the accompanying rise in work load was also a challenge to CPD implementation.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: In order to have a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles that stand in the way of continuing professional development (CPD) in the insurance sector, the insurance sector should include all three of the most important stakeholders: insurance employees, professional bodies, and employers.

Capacity Building and Employee Performance of Quoted Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

The study aimed at investigating the association between capacity building and employee performance of quoted deposit money banks (QDMBs), Nigeria. A survey research design was employed for the study while three (3) most valued banks in Nigeria 2021 (Guarantee Trust Bank Plc, Fidelity Bank Plc, and First Bank Plc) in Nigeria were selected. The collection of data was done via a structured questionnaire and simple frequency tables and the arithmetic mean was used to analyze the data. The formulated hypotheses were tested using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS version 23). The study revealed that there is a major association between capacity building and employee performance by indicating a relationship between technical capacity and task accomplishment; there is also a significant relationship between adaptive capacity and employee effectiveness. The study concluded that capacity building contributes to employee performance in QDMBs. The study also deduced that employees with high adaptive capacity can function in any changing situation. The study recommended that there is a need for bank management to adopt continuous leadership development programs to equip organizational leadership with the right leadership skill through quality decisions as well as compel employee commitment.

Impact of Teachers’ Qualification on Secondary School History Teaching and Learning in Kajara County, South Western Uganda

The study examined how teachers’ qualification impact on the teaching and learning of history in senior four of Kajara County, Ntungamo District. The study sought to establish how communication skills affect the teaching and learning of senior four history class in Kajara County, Ntungmo District, find out how teachers’ explanation skills affect the teaching and learning of senior four history class in Kajara County, Ntungamo District and establish how writing skills affect the teaching and learning of senior four class in Kajara County, Ntungamo District. The study employed a cross sectional survey design with both qualitative and quantitative approaches of data collection and analysis. Interviews, focus group discussions, documentary analysis and questionnaire were used to collect data. The study population consisted of secondary school administrators, history teachers and students in selected private and government schools in Kajara County, Ntungamo District. A sample size of 251 was used. Qualitative data was analyzed with the help of social science (SPSS) while qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. Findings revealed that teachers with good communication skills facilitate effective teaching and learning of history to secondary students in Kajara County, Ntungamo District facilitated by audibility, effective teacher-student rapport and improved student presentation skills. It was established that teachers with good explanation skills facilitate effective teaching and learning of history to secondary school students. Teachers with clear history instruction involved learners in history lesson activities effectively. The study concluded that teachers’ communication skills, explanation skills and writing skills have negligible influence on effective teaching of history to secondary school students in Kajara County, Ntungamo District. It is recommended that government and other stakeholders should come up with Continuous Teacher Development Programs and in-service programs to raise teacher’s communication skills explanation skills and writing skills to patch up the gaps in the teaching and learning of history to secondary students in Kajara County, Ntugamo District.