Contextual Variables Research Articles

Effect of the phase of the season and contextual variables on match running performance in Spanish LaLiga football teams.

This study aimed to examine the intra-season variation and the effects of contextual variables on total distance (TD), high-intensity running distance (HIRD) and high-speed distance (HSD) covered by Spanish football teams. The sample included 20 professional teams that competed in the Spanish LaLiga during the 2021-2022 season. Data were recorded using the TRACAB (ChyronHego, New York, USA) multicamera computerized optical tracking system. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of five contextual variables (1: phase of the season in six periods, 2: match location, 3: opponent ranking, 4: team ranking and 5: congested schedule) on TD, HIRD and HSD. Teams increased the running performance from period 1 to 5 of the season in TD (+2.2%; P < 0.05) and from period 1 to 4 in HIRD (+7.2%; P < 0.05), while a declining effect was found in period 6 for both TD (-1.2%; P < 0.05) and HIRD (-5.8%; P < 0.05). More HIRD (+1.5) and HSD (+5.3) were covered at home (P < 0.05), and more TD and HIRD were covered when playing against opponents ranked in the first (+2.4% and +5.3%, respectively; P < 0.05) and second quartile (+1.2% and +5.0%, respectively; P < 0.05), compared to teams from the fourth quartile. Football coaches and fitness specialists should note that running performance of Spanish teams increased throughout the season, but it declined during the last matches of the competition. Additionally, home matches and highranked opponents elicited higher running demands.

Individual and contextual determinants associated with bullying in schoolchildren eight to ten years of age

Abstract Investigate individual and contextual determinants associated with bullying in schoolchildren eight to ten years of age. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 739 schoolchildren, who answered a question about episodes of bullying related to oral health and questionnaires addressing childhood anxiety and orofacial dysfunction. The guardians provided information on sociodemographic characteristics, sleep disorders, and oral health literacy. Trained examiners assessed the children for the diagnosis of dental caries using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System, malocclusion using the Dental Aesthetic Index, orofacial dysfunction using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening and traumatic dental injury (Andreasen criteria) (Kappa&gt; 0.80). The contextual variables were the type of school and the monthly income of the school neighborhood. Descriptive statistics was performed to characterize the sample and unadjusted and adjusted (p &lt;0.05) multilevel Poisson regression models were run. The prevalence of bullying was 13.3%. After the adjusted analysis, malocclusion (PR=1.59; 95%CI:1.03-2.44) and anxiety (PR=1.79; 95%CI:1.10-2.93) remained associated with bullying. In terms of context, the monthly income of the neighborhood of the school was associated with bullying (PR=1.75; 95%CI:1.12-2.72). Malocclusion and anxiety influenced the occurrence of bullying. A lower average income in the school neighborhood was an important contextual determinant for the increase in the prevalence of bullying.

Exploring the Influence of Social Media Influencers’ Credibility on Consumer Behavior: An Empirical Study

In the contemporary landscape of digital marketing, social media influencers play a pivotal role in shaping consumer behavior. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media influencer credibility dimensions on various facets of consumer behavior. Drawing from a comprehensive review of the literature, researcher identify and explore multiple credibility dimensions, including expertise, trustworthiness, attractive, and purchase intention, among others. Methodologically, this research employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews with both influencers and consumers. The quantitative phase involves a large-scale survey to assess the relationships between credibility dimensions and consumer behaviors, such as purchase intentions, product recommendations, and brand loyalty. In contrast, the qualitative phase delves into the nuanced aspects of credibility through in-depth interviews, shedding light on the influencers’ and consumers’ perspectives. The findings of this study are expected to offer valuable insights into the dynamics of influencer marketing in the digital era. By dissecting the various dimensions of influencer credibility, researcher aim to provide marketers and brand managers with a nuanced understanding of how different facets of credibility impact consumer decision-making processes. Additionally, this research contributes to the evolving literature on influencer marketing by exploring potential moderating factors and contextual variables that may influence the credibility-consumer behavior relationship. In conclusion, this study aspires to bridge the existing gap in understanding the intricate connections between social media influencer credibility dimensions and consumer behavior, ultimately empowering businesses to develop more effective influencer marketing strategies and enhance consumer engagement in the digital age.

Male Survivors’ Disclosure of Conflict‐Related Sexual Violence in Mental Health Care Settings: Results from a Phenomenological Study with Clinical Experts in Germany

Conflict‐related sexual violence (CRSV) can severely impair survivors’ mental health and prompt their need for mental health care. Male survivors face gender‐related barriers to disclosing experiences of sexual violence, yet the understanding of factors impeding or promoting disclosure is limited. This knowledge gap is even more pronounced regarding male disclosure in refugee settings. The high prevalence of CRSV experiences in male refugees in European host countries points to the urgency of understanding male disclosure processes along with its barriers and facilitators, in order to provide for adequate mental health care. 10 clinical experts working with male survivors of CRSV in Germany were interviewed adopting an explorative phenomenological approach and using the Problem‐Centered Interview. Qualitative content analysis yielded five themes describing male disclosure of CRSV: 1. Experiences of CRSV commonly remain nonverbalized, 2. Disclosure of CRSV is a dialogical and iterative process, 3. The process of (non‐)disclosure is a negotiation of agency, 4. Disclosure of CRSV affects the survivor’s psychoemotional state, and 5. Disclosure and recovery are interdependent processes. Additionally, seven categories describing barriers to and facilitators of male disclosure were extracted: 1. trauma characteristics, 2. survivor variables, 3. clinician variables, 4. interpreter variables, 5. interpersonal variables, 6. contextual variables, and 7. sociocultural variables. Clinical experts emphasize the effectivity of a gender‐specific communicative taboo for male refugee survivors that intersect with socio‐cultural norms. Variables characterizing survivors who are at risk of not disclosing CRSV are identified. A discussion of clinical approaches to address the taboo surrounding CRSV and to support male refugee survivors in agentic disclosure and recovery is provided.

Artificial Intelligence: Stakes and Opportunities in Cameroon Public Administrative Governance

Artificial Intelligence (AI) implementation in public administration is gaining momentum, heralded by the hope of smart public services that are personalized, lean, and efficient. However, the use of AI in public administration is riddled with ethical tensions concerning fairness, transparency, privacy, and human rights. We refer to these as AI tensions. The current literature lacks a contextual and processual understanding of AI adoption and diffusion in public administration to explore such tensions. Previous studies have outlined risks, benefits, and challenges with the use of AI in public administration. However, a significant gap remains in understanding AI tensions as they relate to public value creation. Through a systematic literature review grounded in public value management and the resource-based view of the firm, we identify technology-organisational-environmental (TOE) contextual variables and absorptive capacity as factors influencing AI adoption. This paper outlines distinct AI tensions from an AI implementation and diffusion perspective within public administration. We develop a future research agenda for the full AI innovation lifecycle of adoption, implementation, and diffusion.

Individual and contextual factors associated with the survival of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome by COVID-19 in Brazil.

To analyze the influence of individual and contextual factors of the hospital and the municipality of care on the survival of patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to COVID-19. Hospital cohort study with data from 159,948 adults and elderly with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome due to COVID-19 hospitalized from January 1 to December 31, 2022 and reported in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. The contextual variables were related to the structure, professionals and equipment of the hospital establishments and socioeconomic and health indicators of the municipalities. The outcome was hospital survival up to 90 days. Survival tree and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis. Hospital lethality was 30.4%. Elderly patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation and were hospitalized in cities with low tax collection rates had lower survival rates compared to other groups identified in the survival tree (p<0.001). The study indicated the interaction of contextual factors with the individual ones, and it shows that hospital and municipal characteristics increase the risk of death, highlighting the attention to the organization, operation, and performance of the hospital network.

Presenting a Structural Model of the Drivers Influencing Investor Behavior Considering Their Perception of Stock Returns

Objective: The aim of this study is to present a structural model of the drivers influencing investor behavior, considering their perception of stock returns. Methodology: This research is applied in nature and adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The methodology is mixed and carried out in both quantitative and qualitative phases. The statistical population for the qualitative phase consists of academic experts and managers of listed companies. Using snowball sampling and theoretical saturation, 11 participants were selected. The data collection tool for the qualitative phase was semi-structured interviews based on theoretical foundations. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis. For the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire, derived from the qualitative model and validated for reliability and validity, was distributed among a stratified sample of 213 respondents. The paths and causal relationships between the external and internal constructs in the structural model were confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Findings: The findings indicated that the drivers influencing investor behavior based on their perception of stock returns include "demographic factors, fundamental principles of the stock market, individual and psychological characteristics, risk tolerance capacity, and personal values and beliefs." In the quantitative section, the path coefficients were greater than 0.3, and the corresponding t-values exceeded 1.96, confirming all the paths. Conclusion: In investors' decision-making based on their perception of stock returns, behavioral factors and contextual variables such as demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, education, and individual perspectives) play a significant role. Additionally, proper and data-driven fundamental analysis in the stock market leads to more optimal investment decisions. Ultimately, risk acceptance and increasing the risk threshold significantly help individuals make profitable decisions based on technical analyses.

Why are Ethnic Minority Teacher Paid Differently in England: A Preliminary Analysis of the School Workforce Census

This paper uses data from the School Workforce Census in England, 2015-2022, to examine differential pay rates for teachers of different ethnic groups. Part of the reason for this is to help understand why ethnic minority teachers are under-represented in the teacher workforce. There are surface differences between the pay of different groups. Black African and Black Caribbean teachers tend to be paid more than average, and Pakistani teachers tend to be paid less. But there are also differences in age, qualifications, region, and phase of education. Taking all of the background and context variables into account, there is no evidence that ethnicity is a clear factor in determining pay. Of course, the reasons why teachers of different ethnicity teach in particular phases and regions may be part of that explanation. However, we will have to look elsewhere to explain the disproportion between ethnic minority teachers and pupils in England, and for the most effective policy levers to increase the supply and retention of minority ethnic teachers. Policymakers and schools could still consider salary incentives to try and attract more minority ethnic undergraduate students to a teaching career, where recruitment and retention of minority ethnic teachers is a challenge.

Patient-Caregiver Dyads & End-of-Life Care: Caregiver Personality Disrupts Gender-Based Norms

ContextGender and personality may individually impact end-of-life care. Men often receive more aggressive treatments than women near death, and personality – particularly openness – may be associated with increased care utilization when it diverges from traditional treatment norms. However, research has not examined the interaction of these variables in a dyadic context. ObjectivesThis study examined the dyadic effects of patient gender and caregiver personality on end-of-life care. MethodsUsing data from the VOICE randomized clinical trial, the present sample consisted of patient-caregiver dyads receiving outpatient care for advanced cancer in Sacramento and Western New York. Analyses assessed whether caregiver personality was associated with gender-based differences in patient chemotherapy or emergency department/inpatient visits in the 30 days before death. Logistic regression examined the interaction between caregivers’ Big Five personality dimensions and patient gender while accounting for patient and caregiver demographic and health characteristics. ResultsOf a total of 134 patient-caregiver dyads, 19.4% (n = 26) of patients received chemotherapy and 47.8% (n = 64) had an emergency department/inpatient visit in the 30 days before death. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between caregiver openness and patient gender on receipt of chemotherapy (odds ratio = 0.07, p = 0.006). When caregivers were less open, men were more likely to receive chemotherapy near death, whereas when caregivers were more open, women were more likely to receive chemotherapy near death. ConclusionResults suggest caregiver personality characteristics, particularly openness, might disrupt gender-based treatment norms at end-of-life. Findings demonstrate that patient and caregiver factors can interact to explain patient healthcare utilization.

The Mediating Role of Feeling Safe and Belonging in the Effect of Homophobic Bullying on the Academic Life and Self of Young LGB Portuguese Students

Homophobic bullying in schools affects the sense of safety and belonging of LGBT youth in the school community, with several impacts. We know that homophobic bullying has consequences, but it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying these consequences, and how we can mitigate some of these consequences. We know that we cannot erase bullying, but there are ways to reduce and/or mitigate its effects. The goal of this research was then to understand what variables (eg,, a sense of security and a sense of belonging) could explain the impacts of bullying, and what variables in a school context we could intervene with. Thus, an online questionnaire was used and 562 participants from Portugal (15 to 21 years old) participated. The results showed that the sense of safety of LGBT youth mediates the relationship between homophobic bullying and absenteeism, as well as academic performance. It was also possible to conclude that the feeling of belonging mediates the relationship between bullying and the student's low self-esteem. The results and implications for education policy are discussed.

Anthropometric and mechanical factors determining sprint in young soccer players: a brief report.

Sprint performance is a critical factor in soccer. While previous studies have extensively explored the biomechanical, physiological, and metabolic determinants of sprinting, the impact of anthropometric variables in team sports contexts, especially soccer, remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the influence of anthropometric and mechanical variables on sprint performance in young soccer players. Fifty-eight young soccer players were evaluated in anthropometry and a 30-meter (m) sprint using radar technology. Split times in 5, 15, and 30 m were determined, in addition to the assessment of the force-velocity profile proposed by Morin and Samozino. Results: Key anthropometric variables associated with improved sprint performance included lower-limb muscle mass at distances 5 and 15 m (R 2 = 0.08 and R 2 = 0.09, respectively, both with small effects). Additionally, body composition, particularly a lower % body fat, was crucial across all sprint distances (ES: large). Among the mechanical variables, max power (R 2 = 0.997, ES: large) and maximum velocity (R 2 = 0.553, ES: large) are the mechanical variables that were most strongly associated with sprint performance over distances greater than 30 m. Soccer coaches, athletic trainers, and strength and conditioning specialists working with young athletes can apply the findings of this study to their training programming.

Proposta e validação de uma bateria dos 5Cs do Desenvolvimento Positivo de Jovens no esporte

Abstract Objective This article aimed to propose a battery to measure the theoretical model of the 5Cs of the positive development of young people in sport and investigate its psychometric properties. Method The sample consisted of 305 athletes, between 14 and 24 years old (M = 18.4±2.38, 58.9% female). The analyzes used were confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency and structural equation modeling. Results The results regarding the factorial structure demonstrated the adequacy of the five oblique factor model (χ²/gl = 1.61, TLI = 0.95, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.05), with factor loadings varying from 0.32 to 0.84. Structural Equation Modeling suggested a positive effect of harmonious passion and task-oriented climate on the 5Cs. Conclusion These results corroborate the literature by demonstrating the facilitating role of individual (harmonious passion) and contextual (task-oriented climate) variables on the positive development of young people in sport.

The Role of Contextual, Dispositional, and Affective Variables on Dropout Intentions of PhD Students in France

Aim/Purpose: With respect to doctoral students, the present study examined the association between dropout intentions and contextual, dispositional, and affective variables. The aim was to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that promote successful completion of doctoral studies in the humanities and social sciences in France. Background: Key variables relevant to doctoral life that could serve as predictors for dropout intention were assessed. These were research activity, health and private life, academic social life, supervision, university and facilities settings, career prospects, doctoral year, student personality, self-efficacy, and anxiety and depression levels. Methodology: Each of the aforementioned variables was measured at the end of the 2019-2020 academic year within a sample of 202 students from the same university who were enrolled in doctoral programs in the humanities and social sciences. Dropout intention was modeled with a logistic regression model, which allowed for the simultaneous taking into account a gamut of variables. Contribution: This study is the first to jointly assess the variables respective to predicting dropout intention and innovatively account for personality factors in addition to contextual factors. This study offers a deeper understanding of the role that personality may play and altogether reveals the variables that are most associated with doctoral dropout intentions in France. Findings: Through having also modeled personality as a potential risk/protective factor, this study confirms that contextual factors, compared to personality, play a more consequent role in PhD dropout intentions. Furthermore, we show that while personality factors are indeed associated with dropout intention, their links may be best understood through their interplay with contextual factors. Importantly, a sense of self-efficacy, anxiety, and depression was found significant, as well as research wellness, supervision quality, health, and emotional stability. Overall, dropout intentions were found to increase with the doctoral year. Recommendations for Practitioners: Findings suggest that university personnel aiming to reduce the number of doctoral students who plan to dropout should especially consider the following key variables: research conditions, doctoral year, and student characteristics (e.g., personality, depression, and sense of self-efficacy). Recommendation for Researchers: In order to better understand doctoral dropout, future studies should consider the interplay between choice of doctoral discipline and contextual, dispositional, and affective variables, as well as theories of motivation. Impact on Society: In higher education and research, decreasing doctoral dropout is important in maintaining society’s confidence in, and general success of, scientific research and educational practice, as well as increasing the amount of public and private funds dedicated to these valuable endeavors. Future Research: Future research should more intricately assess and control for interactions between individual-level, personality, and contextual factors during the doctorate, as well as include a larger cohort that may consist of both social sciences and traditional sciences majors.

Self-reported dental pain in Mexican schoolchildren: a national ecological study.

The objective of this study was to quantify the prevalence of and identify the factors associated with dental pain among elementary- and middle-school students in Mexico. An ecological study was carried out with data from the 2008 National School-based Student-Health Survey. Information on dental pain from schoolchildren (aged 5 to 16 years) was collected from public schools across the 32 states of Mexico. In the original study, a questionnaire was used to explore various factors that affect the oral and dental health status of schoolchildren. The outcome variable was the prevalence rate (for dental pain) reported at state level. Various contextual socioeconomic variables were included, in addition to dental caries. Analyses were performed using Stata software. 52.9% of interviewees were girls; 26.9% of male and female schoolchildren in Mexico experienced gum or dental pain during the period analyzed (95% Confidence Interval = 26.02, 27.77%); according to the Spearman correlation results, self-reported dental pain was unrelated (p > 0.05) to the socioeconomic and sociodemographic variables that make up the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Human Development (HDI), as well as the marginalization and the Gini indices. However, the estimated percentages of self-reported dental pain and caries were positively correlated in the elementary- (r = 0.8958, p < 0.0001), middle-school (r = 0.8958, p < 0.0001) and total populations (r = 0.8542, p < 0.0001). Prevalence of self-reported dental pain was 28%, or about one in three, of the Mexican children and adolescents in the study sample. The state-level sociodemographic and socioeconomic risk indicators were not associated with the prevalence of dental pain. Self-reported caries was positively correlated with self-reported dental pain.

A global typology of school principals’ time use: Exploring the effects of contextual and individual factors

This study aims to provide quantitative evidence regarding school principals’ time use by employing Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and multinominal logistic regression to the 2018 Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS) data from 47 societies. We examined (1) how principals spend their time across different societies by developing a global typology and (2) what macro (national) and micro (organizational) level contextual factors, as well as principals’ demographic characteristics, predict principals’ association with the identified typology. The results suggest four distinguishable categories of principal leadership in terms of their time use: Balanced Leadership, Administrative Leadership, Instructional Leadership, and Student-Centered Leadership. Several contextual (national and organizational) and individual variables influencing principals’ prioritization of their leadership responsibilities were also identified.

The influence of "momentum" on the game outcome while controlling for game types in basketball.

In competitive sports, momentum encompasses positive or negative changes in cognition, physiology, emotions, and behavior caused by sudden or a series of continuous events. Momentum occurring during basketball games leads to significant performance variation regarding positive net points differences for a specific team within a certain period. This study designed a quantitative framework based on two performative dimensions (time constraints and point differentials) to accurately identify momentum in basketball games, and explored the role of momentum in games. We identified 2,083 momentum occurrences in 372 professional elite basketball games. The number of momentum occurrences for winning teams is significantly higher than for losing teams (1.78 ± 0.47 Difference Value, p < 0.001); the correlation between momentum and game outcomes decreased as each quarter progressed. To distinguish the influence of contextual variables on momentum, we divided games into five types based on the team quality differences between the team and the opponent team. The decision tree model shows that first-quarter momentum is critical in games where weaker teams defeat stronger teams. This study provides insights for basketball coaches to formulate game strategies. More importantly, the momentum conceptual framework can help researchers identify and capture momentum, offering inspiration and reference for subsequent research.

Technical and tactical evolution of the offensive team sequences in LaLiga between 2008 and 2021. Is Spanish football now a more associative game?

The aim of this investigation was to study the technical and tactical evolution of the offensive team sequences in the Spanish football teams from 2008/09 to 2020/21. A comparative analysis including twelve variables related to the development of offensive sequences in 4940 matches was performed from 2008/09 to 2020/21 seasons of the Spanish professional football league (LaLiga). All match observations were recorded using a validated video tracking system. Multilevel linear mixed models were used to examine the differences across seasons, considering the effects of contextual variables. The number of passes per sequence (2.4 [CI: 2.2-2.5] vs 3.2 [CI: 3.0-3.4]; +33.3%), the passing accuracy (72.1 [CI: 70.6-73.5] vs 76.9 [CI: 75.4-78.3]%; +6.8%) and the average duration of the team sequences (6.4 [CI: 5.9-6.8] vs 8.3 [CI: 7.8-8.7] seconds; +25.76%) showed a small increasing trend over the seasons (P < 0.05). In contrast, variables such as the direct speed of progression (2.2 [CI: 2.1-2.3] vs 1.6 [CI: 1.5-1.7] metres/second; -24.5%), key passes (8.1 [CI: 7.6-8.5] vs 6.8 [CI: 6.3-7.2]; -15.8%), and the sequences that ended in the attacking third (64.8 [CI: 62,7-66.8] vs 57.1 [CI: 55.1-59.2]; -11.7%) or in a shot (13.0 [CI: 12.4-13.6] vs 10.2 [CI: 9.6-10.8]; -21.6%) showed a small decreasing trend from 2008/09 to 2020/21 (P < 0.05). Spanish professional football teams slightly evolved technically and tactically towards a more associative style of play that includes longer passing sequences. This evolution also involved a decreasing speed of progression and fewer technical actions such as through balls, key passes and shots.

The effect of contextual variables on match running performance in a category 3, U18 English Academy soccer team

The effect of contextual variables on match running performance in a category 3, U18 English Academy soccer team

Differential Impact of Emotional and Contextual Factors Associated with COVID-19 on Adolescent Mental Health.

During the confinement, there was an increase in the incidence of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. In this regard, affectivity is of particular interest, as emotions play a fundamental role in overall mental health. The literature on COVID-19 in this population has often focused on the analysis of risk factors for mental health, while less attention has been paid to protective factors. In this paper, we propose an inclusive model of risk and protective factors for adolescent mental health through the indirect effect of negative and positive affect. This was a cross-sectional study with a Spanish community sample of 477 adolescents (Mage = 16.23, range:14 to 20 years old; 43.4% were boys; response rate: 100%). We measured the perceived hardness of confinement, worrying about contagion, quality of relationships at home, pleasant activities, affect (positive and negative), and mental health. The results revealed a positive relationship between the perceived hardness of confinement and worrying about contagion with mental health, through the indirect effect of negative affect, and a positive relationship between home relationships and pleasant activities with mental health through an indirect effect of positive affect. Our results suggest that different types of emotions generated by the various contextual variables associated with COVID-19 may have a differential impact on mental health. These findings support the inclusive model of risk and protective factors for adolescent mental health. Practical implications, future studies, and limitations are discussed.

Comparison of the effectiveness of awake-prone positioning and high-flow nasal oxygen in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure between different waves.

To compare the effectiveness of the awake-prone position on relevant clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure requiring high-flow nasal oxygen between different waves in Argentina. This multicenter, prospective cohort study included adult patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure requiring high-flow nasal oxygen. The main exposure position was the awake-prone position (≥ 6 hours/day) compared to the non-prone position. The primary outcome was endotracheal intubation, and the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The inverse probability weighting-propensity score was used to adjust the conditional probability of treatment assignment. We then adjusted for contextual variables that varied over time and compared the effectiveness between the first and second waves. A total of 728 patients were included: 360 during the first wave and 368 during the second wave, of whom 195 (54%) and 227 (62%) remained awake-prone for a median (p25 - 75) of 12 (10 - 16) and 14 (8 - 17) hours/day, respectively (Awake-Prone Position Group). The ORs (95%CIs) for endotracheal intubation in the Awake-Prone Position Group were 0.25 (0.13 - 0.46) and 0.19 (0.09 - 0.31) for the first and second waves, respectively (p = 0.41 for comparison between waves). The ORs for in-hospital mortality in the awake-prone position were 0.35 (0.17 - 0.65) and 0.22 (0.12 - 0.43), respectively (p = 0.44 for comparison between waves). The awake-prone position was associated with a reduction in the risk of endotracheal intubation and in-hospital mortality. These effects were independent of the context in which the intervention was applied, and no differences were observed between the different waves.