Context Of Violence Research Articles

Harmful arrangements: Ethnography at the National Institute and racial violence in Washington, D.C., 1842–1864

ABSTRACT In 1842, the National Institute for the Promotion of Science installed an eclectic collection of natural science and cultural treasures in the United States Patent Office, a fire-proof building in Washington D.C. Inventories, institutional records, and periodicals indicate that the initial curator of the National Institute, the natural scientist Charles Pickering, arranged display cases at the U.S.’s first national museum according to his ethnographic division of racial types. Pickering’s system remained mostly intact until the galleries closed at the onset of the Civil War. As pro-slavery violence grew increasingly intense, the government-sponsored National Institute presented a narrative of progress that was embroiled in racial politics. The violent context that surrounded prominent objects in federal collections, such as the Declaration of Independence and Charles Willson Peale’s George Washington at Princeton (1779), should be remembered as a significant moment in museum and U.S. history as well as a potential measure of change since the antebellum installation.

Political emotions in violent contexts: do moral shocks influence activism?

ABSTRACT Feelings of injustice and political engagement are often connected, sometimes unquestioningly; the idea being that one generates the other along a sort of continuum. This article examines the links that surface between moral feelings – as a specific form of political emotional experience – and engagement, starting with a decentring of current Western democratic contexts and a shift towards coercive or authoritarian contexts, using field research from the Middle East. Clearly, the emotional intensification linked to violent political experiences must be taken into account, but this emotional intensification does not alone establish any necessary continuity between the shock of certain experiences, a feeling of injustice, and engagement. Activist articulations of a feeling of injustice are in fact three-layered: expression of a feeling fed by lived or transmitted experiences, a reference to ideological frameworks that both legitimise their forms of engagement and help give meaning to their situation, and inscription within a general moral argument.

Migração forçada de El Salvador, Guatemala e Honduras para os Estados Unidos: identificando refugiados ambientais na multicausalidade

Abstract This article discusses natural disasters as the main factor that have led to forced migration processes in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras to the United States between 2018 and 2023. These three countries have similarities in that their contexts of poverty and violence that force people to flee from them. They are also considered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be some of the most vulnerable places in Latin America to climate change. We analyzed data on internal displacement and asylum-seekers from these countries; statistics on the apprehension of migrants at the Southwest land border of the United States; data on natural disasters. This article aims to show that disasters can influence internal and international forced migration. By identifying potential environmental refugees in Central American migrations, we hope to draw attention to the need for legal protection for these people in situations of vulnerability.

Accessibility to prenatal care at the Street Outreach Office: nurse perceptions in northern Brazil.

to understand nurse perspectives regarding homeless pregnant women's accessibility to prenatal care. a qualitative study, with analysis based on the concept of accessibility. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 11 nurses who work at the Street Outreach Office in northern Brazil. nurses are faced with geographic barriers and dangerous situations in border regions, recognizing that there is a context of physical, sexual and psychological violence that involves homeless pregnant women who seek care at the Street Outreach Office. Street Outreach Office nurses' work occurs in conjunction with other services in the Health Care Network. The implementation of educational measures is a powerful strategy, as is establishing links with women. the Street Outreach Office's work provides meetings with pregnant women on site in the territory, which can provide geographic and socio-organizational accessibility to prenatal care.

The North American Newspapers Perspective about the Peace Treaty with the Colombian Guerrilla: FARC

This paper is the result of the research project developed by the research group Peace, communication, and journalism by the Fundación Universitaria para el Desarrollo Humano – UNINPAHU (Colombia). The target is to describe and analyse the way two important North American newspapers approached the peace process signed in Colombia in 2016 between the Revolutionary Army Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the government leaded by President Juan Manuel Santos Calderon.
 First at all, it is important to describe the Colombia violence context to highlight the peace treaty with the FARC guerrilla after almost 60 years of war. After that, there is a description of the analysis categories and the results.
 All in all, the paper describes the Americans perception about the peace treaty, its leaders and opponents through the two-mass media published information. This allows to enhance the debate about the role and the contribution of the mass media in peace or war context.

Social context of intimate partner violence and system response during COVID-19 in Africa: A scoping review

Intimate partner violence (IPV) stands as a global social and public health crisis deeply rooted in extensive social and cultural contexts. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected social interactions. This scoping review aims to synthesize evidence on the social contexts of IPV and system responses to COVID-19 in Africa. Adhering to the Arksey and O’Malley (2005) approach, refined by the Joanna Briggs Institute (2020), this review encompassed relevant literature from bibliographic databases, institutional websites, and electronic libraries from January 2020 to December 2021. The search was executed in three phases across databases, including Social Science Database and Sociological Abstract (through EBSCO), Africa Journal Archive, ProQuest (Coronavirus Research Library; Middle East and Africa Collection; Psychology, Sociology, and Social Science Database), and Google Scholar, also extended to the World Bank e-Library, the BBC portal, and pertinent websites. Briggs’s (2020) recommendations guided the screening, focusing exclusively on English language articles. Convergent synthesis of extracted information utilized thematic analysis and, when applicable, descriptive statistics. Of the 14 articles meeting inclusion criteria, results revealed varied incidences of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic, encompassing emotional, economic, and violence among minors. Women’s experiences of daily IPV realities during the outbreak and lockdown hinged on contextual factors and relationship dynamics. Emotional and economic violence was predominant, with limited IPV cases among minors. State and non-state responses were inadequate, reactionary, and insufficiently transformative for the complex emergency posed by COVID-19 on livelihoods and intimate relationships. Pre-existing IPV instances lacked sensitivity in the preparedness and measures for gender inequalities within intimate relationships. While IPV was reported, both state and non-state actors exhibited notably deficient responsiveness.

The Mechanism Of The Criminal Justice System In Indonesia Towards Women's Legal Protection

The reseach discusses the pervasive issue of sexual violence against women, particularly within the context of domestic and sexual violence. The challenges faced by victims are multifaceted, encompassing psychological conditions, dependence on perpetrators, lack of support from family and society, patriarchal stigma, biased law enforcement, and a deficient legal and social protection system. The hierarchical relationship between victims and perpetrators is deeply rooted in patriarchal social constructions, further exacerbated by discriminatory policies, such as those found in marriage laws. The research emphasizes the economic dependence of victims and societal stigmatization of women's sexuality, attributing blame to victims rather than perpetrators. Existing legal frameworks, exemplified by the Criminal Code, are deemed inadequate and necessitate reform to address various forms of violence against women. The study employs normative legal research methods, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, document studies, and observations. Results indicate that the criminal justice system, while having dual functions of crime containment and secondary prevention, often becomes a criminogenous factor. The discussion underscores the need for a more comprehensive and gender-sensitive legal system, drawing attention to international legal instruments and domestic regulations aimed at protecting women's rights and ensuring justice. In conclusion, the abstract advocates for a legal system that integrates gender perspectives and emphasizes the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to maximize protection against violence targeting women.

A Quantitative Study of Intimate Partner Violence Context: Is Self-Compassion Related to Sexual Esteem?

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as physical, psychological, or sexual violence perpetrated by a partner. This conduct is harmful and has long-term negative consequences for people who encounter it, particularly psychological illnesses. This has an impact on judgment, self-satisfaction with sexuality, and sexual function. This can influence how people evaluate their relationships and sexuality, how individuals assess their worth in a sexual context, which is thought to be related to self-compassion in individuals. This study drew 227 participants, consisting of men and women aged 20 to 30 who have been or are now in a dating relationship for at least one year. Purposive sampling was used to collect the research sample. The Conflict Tactic Scale Revised-2 (CTS-2) measurement tool, the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ) subscale sexual esteem, and the Self-Compassion Scale were utilized for data collection. The direction of the association between variables is positive, indicating that the higher the level of self-compassion ability, the higher the level of sexual-esteem capacity in persons, and vice versa.

Understanding context of violence against healthcare through citizen science and evaluating the effectiveness of a co-designed code of conduct and of a tailored de-escalation of violence training in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Iraq: a study protocol for a stepped wedge randomized controlled trial

BackgroundViolence against health care workers (HCWs) is a multifaceted issue entwined with broader social, cultural, and economic contexts. While it is a global phenomenon, in crisis settings, HCWs are exposed to exceptionally high rates of violence. We hypothesize that the implementation of a training on de-escalation of violence and of a code of conduct informed through participatory citizen science research would reduce the incidence and severity of episodes of violence in primary healthcare settings of rural Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and large hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq.MethodsIn an initial formative research phase, the study will use a transdisciplinary citizen science approach to inform the re-adaptation of a violence de-escalation training for HCWs and the content of a code of conduct for both HCWs and clients. Qualitative and citizen science methods will explore motivations, causes, and contributing factors that lead to violence against HCWs. Preliminary findings will inform participatory meetings aimed at co-developing local rules of conduct through in-depth discussion and input from various stakeholders, followed by a validation and legitimization process. The effectiveness of the two interventions will be evaluated through a stepped-wedge randomized-cluster trial (SW-RCT) design with 11 arms, measuring the frequency and severity of violence, as well as secondary outcomes such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), job burnout, empathy, or HCWs’ quality of life at various points in time, alongside a cost-effectiveness study comparing the two strategies.DiscussionViolence against HCWs is a global issue, and it can be particularly severe in humanitarian contexts. However, there is limited evidence on effective and affordable approaches to address this problem. Understanding the context of community distrust and motivation for violence against HCWs will be critical for developing effective, tailored, and culturally appropriate responses, including a training on violence de-escalation and a community behavioral change approach to increase public trust in HCWs. This study aims therefore to compare the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different interventions to reduce violence against HCWs in two post-crisis settings, providing valuable evidence for future efforts to address this issue.Trial registrationClinicalTrial.gov Identifier NCT05419687. Prospectively registered on June 15, 2022.

Associations Between Head Injury, Strangulation, Cardiometabolic Health, and Functional Disability Among Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

ObjectiveHead injury and strangulation are highly prevalent in intimate partner violence (IPV) contexts, but there is little research examining the potential implications of these injuries on physical health and functional status. This pilot study explored the extent to which injury type (head injury, strangulation) and severity (no injury, subconcussive head injury, traumatic brain injury; no strangulation, strangulation, strangulation with loss of consciousness) were associated with biomarkers of cardiometabolic health and self-reported functioning among female survivors of IPV. MethodsParticipants were 51 individuals assigned female at birth who experienced IPV during their lifetime and screened positive for probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (average age = 32.6 years, SD = 7.1). ResultsHead injury was associated with statistically significant increases in blood glucose levels (p = .01, d = 1.10). Shifts toward more high-risk values with moderate-strong effect sizes were also found in high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and waist-to-hip ratio (ps: .06–.13; ds: 0.51–1.30). Strangulation was associated with increased cholesterol levels, with a moderate effect size (p = .20, d = 0.59). Regression models accounting for age, education, PTSD symptoms, childhood trauma, strangulation, and head injuries predicted functional disability status (R2 = 0.37, p < .01) and several of its associated domains: cognition (R2 = 0.34, F(8,42) = 2.73, p = .01), mobility (R2 = 0.47, F(8,42) = 4.82, p < .001), and participation in society (R2 = 0.33, F(8,42) = 2.59, p = .02). ConclusionsFindings suggest the need to develop integrated treatments that address physical health comorbidities among female survivors of IPV with a history of head injury to improve daily function and quality of life.

The Shelter Multiple: How Humanitarianisms Hang Together at a Mexican Non-governmental Migrant Shelter

ABSTRACT This article draws on ethnographic fieldwork at a nongovernmental migrant shelter in Mexico to examine how aid workers coordinate apparently contradictory humanitarian orientations. Prior research has called attention to the institutionalization of grassroots humanitarian organizations as they take on the work of categorizing migrants as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’, ‘worthy’ or ‘unworthy’. Studies also call attention to initiatives that oppose such institutionalization, with a particular focus on highly mediated acts of civil disobedience. We argue that in Mexico, where the ambiguous line between state and criminal authority makes such explicit claims potentially damaging and dangerous, knowledge practices that seem to signal the institutionalization of otherwise grassroots spaces—the work of registering, classifying, and documenting migrants—are also central to how aid workers discretely subvert such deservingness distinctions without taking explicit and potentially damaging moral and political stances. Our analysis engages with science and technology studies scholarship that understands knowledge practices to be performative in that knowing migration produces the reality that it describes, rather than merely reflecting a taken-for-granted reality. We suggest that attending to how aid workers enact and coordinate information about migrants illuminates how aid workers simultaneously resist and reify distinct legal and moral regimes in violent contexts.

Context Matters

Abstract In seven trials to date, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has relied on the expertise of historians, anthropologists and political scientists to provide historical and political context. Overview expert witnesses help the judges appreciate the evidence of charged crimes in a wider context of conflict and violence. In this article, I consider the fundamental purpose and factors militating in favour of engaging an overview expert. In addition, I first review and then reflect on the current use of overview expert evidence — as a subset of expert evidence — in ICC trials, to better understand its legal and practical utility in international crimes cases. I focus on four aspects: relevance in criminal proceedings, timing of engaging an expert, selection of experts and impact on the fairness of proceedings.

Listening to Muslim Women’s Lived Expertise Concerning Surviving Family Violence and Seeking Islamic Community Divorce in the Australian Context: A Qualitative Analysis of Muslim Women's, Community/religious Leader’s, and professional Responder’s Perspectives

Abstract Many Muslim women in Australia seek religious divorce through various community processes, as religious divorce is often perceived to be more personally and spiritually significant than a civil divorce. Many Muslim women seek religious divorce because their current or former husbands have used domestic and family violence and coercive control against them and their children. The article is based on an Australian Research Council-funded qualitative research project exploring Muslim women’s experiences of Sharia community divorce processes in Australia. This multi-site research project took place across two major Australian cities between 2016 and 2020 and involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with 63 participants including, Muslim women, community/religious leaders and professional responders (for example lawyers, psychologists, community support and domestic and family violence workers) who have experience of supporting women through community divorce processes. This article explores Muslim women’s lived expertise to guide helpful and transformative responses to domestic and family violence in the context of religious divorce in Australia.

Violence in childhood and community contexts: a multi-level model of factors associated with women's intimate partner violence experience in Samoa

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects approximately 26% of women worldwide and is driven by a complex interplay of factors across individual, relationship/household, community and societal levels. Individual and relationship/household factors are well studied however little empirical evidence exists on factors at the community level that drive IPV which are needed to inform prevention interventions. We conducted a cross-sectional, multi-level analysis of factors associated with women's IPV experience in Samoa using the 2019-20 Demographic and Health Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. We used hierarchical multivariable logistic regression to assess individual, relationship/household and community level effects on women's risk of physical, sexual and/or emotional IPV. The past year prevalence of physical, sexual and/or emotional IPV among women in Samoa was 31.4%. At the individual and relationship/household level, women's employment, witnessing IPV between parents, experiencing physical abuse from a parent, and partner's alcohol use and controlling behaviours were associated with higher risk of IPV. At the community level, higher levels of women with higher education and involved in household decision-making, and higher levels of men in employment were protective against IPV. A complex interplay of factors across individual, relationship/household and community levels are associated with women's experience of IPV in Samoa. Experiences of IPV are embedded within a broader context of violence against children and harmful alcohol use. Community contexts, including women's empowerment and men's employment, are also associated with women's IPV experience in Samoa. These findings not only demonstrate that public health issues such as IPV, violence against children and harmful alcohol use should be addressed together as part of multi-pronged approaches, but they point towards the importance of community-level analyses for designing and delivering community-based interventions. Greater knowledge of community dynamics will enable community-based interventions to create environments at the community level that support meaningful and sustainable change towards IPV prevention. Funding for this study was provided by UKRI (ref. MR/S033629/1).

Preventing Violence in the Most Violent Contexts: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Evidence from El Salvador

AbstractViolence and delinquency levels in Central America are among the highest in the world and constrain human capital acquisition. We designed and conducted a randomized experiment in El Salvador to measure the impacts of an after-school program aimed at reducing school violence. The program combines a behavioral intervention with extracurricular activities for 10–16 year old students. We find the program reduced the participants’ violent behavior both inside and outside of school and indirectly improved their attendance, attitudes toward school and learning, and academic outcomes. Using state-of-the-art technology, we measured participant brain activity and show that the intervention fosters emotion regulation, enabling treated adolescents to remain calmer when faced with external stimuli.

Love in war? The strategic use of intimacy in armed conflict

The strategic use of intimacy to achieve concrete objectives during war has not been systematically or comprehensively analysed. This article presents the cases of civilian women in armed conflict situations who acceded to or initiated intimate relationships with armed actors in order to achieve specific objectives. It focuses on ‘strategic intimacy’, analysing it from the perspective of civilian women in areas impacted by Colombia’s armed conflict. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Colombian civilian women who were the intimate partners of armed actors, it demonstrates that in violent contexts where state protection is lacking and armed groups govern large swaths of territory, women civilians may resort to their own devices to achieve objectives that government institutions or other non-state protective entities would have otherwise been responsible for. Due to their status as intimate partners and the subsequent influence they could exert from this positioning, civilian women were able to sway how their armed actor partners behaved as a form of gendered micro-governance: they exerted pressure on them and encouraged them to protect others and to share and gather information.

The Mass Incarceration Trauma Framework: A Conceptual Model for Understanding Trauma among Individuals Who Experience Incarceration.

The Mass Incarceration Trauma (MIT) framework is a conceptual model for understanding the role of trauma in the lives of individuals who experience incarceration in the United States. This population faces poverty, violence, and discrimination across the life span. The MIT framework is guided by an ecological systems perspective, a foundational theoretical approach in social work that recognizes that effective assessment and intervention require an understanding of the complex contexts in which individuals live. The MIT framework presents the cumulative trauma exposures commonly faced by this population before, during, and after incarceration at the individual, social, environmental, and historical levels. Because traumatic stress undermines health and daily functioning, it is essential that interventions for this population address both the ongoing risk for trauma exposure and the consequences of multiple, repeated past exposures across ecological systems. It is to be hoped that a new and fundamental focus on the poverty, contexts of violence, and lifetime disadvantages experienced by those who cycle through prisons in the United States might reframe the question of how our society should prevent and respond to crime as well as respond to those swept into the criminal justice system.

Emotional distress and self-care during the COVID-19 pandemic in women from an indigenous migrant cultural collective in Mexico City

Introduction. During the coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) pandemic, restrictive measures were implemented to reduce contagion. However, severely decreasing social interaction also negatively impacted the economy, particularly that of indigenous groups. Objective. This article seeks to understand the emotional distress identified by a group of indigenous women residents, as well as their self-care practices, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City. Method. A digital qualitative study was undertaken since the fieldwork was conducted in person and online, using various Internet platforms, which served as a field scenario, data collection tool and a means of continuous connection with subjects. Results. Anecdotal records were obtained from the subjects, who identified categorizations in the collective organization of the indigenous group, which became a support network for mobilizing official material resources. Information was also obtained on the way the women engaged in the self-care of their emotional distress in a range of ways with a sense of immediacy, through physical, spiritual, herbal, and psychological resources. They observed how women managed to cope with their situation and continue caring for and supporting their families to enable them to get by, distinguishing between those who were providers and those who were dependent on another provider. Discussion and conclusion. The pandemic, together with social restrictions, created stressful situations, causing various emotional problems among the indigenous collective. Nevertheless, their capacity for self-management and self-care enabled them to cope with these conditions in the midst of structural contexts of violence, poverty, and social exclusion.

Christian Community and Constructive Ministry in Violent Contexts: A Reformed Proposal

Humanity has always had to deal with wars and violence, which throw millions of people into crisis. While this is a critical problem for Christian and non-Christian intervention agencies due to the need to expend resources and the risks associated with such expenditures, it also creates an opportunity for the gospel. The Reformed tradition has a history of charity ministry. However, as dangerous crises are multiplying, with security implications for interventions and the involvement of a huge amount of resources, the question turns on what basic principles should be followed and what is the most effective strategy for ministry in such contexts. This article explores the harmony between war and grace and constructs strategies that can effectively impact ministry and resilience to victims of war or small-scale violence. KEYWORDS: War and violence, charity, remaking worlds, christocentric, ministry, resilience

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN BY INTIMATE PARTNERS: THE ESSENCE AND VARIETIES

This article delves into the multifaceted issue of violence against women by their intimate partners, drawing from a wide array of legal and theoretical perspectives. Through a comprehensive exploration of Ukrainian legislation, international regulations, and scholarly research, it provides a nuanced examination of this pressing concern. The analysis encompasses the identification and characterization of various forms of intimate partner violence. Special attention is given to the analysis of the four main forms of violence: physical, sexual, psychological, and economic, as well as their manifestations and the wide-ranging consequences. It is stated that the most serious violence from an intimate partner can lead to the death of its victim, which is referred to as femicide.Additionally, the article provides a critical appraisal of existing Ukrainian legal frameworks, underscoring their inadequacies. The article firmly stresses the necessity of delineating intimate partner violence as a discrete concern within the broader context of violence against women. Moreover, it discusses the far-reaching implications of Ukraine's recent ratification of the Istanbul Convention. This landmark treaty sets forth rigorous standards and commitments for the nations that are signatories, compelling them to reshape their policies and systems. It thereby intensifies the need for an unwavering focus on intimate partner violence, calling upon the field of social work to formulate and execute effective strategies aimed at eradicating this deeply ingrained issue and ensuring the protection of fundamental rights for women. In conclusion, this article points to the urgent necessity for the field of social work to develop and implement evidence-based strategies that can effectively counter intimate partner violence.