International Context Research Articles

Constitutional and municipal law: Analysing constitutions and their societal implications

The present study scrutinizes the societal implications of constitutions and their significance within both national and international frameworks. The authors undertakes an exploration of the principles underlying constitutional law, delving into the categorization of constitutions based on state structures and political regimes. Additionally, the article explores instances of constitutions from diverse nations, shedding light on their consequential effects on society. Emphasis is placed on a meticulous examination of constitutional structures and their pivotal contribution to the configuration of legal and socio-cultural landscapes. The examination of constituent elements within constitutions enables the illumination of their crucial significance in shaping the legal and socio-cultural fabric of society. Special consideration is directed towards international dimensions, with a specific focus on the impact of preambles in shaping national identity on the global stage. The article systematically investigates the significance of procedures for constitutional amendments, emphasizing their role in fostering stability and facilitating adaptation to prevailing global trends. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the constitution's influence on society, aiming to identify the pivotal components within the constitutional structure that exert the most significant impact on societal development. The primary object of investigation encompasses constitutional documents from diverse countries. This includes a thorough examination of their preambles, core provisions, sections concerning human rights and freedoms, power structures, and an exploration of the international context within which these constitutions operate. The outcomes of this research can function as a crucial resource for human rights organizations, legislative bodies, and constitutional commissions involved in the formulation and amendment of constitutional documents. Moreover, the study creates avenues for additional comparative analyses, facilitating an in-depth exploration of the diverse constituencies across countries and their repercussions on societies within the international sphere.

Juridical Review of the Implementation of Foreign Arbitration Awards in Indonesia in the Perspective of Constitutional Court Ruling Number 4/PUU-XXII/2024

The implementation of foreign arbitration awards in Indonesia from the perspective of Constitutional Court Decision Number 4/PUU-XXII/2024 is crucial in both international and domestic legal contexts. This article provides a strong legal basis for arbitration usage in resolving cross-border business disputes in Indonesia, both domestically and internationally. The research contributes to the legal field by offering an in-depth normative juridical analysis of how unfamiliar discretion grants are executed in Indonesia. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively. The research topic, namely, the Juridical Review of the Implementation of Foreign Arbitration Decisions in Indonesia in the Perspective of Sacred Court Choice Number 4 is analyzed using deductive methods, which entail deriving conclusions from general to specific, particularly regarding the research topic. In this specific situation, a juridical survey of the execution of unfamiliar mediation grants in Indonesia becomes vital to comprehend the effect of established Court Choice number 4 on international arbitration practices, legal certainty, and the investment environment in Indonesia.

Stanowisko Niemiec wobec reformy Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony UE (2016-2022)

GERMANY’S POSITION TOWARDS THE REFORM OF THE EU’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY (2016-2022) The aim of this article is to analyze Germany’s position towards the development of CSDP between 2016 and 2023, that is, from the enactment of the EU Global Strategy to the publication of the Strategic Compass. For the CDU/CSU-SPD (2013-2017 and 2017-2021) and SPD-Green-FDP (2021-2022) coalition governments, deepening security and defense integration was a means to advance European integration. The reasons for Germany’s increased interest in developing CSDP from 2016 onwards, regardless of the international context (Brexit, Trump’s presidency), were linked to the political elite’s growing aspirations to develop a more influential international role for Germany. However, hesitation was evident. European defense was seen as an instrument for aiding European integration and as a factor for activating the Franco-German engine. However, France – in strong contrast to Germany – saw the development of a common defense as a means to achieve strong European autonomy in the sense of independence from the US. In Germany, it was feared that this would damage the traditional relationship with NATO. Acceptance of strategic autonomy was therefore limited by the primacy of the Atlantic orientation, which was even revitalized because of the war in Ukraine. Berlin’s ambivalent position on CSDP was also due to the lack of political will to act militarily, constitutional constraints, that is, the strong role of parliament and the influence of a restrained political-military culture.

SYNCHRONIZATION PROBLEMS OF SIMULTANEOUS TRANSLATION

Among the many difficulties encountered in simultaneous interpreting - an important feature of multilingual communication in various international contexts - synchronization issues stand out. This article analyzes many synchronization problems and the nature of synchronization problems, their causes, effects, and potential solutions. We highlight the technological, environmental, and cognitive components that create these challenges. We will also discuss modern strategies and methods to reduce the difficulties and problems during synchronization, while improving the accuracy and efficiency of simultaneous interpretation.

Economic Sentiment and Market Return of Indian Stock Market: An ARDL Approach

This study investigates the relationship between economic sentiment and the return of the BSE S&P 500 Index over a decade, employing an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Using 12 macroeconomic variables as proxies for economic sentiment, the analysis reveals a high degree of correlation between these proxies and market return. The findings demonstrate that market return is significantly influenced by its own lags, economic corporate premium (ECORPREM), foreign direct investment (FDI), gross domestic product (GDP), inflation rate (INFLAT), prime lending rate (PLR), and short-term interest rate (SHORTINT). Specifically, market return shows both positive and negative correlations with its various lags, while ECORPREM, FDI, GDP, and SHORTINT exhibit significant relationships with market return at different lag intervals. Additionally, INFLAT positively influences market return at specific lags, and PLR is positively correlated with market return in the current period. The study identifies that ECORPREM, FDI, GDP, INFLAT, PLR, and SHORTINT, with -values below 0.20, are statistically relevant in explaining market return. Conversely, variables such as exchange rate (EXRATE), foreign exchange reserves (FEXRES), index of industrial production (IIP), liquidity in the economy (LIQECO), oil prices (OILPRICE), and terms of trade premium (TERMSPRE) do not significantly impact market return, as indicated by their higher -values. These results provide valuable insights for retail investors, policymakers, and other stakeholders in refining their decision-making processes in the Indian stock market. The study also challenges the classical finance theory of investor rationality, suggesting avenues for further research in international contexts.

O 25 de Abril e a reorientação da política externa portuguesa: a redefinição das prioridades da ação externa com os Governos Provisórios e o I Governo Constitucional (1974-1978)

The military coup of 25th of April 1974, and the consequent revolution initiated a process of democratic transition that triggered profound changes in the political, economic, and social structures of the country. This article seeks to analyze the implications of these transformations on Portuguese foreign policy, exploring the dynamics behind the transition from an Atlanticist and imperial strategic orientation during the Estado Novo to the new post-25th April guidelines. In an international context marked by détente, a new phase of the eternal debate between land and sea was inaugurated. After a period of oscillations, hesitations, and indecision, the First Constitutional Government clearly assumed the new national strategic orientations, defining a new international position for Portugal. Through an interdisciplinary approach encompassing History, Political Science, and International Relations, this article seeks to analyze the debate surrounding the redefinition of Portuguese foreign policy guidelines between the Provisional Government and the First Constitutional Government and its impact on Portugal’s position in the world, constituting a contribution to understanding the dynamics that shaped Portugal’s international insertion in the post-25th April period.

Perception of the risks inherent in new AI technologies

Artificial intelligence (AI) has undergone rapid development and is becoming one of the major social issues. The advent of generative AI is not only associated with potential benefits but also poses a number of risks, such as increasing malicious misuse. This brings the issue of regulating new AI technologies into focus. In the search for solutions, the article revisits the problem of applying the precautionary principle. We critically evaluate regulatory approaches, particularly with regard to maintaining an innovation-friendly environment. A prudent approach to new AI technologies not only requires regulatory measures but also places new demands on the education system. We also discuss the regulation of AI from the perspective of Czech legislation in a broader international context. Current challenges in the field of AI competence are highlighted. To make the issue more tangible, we provide specific examples from the Czech Republic.

Comparative Analysis of Approaches for Practical Modelling of Educational Ecosystems

This paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of approaches for practical modelling of educational ecosystems, understood as integrating autonomous systems and actors in the field of education into unified functional networks. The methodology of the mixed-methods study combines conceptual content analysis of a selected sample of 121 thematically related publications indexed in global databases in the period 2005 – 2024 with case study analysis covering 51 educational practices in the Bulgarian and international context. The implemented comparative analysis allowed to identify the main conditions and factors facilitating the transition from systemic to ecosystemic modelling and functioning in the educational sphere. The results of the content analysis of foreign models and practices allowed to formulate identified potential opportunities for the adaptation of global practical models of educational ecosystems in the conditions of Bulgarian education

Brand commitment as predecessor to the factors of continuance intention

AbstractJapanese consumers have always been placed as one of the most highly loyal consumers in the world who are committed to purchasing certain brands for products in many different industries, such as automobiles, luxury goods, and electronics, to name a few. However in recent years, there is evidence to suggest that brand commitment in Japan is decreasing. In this study, we collected data from consumers in 2018 and again in 2023 using the same instrument to ascertain the change in brand commitment as a predecessor of consumer satisfaction, loyalty, and habit and ultimately their impacts on continuance behavior in using mobile wallet applications. We did not find the relationship between satisfaction and continuance intention to be significant in the 2023 model, unlike earlier. The results of this 5-year study comparison revealed that brand commitment was found to be a predecessor construct to both Japanese consumer satisfaction and habit across the years. It was also found that loyalty mediated the relationship between both habit and consumer satisfaction with continuance intention of mobile wallet applications usage. In summary, we found that brand commitment was significant in its relationship to satisfaction, loyalty and habit both in the 2018 and 2023 studies. This indicates a sustained and strong level of brand commitment in the mobile applications context by Japanese consumers. With this research, the knowledge on the well-known constructs of brand commitment, consumer satisfaction, loyalty, habit, and continuance intention have been extended in the area of mobile wallet applications. The findings provide up-to-date insights that have high relevance and important managerial implications in the international marketing research context beyond Japan.

AI-driven empowerment of international higher education and international networking: A case study of Moroccan universities

In the rapidly evolving 21st century, characterized by technological advances, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and intelligent systems has become increasingly important. This research focuses on the role of AI and intelligent systems in strengthening higher education and networking in an international context, with a specific focus on Morocco. It is undeniable that the advent of Internet communication technologies has facilitated networking, especially in the international educational context. This paper presents an analysis of three Moroccan universities, shedding light on the impact of international networking on academic and professional experiences, especially for doctoral students in Morocco. This paper is based on a mixed method research with a focus on primary data collection in Morocco. This research aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for fostering a robust educational ecosystem in the context of international collaboration. Some of the findings of this paper highlight that, despite some limitations, AI and intelligent systems could potentially be used as important tools to create innovative learning materials. AI is becoming essential for predicting student needs and behavior, as well as for enabling international higher education and international perspectives within universities.

The World Context and Requirements for Knowledge Economy Development in Vietnam

Today, the knowledge economy is a factor that has a profound influence on the development of countries around the world. The Communist Party of Vietnam has affirmed the importance and significance of developing a knowledge economy associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the cause of innovation, realizing the goal of early socio-economic development, soon turning Vietnam into a modern industrial country. The article objectively and comprehensively analyzes the international and domestic contexts affecting the promotion of knowledge economy development in Vietnam.

Goddess Worship Belief at the Hoa’s Temples in An Giang (Viet Nam)

Since the end of the 18th century, the Hoa immigrant groups have been set foot on An Giang land. During 19th century, along with the process of settling in the new land, the the Hoa people have built facilities to serve their different needs of material and spiritual life. The Hoa’s temples have been established and taken the role of spiritual and religious institutions, which have been preserving the customs, traditions and culture from the Hoa’s homeland. One of these religions was a goddess belief. Over the past two centuries, the worship of the Goddess at the Hoa’s temples in An Giang has followed their ancestors’ tradition. In the current international integration context, these unique heritage values need to be preserved and promoted.

Evaluating the relationship between income inequality, renewable energy and energy poverty in the V4 countries

The European Union has prioritized addressing energy poverty, as outlined in the “Clean Energy for all Europeans Package”. The recent international context dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia war in Ukraine, have exacerbated this issue because of the substantial energy prices growth. Since eradicating energy poverty necessitates long-term policy implementation, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of income inequality and other economic and social factors (output per capita, renewable energy use) on energy poverty as measured by three indicators (total utility bill arrears, utility bill arrears for households with dependent children, population unable to maintain adequate). The findings based on mean group estimators for the V4 (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia) countries from 2005 to 2022 suggest that income inequality, proxied by the Gini index, exacerbates energy poverty. However, sustainable economic growth has the potential to alleviate energy poverty. Policy recommendations include reducing income inequality, reforming renewable energy policies, to encourage the development of renewable energy sector and green industries.

Archival Review: A showcase of the German Historical Knowledge Landscape – The Library of the German Historical Institute (GHI) Warsaw

The DHI Warsaw library is a specialized academic and reference library. Its collection spans the history of Germany and Poland, the history of German-Polish relations in a European and international context, and the history of Eastern European Jews.

The Problems of National Identity in Contemporary Germany in an International Context

The article analyzes the influence of the current international situation on the concept of German identity. The main elements that form the basis of contemporary German self-consciousness are identified. The author explores the relationship between the regional, national, and supranational components of German self-identification, examining the persistent mental “divide” between the new (former GDR) and the old lands (West Germany). Special attention is paid to the challenges posed for the Federal Republic of Germany in terms of historical discourse and memorial practices by the influx of migrants from the Middle East and North Africa. The role of the 2023 Palestine-Israel escalation in the transformation of the national narrative is separately examined. The article also evaluated the conflict around Ukraine as a factor in strengthening the European dimension of German identity.Among the key methods used by the author are content analysis of speeches by German officials, analysis of legislation and media. In addition, logical, chronological, and comparative-historical methods were applied. All this in aggregate led to the following conclusions. The Federal Republic of Germany is undergoing a systemic and multidimensional identity crisis. The main challenge is finding a balance between historical responsibility, transatlantic commitments, and national interests. The goal of the German establishment is to formulate a new national idea, which includes defining the role and place of Germany in the world, forming a value consensus regarding migrants, and overcoming the alienation between the east and west of the country. However, in the post-1990 world order, such a large-scale task remains rather impossible for the current elites.

The Combination of Hedging and Rules of Great Power Rivalry——Taking the Example of Vietnam in Sino-US Rivalry

The competition between China and the United States for dominance in global governance is intensifying. In such an international context, strategically significant small states often adopt a hedging strategy to stay neutral amidst the rivalry of major powers. This paper aims to study the phase-specific characteristics and overall trends of hedging, and to detail the phase-specific motivations behind it. Contrary to previous academic views, this paper argues that hedging is not merely a passive balancing act for small states, but an active pursuit of maximizing economic and security interests. This paper concludes that hedging represents a cyclical trend divided into three stages. In addition to the manipulations of small states pursuing their own interests, the competition rules between major powers also influence the trend of hedging. This study is beneficial for 3further understanding the mindset of small states in employing hedging strategies and promotes the internalization of hedging theory in the field of international relations. It also provides insights into China's decision-making in its diplomatic relations with Vietnam.

FORMATION OF MARKETING STRATEGIC ANALYSIS IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM

This article is devoted to the important topic of marketing strategic analysis in the field of tourism. The authors examine methods and approaches that help tourism companies and organizations effectively develop their business in a competitive environment. The article considers such key aspects as the definition of marketing strategies, which describes the methods of defining marketing strategies that allow tourism enterprises to determine competitive positioning and target audience, emphasizes the importance of correct market segmentation and definition of the target audience for effective marketing. Formation of marketing strategic analysis in the field of tourism is a very urgent and important task. The tourism industry is becoming increasingly competitive, new players and tourist regions are emerging that offer similar services. Marketing strategic analysis allows you to identify both internal and external reserves of competitive potential. The theory and practice of evaluating the competitive potential of a tourist enterprise operates with a significant number of various methods, which differ in the complexity of use and feasibility of application depending on the scale of production and the specifics of the tourism company's field of activity. Such methods can be classified: according to the direction of information base formation (criteria and expert methods); according to the method of displaying the final results (graphical, mathematical and logical methods); by suitability for the development of management decisions (simultaneous and strategic assessment methods); by assessment method (indicative and matrix methods). Strategic analysis helps to develop unique offers for tourists and increase competitiveness. Today's tourists are increasingly emphasizing unique experiences, sustainable activities, and are increasingly demanding how their needs are met. Marketing analysis allows you to adapt offers to these changes. The Internet and digital technologies have transformed the way tourists search for, book and consume travel services. An effective digital strategy and analysis is required to ensure a presence in the online environment. Issues of sustainability and environmental responsibility are becoming increasingly important in the tourism industry. The analysis helps to develop strategies aimed at conserving natural resources and reducing the impact on the environment. Tourism is a global industry, and tourism businesses must consider the international context in their strategies and analyses. Therefore, the formation of marketing strategic analysis in tourism remains an urgent task for enterprises and organizations in this field. It helps to adapt to market changes, innovate and compete effectively, ensuring a quality experience for tourists and business sustainability. Keywords: strategy, strategic analysis, stages of strategic analysis, marketing strategies in tourism.

Turkey and the EU: waning foreign policy alignment in a changing international context

ABSTRACT The current relationship between the European Union (EU) and Turkey is dragged outside the standard EU accession framework and is increasingly shaped by Turkey’s positions and actions regarding a set of regional and global foreign policy issues. For the EU to carry forward Turkey’s long-stalled accession negotiations, Turkey is expected to show progress on multiple fronts, including a satisfactory level of policy alignment with the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). This article provides an in-depth analysis of Turkey’s poor alignment with the EU’s CFSP positions since 2014. It looks into regional as well as international issues that occupied the agenda of EU foreign policy and explores the utility-based and normative explanations behind Turkey’s (dis)engagement in policy cooperation.

Driving across Markets: An Analysis of a Human–Machine Interface in Different International Contexts

Driving across Markets: An Analysis of a Human–Machine Interface in Different International Contexts

Cultural diplomacy as a nation-building tool for stateless nationalisms: the search for recognition of Catalonia in Germany, 1901–1939

This article addresses the role that cultural diplomacy has played as a tool of nation-building for sub-state public entities led by movements representing stateless nations. It exemplifies this with the case of Catalonia's search for recognition in Germany, 1901–1939. The analysis highlights the ambivalence that characterized the actions of the Catalan sub-state public entities, between resigning themselves to their status as regional actors and aspirations for a different political constitution. We argue that this ambivalence was a strategy to maximize the effectiveness of their cultural diplomacy policies considering state and international contexts reluctant to recognize sub-state entities as political actors.