Lysine Content Research Articles

Effects of Different Protein Sources on Growth Performance, Muscle Flavor Substances and Quality Structure in Triploid Crucian Carp

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary protein sources on the growth performance, muscle flavor substances, and quality structure of Triploid Crucian Carp. Three isonitrogenous (32.00%), isolipidic (8.00%), and isoenergetic (18.00 MJ kg−1) practical diets were formulated. These diets consisted of fishmeal as the animal-derived protein source (AP), a combination of soybean meal and rapeseed meal as the plant-derived protein source (PP), and a mixture of fishmeal, soybean meal, and rapeseed meal as the mixed protein source (MP). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate tanks of fish and each tank was stocked with 25 fish (11.5 ± 0.4 g). The fish were fed until apparent satiation twice a day. The results showed a significant enhancement in the growth performance of Triploid Crucian Carp in the AP group compared with both the MP and PP groups (p < 0.05). Dietary plant derived protein can remarkably reduce the crude lipid content and increase the moisture content of the whole body and the dorsal muscle (p < 0.05). The antioxidant ability of fish in the PP group and MP group was better than that in the AP group (p < 0.05). Regarding free amino acids composition of muscle, the contents of glycine, methionine, and lysine were significantly enhanced in the AP group, while the histidine content was significantly increased in the PP group (p < 0.05). In terms of texture, dietary plant protein significantly improved the muscular hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. The activities of intestinal trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of fish in the PP group were significantly higher than that in the AP group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of hepatopancreas TOR and IGF1 genes in the PP group were significantly higher than that in the MP group (p < 0.05). The present results indicate dietary fishmeal significantly improved the growth performance and muscular flavor glycine content, while dietary plant-based protein increased crude protein content, antioxidant ability, and muscular texture performance of Triploid Crucian Carp.

Hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal in extruded diets for cats

ABSTRACT Hydrolysed proteins have been shown to be potential ingredients in cat diets due to their high digestibility, presence of bioactive peptides, and relatively low antigenicity. The effects of the substitution of conventional low ash poultry byproduct meal (PBM) with hydrolysed poultry byproduct meal (HPM) as a protein source were evaluated in extruded cat diets. Five diets with similar nutrient contents were formulated: a control (CO) diet based on PBM and 4 diets with different inclusions of HPM (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, on an as-fed basis) replacing PBM as the protein source. The total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, faecal characteristics and microbial fermentation products, urine production and pH, nitrogen balance and urea renal excretion were evaluated using 30 healthy cats (15 males and 15 females; 4.18 ± 0.86 kg; 4.17 ± 1.38 years old), with 6 cats per diet in a complete randomised block design. When significant differences were found with the F test, the effects were evaluated by polynomial contrasts according to HPM inclusion (p < 0.05). The CTTADs of DM (89 ± 0.41%), CP (90 ± 0.36%), fat (93 ± 0.41%) and gross energy (90 ± 0.33%) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). The faecal production, score, short-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentration were similar among treatments (p > 0.05). Isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and total branched-chain fatty acid contents increased quadratically (p < 0.05), with the highest level in the faeces of cats fed the diet with 20% HPM. Lactate concentration in faeces increased linearly with the inclusion of HPM (p < 0.05). Urine characteristics and urea renal excretion did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). At 10% inclusion, HPM tended to increase the nitrogen retention of cats (p = 0.083), which may reflect the higher tryptophan, methionine, lysine, and available lysine contents of HPM in comparison to PBM. The inclusion of up to 30% HPM can be considered in cat formulations without affecting nutrient digestibility or faecal and urine characteristics. HPM tended to increase nitrogen retention and increased branched-chain fatty acids in faeces, aspects which deserves further studies.

Нарушения метаболизма аминокислот крови и мочи у детей с диспластическими деформациями позвоночника и грудной клетки

The purpose — to study the content of amino acids in the blood and urine of children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, having spine and chest deformities. Material and methods. 81 children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia aged 7–17 years were examined. The main group consisted of 49 children with spinal and thoracic deformities; the comparison group consisted of 32 children without spinal and thoracic deformities. The state of the free amino acid pool was assessed by thin-layer chromatography. The blood content and daily urinary excretion of 22 free amino acids and their derivatives were determined. Results. We found that in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, changes in the content of proline in the blood were most common in 73 (90.1%) and hydroxyproline in 63 (77.8%) patients. In patients with spinal and thoracic deformities, the content of all 22 amino acids in the blood was changed; among children without spinal and thoracic deformities, the concentration of 11 amino acids was changed. Changes in the content of amino acids in the urine of children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia were detected more often than changes in their content in the blood. At the same time, there were changes in the content of all amino acids in urine among patients. Most often, in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, changes in the content of proline were recorded in urine in 73 (90.1%) and hydroxyproline in 65 (80.3%) patients. Less frequently, there was a change in the content of lysine — in 49 (49.4%), ornithine — in 32 (39.5%), phenylalanine — in 29 (35.8%). In children with deformities of the spine and chest, the altered content of amino acids in urine was more common than in patients without deformities. Conclusions. The revealed changes in the content of amino acids in the blood and urine of children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia reflected a violation of their metabolism in the structural components of connective tissue, which led to a violation of its structure and functions. The formation of deformities of the spine and chest can be considered as a clinical manifestation of deep biochemical disorders of connective tissue metabolism in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia.

NUTRITIVE POTENTIALS OF INDIGENOUS FORBS FOR RABBITS IN PORT HARCOURT

This research examined the nutritive value of indigenous forbs as sole feed for rabbits in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Thirty-five farms in two Local Government Area were purposively selected for the study. Samples of the forages were obtained for laboratory analyses. Data collected were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, descriptive statistics and Duncan Multiple Range Test in SPSS. Corchorus olitorius, Telfairia occidentalis, Ipomea batatas, Amaranthus spps and Tridax procumbens were identified as rabbit feed by the farmers. DM, CP, EE, CF, ash and NFE values ranged from 89–91.06%, 14.33–21.53%, 3.50–3.87%, 15.67–22.03%, 8.35– 11.36% and 38.59–42.24%, respectively. NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose in percent DM ranged from 44.96–59.16, 28.79–47.61, 9.11–13.37, 11.55–16.71 and 19.21–34.24, respectively. Methionine, lysine and tryptophan contents (mg/100g protein), ranged from 0.178– 0.389, 0.589–0.876 and 0.217–0.328, respectively. Also, trypsin inhibitors (mg/g) ranged from 1.76–4.89, while tannins, phytates, oxalates, saponins and alkaloid values in percent ranged from 0.0032–0.006, 0.436–0.689, 0.268–0.587, 0.354–0.561 and 0.546–0.659, respectively. There were significant differences (p

Assessment of Defatted Protein Concentrate from Flying Fish Roe Filament and Its Amino Acid Profile

Flying fish roe filament has a high protein content that can be explored as an alternative nutrition food. Unfortunately, those roe filaments still have a fishy odor caused by volatile compounds and fatty acid derivatives. This study aims to eliminate the fishy odor by removing the fat content using the defatting method. The research design used in this study was a simple Randomized Block Design (RDB) consisting of four treatments (control, 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h). The method used in this study for determining amino acids is a descriptive method using HPLC (HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography). The best treatment for extraction time was 5 h with the results of moisture content 10.5 %, ash content 7.5 %, protein content 47.925 %, fat content 8.65 %, total volatile base (TVB) 4.939 %, and yield 86.63 %. TVB value proved that the treatment could reduce the fatty acid content, so the protein concentrate becomes not fishy (from 9.64 to 4.939 %). The best treatment showed the highest content of lysine (149.75 mg 100 g-1) than another essential amino acid.

Does protein deamidation enhance rice protein concentrate’s ability to produce and stabilize high internal phase emulsions?

Rice is one of the most consumed grains in the world. Rice protein has great nutritional value as a hypoallergenic protein and due to its high lysine content, a limiting amino acid in several other plant protein sources. However, rice protein has low solubility, hampering its use in many applications in the food industry. In this context, alkaline deamidation (0.5 h, 343 K, and pH 11) was applied to modify the protein structure of rice protein concentrate (RPC). After deamidation, two protein powders were produced: (i) one containing the whole protein fraction recovered after RPC deamidation (DT) and (ii) another containing only the soluble fraction recovered after RPC deamidation (DS). Protein dispersions were characterized by SDS-PAGE, zeta potential, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and capacity to hold water and oil. RPC could not structure canola oil into a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) due to its low solubility. DT and DS dispersions displayed solubility much higher than RPC and enabled the structuration of HIPEs with 75 % (w/w) canola oil and 25 % of DT or DS dispersions (2, 4, and 6 % w/w). HIPEs were characterized regarding particle size, microstructure, Turbiscan and oil loss stabilities, and rheological behavior for 60 days. Turbiscan analysis and oil loss measurements showed high stability, and the thixotropy tests showed high recovery in all HIPEs. Higher protein concentrations and DS dispersions produced HIPEs with smaller particle sizes. However, rheological measurements indicate that HIPEs produced with DT dispersions had better results, maintaining their structure over the 60 days. Furthermore, DT is cheaper to produce; therefore, DT 4 and 6 % w/w were the most promising for producing HIPEs. The HIPEs produced in this study displayed great potential as fat replacers.

Functional Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter Genes ACYPI000536 and ACYPI004320 in Acyrthosiphon pisum.

In recent years, pea aphids have become major pests of alfalfa. Our previous study found that "Gannong 5" is a highly aphid-resistant alfalfa variety and that "Lie Renhe" is a susceptible one. The average field susceptibility index of "Gannong 5" was 31.31, and the average field susceptibility index of "Lie Renhe" was 80.34. The uptake and balance of amino acids in insects are usually dependent on amino acid transporters. RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of seven amino acid transporter differential genes in the different instar pea aphids fed on resistant and susceptible alfalfa varieties after 24 h, and two key genes were selected. When pea aphids fed on "Gannong 5", the expression of ACYPI004320 was significantly higher than that in pea aphids fed on "Lie Renhe"; however, the expression of ACYPI000536 was significantly lower than that in pea aphids fed on "Lie Renhe". Afterward, the RNA interference with pea aphid ACYPI000536 and ACYPI004320 genes was performed using a plant-mediated method, and gene function was verified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and pea aphid sensitivity to aphid-resistant and susceptible alfalfa varieties. The results showed that the down-regulation of the ACYPI000536 gene expression led to an increase in the histidine and lysine contents in pea aphids, which, in turn, led to an increase in mortality when pea aphids fed on the susceptible variety "Lie Renhe". The down-regulation of the ACYPI004320 gene expression led to an increase in phenylalanine content in pea aphids, which, in turn, led to a decrease in mortality when pea aphids fed on the resistant variety "Gannong 5".

Comparative Analysis of Amino Acid Profile of Tenualosa Ilisha and Catla Catla and Their Potential Contribution to Recommended Nutrient Intake

Objective: The current study aimed to determine the amino acid profiles and proximate compositions of two commonly consumed fish species of Bangladesh: Tenualosa ilisha and Catla catla, commonly known as Hilsha, the national fish of Bangladesh and Catla, respectively. Methodology: The fish samples were collected from two wholesale fish markets (ghaats) in Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. The Amino Acid content of the selected samples was analyzed by an amino acid analyzer. Fourteen amino acids (eight essential and six non-essential) could be detected by the analyzer. Results: In the case of the essential amino acid content of the samples, threonine, valine, isoleucine, histidine, and lysine content was greater in the Hilsha fish than that of Catla. On the other hand, methionine, leucine, and phenylalanine content were higher in Catla than that in Hilsha. All six non-essential amino acids were found in greater amounts in Hilsha. Concerning the potential contribution (%) of the selected samples to the daily recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of essential amino acids in children (5-10 years), Hilsha fish potentially contributes (&gt;50%) to the daily RNI of threonine, methionine, and lysine and Catla fish potentially contributes (&gt;50%) to the daily RNI of methionine and lysine. In regards to the adult’s RNI, Hilsha potentially contributes (&gt;50%) to the daily RNI of methionine and lysine but Catla was found to contribute potentially (&gt;50%) to the daily RNI of methionine only. Conclusion: Both of the samples were found to be a substantial source of protein and essential amino acids to significantly contribute to the daily RNI of essential amino acids concerning children (5-10 years) for growth and adults for maintenance. Bioresearch Commu. 10(1): 1371-1377, 2024 (January)

Substituting green light for partial red light promoted the growth and quality, and regulated the nitrogen metabolism of Medicago sativa grown under red-blue LEDs

Light quality can affect the growth of plants, regulate the accumulation and metabolism of substances, thereby improving the growth and quality of plants. Alfalfa is a vital forage with wide distribution and high value for feeding. However, few studies have investigated the effects of light quality on growth, quality, and nitrogen (N) metabolism regulation of alfalfa under artificial light control environment. In this study, the light intensity was 400 μmol·m−2·s−1 and photoperiods was 16/8 h. Five light quality treatments were used for alfalfa production, red-blue ratio of 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1, respectively, and on the basis of red-blue ratio of 4:1, 5% and 10% red light were replaced by green light were also used (R3B1, R4B1, R5B1, R19B5G1 and R18B5G2). The results showed that although the stomatal conductance and lysine content of the R3B1 treatment were significantly higher than other treatments, but the leaf area, fresh yield, contents of soluble sugar, sucrose, nitrate and ammonium, as well as the enzyme activities of NR, NiR, GOGAT and GS were the lowest among all treatments. The R3B1 treatment resulted in growth inhibition and reduced N metabolism levels. Strikingly, compared with the R4B1 treatment, the synthesis of Chl a+b, Chl a, Chl b, and free amino acid, as well as the accumulation of nitrate and crude protein, and the activity of GS also increased significantly in the two treatments which green light replaced partial of red light. However, the contents of soluble sugar, glutamate and lysine, as well as the activities of GOGAT and GDH, were significantly reduced in the R19B5G1 and R18B5G2 treatments. The carotenoids and sucrose contents of R19B5G1 treatment were significantly higher than R4B1 treatment, and the fresh weight and NR activity of R18B5G2 were significantly higher than R4B1 treatment. In addition, the content of starch and soluble protein and AK activity were not affected by light quality. In general, green light instead of partial red light increased the content of photosynthetic pigment and promoted the growth of alfalfa. Although the levels of glutamate, cysteine and lysine were reduced, it was beneficial to the accumulation of nitrate, free amino acid and crude protein, maintained the stability of N metabolism and improved the feeding value. These findings provide valuable insight into the effects of light quality regulation on value of feeding and N metabolism of alfalfa.

Research on the Potential of Secondary Raw Materials Formed during Bivalve Mollusks Processing

The catch analysis of the main fishing objects in the Far Eastern basin indicates quite large production volumes of both fish and non-fish objects. When processing bivalves, there is up to 70 % of waste generated, including shells and inedible meat parts of the body. A man studied the chemical composition of dry and wet mussel waste. The chemical composition research of dry mussel waste demonstrates that shells contain 80.1 % minerals, 0.8 % water, 0.3 % total nitrogen; with no lipids. Wet waste contains much less minerals (12.7 %), more water (20.2 %) and protein (6.7 %), with 7.9 % lipids. The shell minerals consist of calcium, mainly. Wet waste, along with calcium, contains sodium, potassium, iron, aluminum and zinc oxides, primarily. When examining wet mussel waste, the researchers found that there were the following carbohydrates in it: monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose and fructose), glycogen, hexosamines. The overall yield of carbohydrates is 1.283 %. Amino acid composition studies of wet mussel waste proteins reveal the interchangeable and essential amino acid inclusion in it. The following interchangeable acids predominate: aspartic and glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, arginine; as for the essential ones, there is a high content of leucine and lysine, least of all in the protein of the essential acid histidine. Due to the presence of a large amount of mineral substances dry mussel waste can be used for the feed additives production. Wet waste demonstrates a higher value: it contains high-grade protein compared with dry waste, and has a more diverse mineral composition. There are valuable carbohydrates in the waste, therefore, with appropriate processing, this raw material can be included in the multicomponent dispersed food products composition.

Wetting alternating with partial drying during grain filling increases lysine biosynthesis in inferior rice grain

Lysine content is a criterion of the nutritional quality of rice. Understanding the process of lysine biosynthesis in early-flowering superior grain (SG) and late-flowering inferior grain (IG) of rice would advance breeding and cultivation to improve nutritional quality. However, little information is available on differences in lysine anabolism between SG and IG and the underlying mechanism, and whether and how irrigation regimes affect lysine anabolism in these grains. A japonica rice cultivar was grown in the field and two irrigation regimes, continuous flooding (CF) and wetting alternating with partial drying (WAPD), were imposed from heading to the mature stage. Lysine content and activities of key enzymes of lysine biosynthesis, and levels of brassinosteroids (BRs) were lower in the IG than in the SG at the early grain-filling stage but higher at middle and late grain-filling stages. WAPD increased activities of these key enzymes, BR levels, and contents of lysine and total amino acids in IG, but not SG relative to CF. Application of 2,4-epibrassinolide to rice panicles in CF during early grain filling reproduced the effects of WAPD, but neither treatment altered the activities of enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism in either SG or IG. WAPD and elevated BR levels during grain filling increased lysine biosynthesis in IG. Improvement in lysine biosynthesis in rice should focus on IG.

Solid-state fermentation for gossypol detoxification and nutritive enrichment of cottonseed cake: A scale-up of batch fermentation process

Gossypol, a toxic polyphenolic compound, limits the use of cottonseed cake (CSC) in animal feed. Different approaches have been employed to detoxify gossypol and improve the nutritive properties of feed. Microbial fermentation improves the nutritive quality of CSC by increasing lysine content and reducing free and bound gossypol. In this study, microbial fermentation was scaled up under batch conditions using a prototype device at the capacity of 40 kg per day. The mixed fungal culture C. tropicalis + S. cerevisiae was used for fermentation. An industrial trial was taken to ascertain the gossypol detoxification efficiency. The fermented CSC obtained under scale-up process had 60 to 80% and 40 to 60% reduction of free and bound gossypol, respectively, compared with raw CSC. The fermented CSC demonstrated an increase in crude protein (4 to 12%) and lysine (0.3 to 0.4%) and decrease in crude fibre (3 to 11%). The fermented CSC met the standards of US Food and Drug Administration in terms of its nutritional property. Thus, the simple method described in this study could be adopted for the production of detoxified CSC for use in the animal feed industry.

Spring wheat and triticale varieties productivity in risk farming area

The studies were carried out in 2015-2022 at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture (Khabarovsk Territory). The object of study is released varieties of spring wheat (Khabarovchanka, Lira-98, Anfeya) and spring triticale (Ukro, Rovnya, Grebeshok). Agrometeorological conditions during the years of research were varied: 2015, 2016, 2019, 2022 - with excessive moisture, 2021 - insufficient precipitation, 2017, 2018 - within the average annual values. As a result of the research, it was found that under favorable conditions, the yield of triticale varieties was 45.2-79.8 centners per hectare, under the influence of limited factors, this indicator decreases by 3.6-5.0 times, and the formation of the productivity of wheat samples in the region is more stable. (average yield was 33.6-51.4 сentners per hectare). In terms of grain quality, there were differences in grain crops - wheat varieties accumulate a high amount of protein in grain (more than 15 %), triticale samples have the highest content of lysine in grain (more than 400 mg/%). It was revealed that the signs of productivity in the zone of risky farming in triticale and wheat varieties are inversely correlated with agrometeorological environmental conditions. High correlations were noted between: yield and heat in July for the triticale variety Grebeshok (r=0.75), grain size and heat in May and July for samples of triticale Grebeshok and Rovnya (r=0.74 and r=0.73 respectively), yield and amount of precipitation in June for wheat varieties Khabarovchanka and Lira-98 (r= -0.77 and r= -0.78 respectively), weight of 1000 grains and surface air temperature for variety Lira-98 (r= - 0.78).

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Values, Bioactive Compounds and Antinutrients in Tartary and Common Buckwheat Leaves

Among the millets grown in the Himalayan region of India, common and tartary buckwheat are the most cultivated species. Due to its extensive nutritional and antioxidant characteristics, buckwheat is attracting much interest, especially in producing nutrient-rich healthy foods. The objective of this study was to investigate nutritional values (protein, lysine, arginine and tryptophan content), bioactive compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and rutin content) and antinutrients (phytate, tannin and oxalate) in tartary and common buckwheat leaves. Till now, very little information is available on the phytochemical constituents of buckwheat leaves as compared to the seeds. Common buckwheat leaves contain significantly (p &lt; 0.05) more protein (22.21 ± 0.23 gm/100 g), lysine (12.41 ± 0.41 gm/ 100 g protein), arginine (6.61 ± 0.29 gm/100 g protein) and tryptophan (3.58 ± 0.36 gm/100 g protein) content then tartary buckwheat. There were relatively minor differences in the contents of amino acids. The results showed that the phenol (1768.16 ± 0.78 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoid (678.31 ± 0.27 mg QE/100 g), total antioxidant activity (52.89 ± 0.77 mg/100 g), rutin (11.32 ± 0.10 gm/100 gm), phytate (2.84 ± 0.07 gm/100 gm), tannin (2.76 ± 0.08 gm/100 gm), and oxalate (4.27 ± 0.03 gm/100 gm) content of the tartary buckwheat samples were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher as compared to that of the common buckwheat leaves. On the basis of this study, it can be concluded that tartary buckwheat leaves are superior as green vegetables compared to common buckwheat for preventative nutrition.

Unraveling Compositional Study, Chemometric Analysis, and Cell-Based Antioxidant Potential of Selective High Nutraceutical Value Amaranth Cultivars Using a GC-MS and NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach.

Amaranthus (family Amaranthaceae) is a potentially nutritious pseudocereal also known as a functional food owing to its high nutritional quality grains especially rich in essential amino acids. Emerging study, however, unambiguously indicates that apart from essential nutrients like protein, other phytochemicals present in amaranth seeds provide excellent health benefits. Squalene is one such phytonutrient found in Amaranthus seeds, which is also its largest vegetal source. In this research work, GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics have been utilized for the compositional analysis of Amaranthus seeds coupled with a multivariate data set. Investigation of nonpolar and polar seed extracts of six different cultivars of amaranth identified 47 primary and secondary metabolites. One-way ANOVA showed significant quantitative metabolic variations in different cultivars of amaranth. Multivariate principal component analysis of both the GC-MS and NMR analyzed data broadly classified in two groups showed significant variations in the polar (lysine, arginine, GABA, and myoinositol) and nonpolar (squalene, tryptophan, and alkylated phenols, which are potential nutraceutical agents) metabolites. The squalene content estimated using HPLC varied significantly (1.61 to 4.72 mg g-1 seed dry weight) among six different cultivars. Positive correlations were found among the cellular antioxidant activity and squalene content. Cultivar AM-3 having the maximum squalene content showed the highest antioxidant activity evaluated on the cellular level over human embryonic kidney cells, clearly revealing potent intercellular reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity and strong membrane lipid peroxidation inhibition potential. Oxidative stress markers such as MDA, SOD, GSH, and CAT levels in cells further corroborated the research work. The study also indicated high concentrations of lysine (80.49 mg g-1 dry seeds) in AM-2, squalene (0.47% by weight) in AM-3, and 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol (18.64% peak area) and myoinositol (79.07 mg g-1 dry seeds) in AM-5. This novel comparative metabolomic study successfully profiles the nutrient composition of amaranth cultivars and provides the opportunity for the development of nutraceuticals and natural antioxidants from this functional food.

α-Lipoic acid as an ingredient of specialized food product and dietary supplement

A review of the literature in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, Google Scholar, Pubmed, and ResearchGate databases.The purpose of the review was to assess the content of α-lipoic acid (ALA) in foods and compare the doses allowed for use in dietary supplements and specialized food products with doses that provide a clinical effect. ALA or thioctic acid is synthesized in the organism and is also found in foods in free oxidized and reduced form, bound to proteins by hydrogen bonds, as well as covalently bound to lysine residues (lipoyl-lysine) in proteins, which complicates the analytical determination and reduces the bioavailability of this vitamin-like substances. Various methods for determining the natural content of individual forms (ALA and lipoyl-lysine) and their total content in food products have been described. The content of free ALA in 100 g of raw products of animal origin varies from 0.22 to 1.35 mg, of plant origin – from 0.22 to 2.04 mg. Losses during heat treatment reach 77–92%. Lipoyl–lysine content ranged from 2.11–3.99 µg/g heart, 0.56–1.17 µg/g liver, 0.71–1.40 µg/g kidney, while ALA amounts ranged from 0.22 up to 0.55 µg/g heart, from 0.38 to 0.51 µg/g liver. It is difficult to estimate the dietary intake of the total amount of all forms of ALA due to differences in extraction and detection methods. According to the domestic regulatory framework, the adequate level of ALA consumption for adults is 30 mg/day, the upper permissible level of daily consumption for adults as part of specialized food products (SFP), preventive and therapeutic nutrition and dietary supplements is 100 mg/day. ALA is often included in multicomponent dietary supplements and SPP in doses from 15 mg to 100 mg. A positive effect when taken for 10 or more weeks on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as other clinical effects in patients, is observed when taking ≥ 600 mg of ALA per day, which is significantly higher than the doses allowed for inclusion in the SFP.

Artificial neural network and genetic algorithm coupled fermentation kinetics to regulate L-lysine fermentation

Fermentation plays a pivotal role in the industrialization of bioproducts, yet there is a substantial lag in the fermentation process regulation. Here, an artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) coupled with fermentation kinetics were employed to establish an innovative lysine fermentation control. Firstly, the strategy of coupling GA with ANN was established. Secondly, specific lysine formation rate (qp), specific substrate consumption rate (qs), and specific cell growth rate (μ) were predicted and optimized by ANN-GA. The optimal ANN model adopts a three-layer feed-forward back-propagation structure (4:10:1). The optimal fermentation control parameters are obtained through GA. Finally, when the carbon to nitrogen ratio, residual sugar concentration, ammonia nitrogen concentration, and dissolved oxygen were [2.5, 4.5], [6.5, 9.5] g·L−1, [1.0, 2.0] g·L−1 and [20, 30] %, respectively, the lysine concentration reaches its peak at 213.0 ± 5.10 g·L−1. The novel control strategy holds significant potential for optimizing the fermentation of other bioproducts.

Formation of Maillard reaction products in a model bread system of different gluten-free flours.

In this study, we determined the levels of Maillard-type products (furosine, free fluorescent advanced glycation end products, 3-deoxyglucosone, methylglyoxal, and N-ε-carboxymethyllysine) in a model gluten-free bread made of wholegrain white, brown, wild, red, and black rice flour, as well as of yellow and purple corn flour. The total protein, lysine, arginine, and cysteine contents were found to relate directly to the formation of Maillard-type products. The malvidin, ferulic, syringic, sinapic, and p-coumaric acids present in gluten-free breads were effective against the formation of furosine, fluorescent compounds, and dicarbonyls, but were ineffective in mitigating CML. Although the bread formulated with purple corn flour had the lowest levels of furosine and fluorescent compounds, this formulation led to an increase in N-ε-carboxymethyllysine and adversely affected the bread's aroma, on account of the presence of polyphenols responsible for a bitter aroma, which were at their highest concentration (1942.34µg/g) in this bread.

Valorized Palm Kernel Cake and Bambaranut Meal Affects Amino Acids, Growth and Nutrient Utilization in African Catfish, &lt;i&gt;Clarias gariepinus&lt;/i&gt;

The high cost of fishmeal and plant protein like soybean has necessitated the search for alternative aqua feed ingredients like proteinous agro waste products. Agro waste are cheap and plausible alternative but lacks some essential amino acids and has several anti-nutritional factors (ANF) like phytic acid, non-starch polysaccharides, high fiber, and protease inhibitors. Solid-state fermentation of the agro wastes can reduce the ANF and improve the protein and nutritional values of feed ingredients. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a byproduct of palm kernel oil production, and it is proteinous and abundant in Nigeria. Bambaranut meal (BNM) is a neglected proteinous legume high in methionine and lysine and is abundant and cheap. Freshly produced PKC and BNM were solid-state fermented for 5 days in a bioreactor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used to produce five novel diets. The inclusion levels of solid-state fermented PKC: BNM per diet were as follows: F1, 450:50, F2,350:150, F3,250:250, F4,150:350, and F5,50:450. There was a control diet labeled as feed F6 which was a control. A total of 270 African catfish fingerlings of average weights distributed as follows F1, 2.63±0.06g, F2, 2.70±0.13g, F3, 2.40±0.08g, F4, 2.30±0.05g and F5, 2.70±0.09g, were acclimatized for 7 days and stocked at 15 fish per 3 replicates aquaria per treatment feed. The catfish were fed ad libitum two times daily with the treatment feeds for 70 days. Culture water was changed daily. Catfish were weighed every 14 days. The catfish that received feed F4 (PKC:BNM;150:350g) had the best specific growth rate (SGR) of 4.43±0.06% day-1, lowest food conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.01±0.07 and highest protein efficiency ratio (PER) of 1.24. The catfish fed feed F3 (PKC: BNM) 250:250g, was next to F4 with SGR, Final weight, gut volume, and gut weight were all higher for catfish receiving feed F4 followed by those fed feed F2. There were no significant differences between the PER of catfish-fed diets F2, 0.39±0.03 and F3, 0.39±0.06. The lysine and methionine content of the feed increased with inclusion of FBNM than FPKC. In conclusion, solid state fermented BNM and PKC should be included in catfish feed for optimal growth and profitability.

Dietary L-Lysine Requirement of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Alevins

The suitable dietary L-lysine concentration for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) alevins was assessed by a dose response feeding trial. Six experimental diets were made with graded L-lysine concentrations of 2.29%, 2.81%, 3.32%, 3.80%, 4.27%, and 4.78% of the dry matter, respectively, each of which was fed to triplicate groups of 100 alevins (initial body weight: 0.30 ± 0.01 g) in 18 plastic baskets (water volume 240 L). The alevins were cultured in a flowing freshwater system and fed manually to apparent satiation four times a day for 12 weeks. The survival rate of alevins did not differ significantly among the dietary groups. The specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and body protein deposition (BPD) increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) with the increase in dietary lysine concentration up to 3.80% and then reduced as lysine level further increased. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) had an inverse trend to SGR. The whole-body crude protein content of the alevins increased significantly with increasing dietary lysine level, while crude lipid content showed the opposite trend. In comparison, the contents of morphological indices, whole-body moisture, and ash were not affected significantly (p &gt; 0.05) by the different dietary lysine concentrations. The highest contents of lysine, arginine, and total essential amino acids (EAAs) were observed in the group with 4.27% dietary lysine concentration, which did not differ significantly from those in the 3.32%, 3.80%, and 4.78% groups but was significantly higher than those in the 2.29% and 2.81% groups. Similarly, valine had the highest content in the group with 4.78%. The variations in dietary lysine had no significant impacts on other EAA and non-EAA contents except glycine, which increased with increasing dietary lysine level. Second-order polynomial model analyses based on SGR, PER, BPD, and FCR evaluated the optimum L-lysine requirements of coho salmon alevins as 3.74%, 3.73%, 3.91%, and 3.77% of the diet or 6.80%, 6.78%, 7.11%, and 6.85% of dietary proteins, respectively.