Content Of Bioactive Components Research Articles

Effect of extraction technique on the content of bioactive components and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of fresh and dried nettle (Urtica dioica L.)

The samples of stinging nettle were collected during June in the Tuzla region. Aqueous extracts were prepared from fresh and dried leaves in order to determinate and compare content of bioactive components and antioxidant potential. Conventional soxhlet, ultrasound assisted extraction and traditional maceration extraction were used as extraction methods. Quantitative determination of phenols and flavonoids was carried out using spectrophotometric methods. Antioxidant activity of nettle aqueous extracts was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content and expected the highest antioxidant capacity, while extracts obtained by maceration gave the lowest results. KEYWORDS:stinging nettle extract;bioactive components;extraction;antioxidant

Exogenous spraying of sucrose improves sensory quality, bioactive components content and anti-obesity activity of Tieguanyin oolong tea

Exogenous spraying of sucrose improves sensory quality, bioactive components content and anti-obesity activity of Tieguanyin oolong tea

Nitrogen Fertilization Improves Growth and Bioactive Compound Content for Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Salvia miltiorrhiza B., an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used to prevent and treat cardiovascular and other diseases. Currently, the majority of medicinal plants used in the US are imported from foreign countries, which involves transportation, quality control, and other issues. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth and content of tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, and salvianolic acid B for Salvia miltiorrhiza B. in Mississippi. Plants were fertilized with one of five nitrogen (N) rates (0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 g N/plant from NH4NO3). Plants were harvested in November 2020 and 2021. Plants treated with 8 g N had higher plant growth index, leaf SPAD value, shoot and root number, shoot and root weight, maximum root length and diameter, shoot: root ratio, N concentration in root, and content of bioactive components compared to plants treated with 0, 2, 4 g N. Plants receiving 6 g N had similar shoot number, maximum root length, maximum root diameter, root weight and content of bioactive components compared to plants receiving 8 g N. However, plants receiving 6 g N had higher photosynthetic activity compared to plants receiving the higher N rate. Higher N rates increased plant growth and content of tested bioactive compounds.

Juice Powders from Rosehip (Rosa canina L.): Physical, Chemical, and Antiglycation Properties

Fruits from rosehip (Rosa canina L.) are gaining popularity due to their content and profile of bioactive components. Rosehip is distinct for its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer properties. However, the abundance of these bioactives led to a tart taste, resulting in its consumption mainly in processed form. Due to microbiological safety, pasteurization is the preferred way of processing, which affects the chemical properties of the juice. A promising approach to improve acceptability of rosehip's physical properties, while preserving its bioactive compounds and adding health-promoting benefits, is to enrich the rosehip juice with functional carriers before drying. The influence of the carrier type (maltodextrin, inulin, trehalose, palatinose) and drying technique (spray- and freeze-drying) on the physical, chemical, and antioxidant properties of pasteurized, and non-pasteurized juice powders was examined in this study. In addition, the ability of powders with functional carriers to inhibit protein glycation was evaluated. Spray drying led to products with improved physical properties in relation to freeze-drying. The addition of carrier substances significantly influenced the antioxidant capacity determined by TEAC ABTS and FRAP methods, whereby the application of inulin and palatinose retained antioxidant capacity better than the frequently used maltodextrin. Moreover, rosehip juice powders showed a promising ability to inhibit protein glycation.

Dynamic changes in flavonoid, phenolic, and polysaccharide contents in leaves and fruits of sea buckthorn during the growing season in southeastern Tibet plateau

• Tibet sea buckthorn is a valuable source of natural functional ingredients. • Antioxidant activity of leaf extracts was higher than that of fruit extracts. • Contents of flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides varied monthly. • Meteorological factors affected polysaccharide and flavonoid contents. • The best harvest month differed for different target components. Sea buckthorn, a medicinal and edible plant, is rich in flavonoids, phenolics, and polysaccharides. We detected monthly variations in the contents of three types of active compounds and the antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit extracts, and explored the effects of meteorological factors on active component contents. The highest flavonoid content in leaves and fruits was in July, and this did not coincide with the maximum contents of phenolics and polysaccharides. Compared with fruit extracts, leaf extracts showed higher antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay, and the total radical trapping antioxidant parameter assay. We detected significant correlations between some meteorological factors and the contents of bioactive components. The results reveal variations in the contents of bioactive components in sea buckthorn throughout the growing season in southeastern Tibet, and reveal the best time to harvest materials for optimum resource use.

New aspects on nutraceutical formulations of whey protein concentrate sweetened with steviol glycosides for patients with non-communicable diseases

The current paper aimed to highlight new aspects of nutraceuticals with proven health benefits for patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Four nutraceutical formulations were structured scientifically according to the Indian Standard (IS: 8220/1976) for “Specification for Protein-Rich Concentrated Nutrient Supplementary Foods”. High-quality milk derivatives with considerable protein content (10g protein/serving) rich in essential amino acids with valuable branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) reaching about 18% of total amino acids content and calcium content 325 mg/serving were included in whey protein concentrate (WPC) and skim milk powder (SMP). Zero-calorie artificial sweetener steviol glycosides (SGs) from a natural source (stevia leaf extract) were added with vitamins, minerals, and natural flavors. One of the new aspects is the valuable nutrient-nutrient interaction, as in the synergistic effect between WPC and SGs. Also, the presence of natural flavors (vanilla-cinnamon-coffee-raw cocoa) has great effects with their contents of bioactive components and antioxidants. Valuable applications of these nutraceuticals were discussed here to show their medicinal benefits with regular consumption by patients with NCDs and those with special food needs, such as in malnourished people, pregnant and lactating women, adolescents, and athletes to improve their physical activity, mentality, and overall performance summed up in the term of improving quality of life (QoL). Research design was carried out by applying evidence-based approaches. Well-structured scientific publications were examined thoroughly to collect updated information about using these nutraceuticals as adjuvant therapy in the treatment protocols for patients with NCDs.

ZAWARTOŚĆ POLIFENOLI I KOFEINY W FUSACH UZYSKANYCH PRZY UŻYCIU RÓŻNYCH DOMOWYCH METOD PARZENIA KAWY

Background. Grounds generated during coffee brewing as waste produced in the world in millions of tons per year seem to be an interesting source of bioactive substances for further use. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of bioactive components in coffee grounds obtained from coffee brewing using popular methods. Coffee grounds obtained as a result of brewing Arabica coffee using five methods: pouring, drip, crucible, coffee maker and espresso machine were tested. The content of phenolic acids and total phenols, as well as antioxidant activity (by means of DPPH• and FRAP methods) and caffeine (for the first time by means of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) technique) were assessed. Results and conclusion. A coffee brewing method significantly affects the residue of bioactive compounds in grounds. The results obtained allow to conclude that the methods in which the contact of a ground grain with water is short, and a grain is coarsely ground, leave the most polyphenols and caffeine in coffee grounds. Such techniques were those using a drip and espresso machine (total phenolic content up to 12.29 and 14.88 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, respectively) and pouring in the case of caffeine (21 mg/g). In turn, coffee grounds obtained from brewing coffee in a crucible, in which most of the determined substances were extracted into the infusion, had the least bioactive compounds. Out of all the extraction systems being evaluated, aqueous ethanol (50 %) was indicated as the most effective one. The use of spent coffee grounds as a source of bioactive substances may be a valuable way to valorize large amounts of gastronomic waste.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF WATERMELON SEED EXTRACTS (CITRULLUS LANATUS)

Ponte Academic JournalMar 2023, Volume 79, Issue 3 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF WATERMELON SEED EXTRACTS (CITRULLUS LANATUS)Author(s): Smajovic Alisa ,Deumic Sara, Crncevic Neira, Hadzic Selena, Alagic Sabina, Music Elma Nur, Salihovic Mirsada, Pazalja Mirha, Omeragic Elma, Dedic MirzaJ. Ponte - Mar 2023 - Volume 79 - Issue 3 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2023.3.4 Abstract:Resistance to already known antibiotics is a burning issue. Today, plant material is increasingly being tested with the aim of detecting pharmacologically active components. Watermelon seeds are most often discarded as waste, and bearing in mind that other parts of the watermelon contain a lot of bioactive components, the logical sequence is also the examination of the seed extract. The aim of this paper is to examine the content of bioactive components, antibiotic activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as antibiofilm activity extracts of seeds of two species of watermelon, from Croatia and Greece, obtained from two different extraction methods, maceration and Soxhlet extraction. Phytochemical analysis was performed using three different HPLC methods. The antibacterial effect was done using disc method, MIC was determined using broth dilution method and biofilm formation was done using Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB). The results indicate the presence of some flavonoids in all samples, as well as on antimicrobial activity against certain strains of bacteria. The best result iwas shown by the ethanol extract from Greece and overall ethanol extracts show slightly better antimicrobial activity compared to methanol extracts. Depending on the tested concetration, different biofilm categories appear. The results show that as the extract concentration decreases, the biofilm formation capacity increases. Our data show that extracts of the seeds have the potential to act as antimicrobial agents, and further research is needed. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

Dut meyvesinin fitokimyasal profili ve farmakolojik özellikleri

The fruits of Morus species from the Mulberry family (Moraceae) are traditionally consumed widely due to their positive effects on health. The interest about its health effect are increasing due to its rich content of bioactive components (flavonol, anthocyanin, flavanonol, phenolic acids, alkaloids), minerals (potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium), vitamins (vitamin B1 and folic acid), oils (linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid) and melatonin. In vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the fruits have positive health effects such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antiparkinsonian, anti-tumor/anti-cancer, antimicrobial and immune-enhancing effects due to the bioactive components. In addition, mulberry fruit are traditionally consumed for their diabetes, hypertension, liver, kidney damage, and eye improvement effects. However, there is only limited clinical studies about the pharmacological properties of mulberry fruits whereas more in vitro research are present. In this review, the phytochemical profile, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of Morus alba, Morus rubra, and Morus nigra fruits were investigated.

Identification of Java Tea Adulteration by Babadotan and Tekelan using Machine Learning

Java Tea (Orthosiphon aristatus) is a common herbal medicinal plant that functions as a health treatment and treats various diseases. The high demand for Java Tea causes high prices and a decrease in the amount of medicinal plant raw materials, causing various quality control problems such as the content of various bioactive components and adulteration from babadotan and tekelan. So far, the detection of adulteration has been carried out by various analyzes, including chemical analysis and statistical methods to process data. The data used is of high dimension with a very high-density level, thus causing difficulties in classification. The mixed data of Orthosiphon aristatus consists of 1201 features with a total sample of 216. This study uses a Random Forest (RF) method with a total of 100 trees, and the RF method is combined with the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) method. In the RF and RFE that can be produced, the optimum value for the number of features is 244. The experimental evaluation results revealed that the proposed method could achieve a high accuracy of 81.82% in identifying Orthosiphon aristatus.

Moderate Wine Consumption and Health: A Narrative Review.

Although it is clearly established that the abuse of alcohol is seriously harmful to health, much epidemiological and clinical evidence seem to underline the protective role of moderate quantities of alcohol and in particular of wine on health. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the relationship between the type and dose of alcoholic drink and reduced or increased risk of various diseases, in the light of the most current scientific evidence. In particular, in vitro studies on the modulation of biochemical pathways and gene expression of wine bioactive components were evaluated. Twenty-four studies were selected after PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar searches for the evaluation of moderate alcohol/wine consumption and health effects: eight studies concerned cardiovascular diseases, three concerned type 2 diabetes, four concerned neurodegenerative diseases, five concerned cancer and four were related to longevity. A brief discussion on viticultural and enological practices potentially affecting the content of bioactive components in wine is included. The analysis clearly indicates that wine differs from other alcoholic beverages and its moderate consumption not only does not increase the risk of chronic degenerative diseases but is also associated with health benefits particularly when included in a Mediterranean diet model. Obviously, every effort must be made to promote behavioral education to prevent abuse, especially among young people.

Impacts of Ecological Shading by Roadside Trees on Tea Foliar Nutritional and Bioactive Components, Community Diversity of Insects and Soil Microbes in Tea Plantation.

Roadside trees not only add aesthetic appeal to tea plantations, but also serve important ecological purposes for the shaded tea plants. In this study, we selected tea orchards with two access roads, from east to west (EW-road) and from south to north (SN-road), and the roadside trees formed three types of ecological shading of the adjoining tea plants; i.e., south shading (SS) by the roadside trees on the EW-road, and east shading and west shading (ES and WS) by the roadside trees on the SN-road. We studied the impacts of ecological shading by roadside trees on the tea plants, insects, and soil microbes in the tea plantation, by measuring the contents of soluble nutrients, bioactive compounds in the tea, and tea quality indices; and by investigating the population occurrence of key species of insects and calculating insect community indexes, while simultaneously assaying the soil microbiome. The results vividly demonstrated that the shading formed by roadside tree lines on the surrounding tea plantation (SS, ES, and WS) had adverse effects on the concentration of tea soluble sugars but enhanced the foliar contents of bioactive components and improved the overall tea quality, in contrast to the no-shading control tea plants. In addition, the roadside tree lines seemed to be beneficial for the tea plantation, as they reduced pest occurrence, and ES shading enhanced the microbial soil diversity in the rhizosphere of the tea plants.

Effect of germinated and heat-moisture treated ancient wheat on some quality attributes and bioactive components of noodles

Utilization of germinated and heat-moisture treated wheat in noodle formulation to improve bioactive components and technologic quality was investigated. Flour of untreated, germinated, heat-moisture treated germinated wheat varieties (Esperia, einkorn and emmer) were used at five ratios (0–60 %) in noodles according to (3 × 3 × 5) × 2 factorial design. Forty-five different noodle formulations were produced. Cooking loss values of the noodles raised with increasing ratios of germinated wheat flours. Heat-moisture treatment partially decreased the cooking loss of noodle prepared with germinated wheat flour. The ash, protein, phytic acid, total yellow pigment, total phenolic content, minerals (except K) and antioxidant activity values of the noodle increased with the inclusion of ancient wheat compared to modern wheat. These increases were much more evident with the use of germinated flours of modern and ancient wheat. While the germination process increased the bioactive components content, the heat-moisture treatment improved the technological quality of the noodle prepared from germinated wheat.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Provide Insights into the Flavonoid Accumulation in Peels of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'.

The quality of Chinese medicinal materials depends on the content of bioactive components, which are affected by the environmental factors of different planting regions. In this research, integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of C. reticulata ‘Chachi’ was performed in two regions, and three orchards were included in the analysis. In total, only 192 compounds were found in fresh peels, and among 18 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites, 15 flavonoids were enriched in peels from the Xinhui planting region. In total, 1228 genes were up-regulated in peels from Xinhui, including the CHS and GST genes, which are involved in the salt stress response. Overall, based on the correlation analysis of flavonoid content and gene expression in peels of C. reticulata ‘Chachi’, we concluded that the authenticity of the GCRP from Xinhui may be closely related to the higher content of naringin and narirutin, and the increase in the content of these may be due to the highly saline environment of the Xinhui region.

Optimization of fucoxanthin extraction obtained from natural by-products from Undaria pinnatifida stem using supercritical CO2 extraction method.

In the recent years, edible brown seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, has presented beneficial effects, which may be correlated with this species containing major bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, fatty acids, and phytosterols. Marine carotenoid fucoxanthin is abundantly present in edible Undaria pinnatifida and features strong bioactive activities. The stem of Undaria pinnatifida is very hard to gnaw off and cannot be swallowed; therefore, it is usually discarded as waste, making it an environmental issue. Hence, making full use of the waste stem of Undaria pinnatifida is an urgent motivation. The present study aims to explore the optimal preparation technology of fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida stems using supercritical carbon dioxide methods and provides approaches for the extraction and preparation of bioactive compounds from a waste seaweed part. With the comprehensive optimization conditions applied in this study, the experimental yield of fucoxanthin agreed closely with the predicted value by > 99.3%. The potential of α-amylase and glucoamylase to inhibit bioactive compounds was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the inhibition activity (IC50 value) of α-amylase (0.1857 ± 0.0198 μg/ml) and glucoamylase (0.1577 ± 0.0186 μg/ml) varied with extraction conditions due to the different contents of bioactive components in the extract, especially fucoxanthin (22.09 ± 0.69 mg/g extract). Therefore, this study confirmed supercritical fluid extraction technology to be a useful sample preparation method, which can effectively be used to prepare fucoxanthin from waste marine resources. This method can potentially be applied in functional food and related industries.

Quantification of Chemical Groups and Quantitative HPLC Fingerprint of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf.

(1)Objective: In this study, a quantitative analysis of chemical groups (the triterpenoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, and acidic polysaccharides) and quantitative high liquid performance chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (PC) for quality control was developed. (2) Methodology: First, three main chemical groups, including triterpenoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, and acidic polysaccharides, in 16 batches of PC were evaluated by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Afterward, the quantitative fingerprint of PC was established, and the alcohol extract of PC was further evaluated. The method involves establishing 16 batches of PC fingerprints by HPLC, evaluating the similarity of different batches of PC, and identifying eight bioactive components, including poricoic acid B (PAB), dehydrotumulosic acid (DTA), poricoic acid A (PAA), polyporenic acid C (PAC), 3-epidehydrotumulosic acid (EA), dehydropachymic acid (DPA), dehydrotrametenolic acid (DTA-1), and dehydroeburicoic acid (DEA), in PC by comparison with the reference substance. Combined with the quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS), six bioactive ingredients, including PAB, DTA, PAC, EA, DPA, and DEA, in PC from different places were established. In addition, the multivariate statistical analyses, such as principal component analysis and heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis are more intuitive, and the visual analysis strategy was used to evaluate the content of bioactive components in 16 batches of PC. Finally, the analysis strategy of three main chemical groups in PC was combined with the quantitative fingerprint strategy, which reduced the error caused by the single method. (3) Results: The establishment of a method for the quantification of chemical groups and quantitative HPLC fingerprint of PC was achieved as demonstrated through the quantification of six triterpenes in PC by a single marker. (4) Conclusions: Through qualitative and quantitative chemical characterization, a multi-directional, simple and efficient routine evaluation method of PC quality was established. The results reveal that this strategy can provide an analytical method for the quality evaluation of PC and other Chinese medicinal materials.

Postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment enhanced biological activity by promoting phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways in Lilium brownii var. viridulum

Improving the content of bioactive components in horticultural plants, especially edible and medicinal plants, is of great significance for improving horticultural production efficiency. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is an important inducer of phytoactive components, but its role in the secondary metabolism of lily is still unclear. In this study, 0, 50, 100 and 200 μmol/L MeJA were used to treat postharvest scales of Lilium brownii var. viridulum. The results showed that exogenous MeJA increased the total phenolic acid content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of lily scales several-fold in a short time (72 h), leading to higher antioxidant abilities. qRT–PCR results indicated that MeJA significantly activated the expression of key genes involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), consequently improving their enzyme activities. Consistent with the physiological and gene expression results, metabolome data indicated that multiple metabolic pathways were significantly enhanced by MeJA treatment, including the phenylpropanoid pathway and other downstream metabolic pathways. These results indicated that postharvest treatment with exogenous MeJA promoted the accumulation of secondary metabolites in lily scales by promoting the expression of related genes, which in turn enhanced its nutritional value. The data obtained in this study will not only help to elucidate the regulatory role of MeJA in the secondary metabolism of lily but also provide a low-cost, easy-to-operate, and highly efficient way to enhance the nutrients and medicinal ingredients of horticultural production.

Effect of magnetic field‐assisting germination on bioactive substances and antioxidant activities of quinoa

Nowadays people pay more and more attention to the healthy function of grain. Quinoa is rich in bioactive substances and is easy to grow. In order to further improve the content of bioactive substances in quinoa, this study adapted magnetic field-assisting germination to process quinoa and compared it with ordinary germinated quinoa. The contents of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenols, flavonoids, and saponins of quinoa under different treatments were determined; and the antioxidant activity indexes of quinoa under different treatments were further measured, which included DPPH free radical scavenging rate, ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ABTS free radical scavenging rate. The results showed that the contents of bioactive substances and antioxidant activities of common and magnetic germinating quinoa were significantly higher than those of not germinating quinoa, and increased with the increase in germinating time; and the increase in bioactive substances and antioxidant activities of magnetic germinating quinoa were significantly higher than those of common germinating quinoa. The maximum values of bioactive substance content and antioxidant activity index of germinated quinoa assisted by magnetic field were as follows: GABA 61.93 mg/100 g; total phenol 2.90 mg/g; flavonoids 3.12 mg/g; saponins 8.12 mg/g; DPPH free radical scavenging rate 88.04%; FRAP 8.39 μmol TE/DW; and ABTS free radical scavenging rate 69.97%. In conclusion, the magnetic field-assisting germination can achieve a large and steady increase in the content of bioactive components and antioxidant activity of quinoa. This study aims to provide theoretical guidance for the processing and application of quinoa. Novelty impact statement Magnetic field treatment is an innovative and efficient method for germination without contact and ion residue. Compared with not germinated quinoa and ordinary germinated quinoa, magnetic field-assisting germination can achieve a large and steady increase in the content of bioactive components and antioxidant activity of quinoa, which is convenient for the subsequent processing and research of germinated quinoa to obtain the functional food needed by people.

The Protein-Rich Powdered Beverages Stabilized with Flax Seeds Gum—Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties of the Potentially Bioaccessible Fraction

The functional beverages market is one of the fastest-growing sectors of functional food production. An innovative recipe for powdered fruit and vegetable drinks fortified with lentil proteins (AGF) and stabilized with flax seed gums (FSG) was developed. The study focused on the analysis of potentially bioaccessible fractions from the produced beverages in terms of their antioxidant, antiproliferative activities and physicochemical properties. The contents of bioactive components were tailored by the incorporation of lyophilized fruits and vegetables, the FSG and the AGF. Digestion in vitro effectively released phenolics from all matrices. The highest contents of potentially bioavailable polyphenols were recorded for the AGF based beverages enriched with 5% of FSG and green-leafy vegetables (58 mg/100 mL) and those with lyophilized fruit (54 mg/100 mL). The reducing power of the beverages was mainly affected by the presence of the AGF, while the FSG and lyophilized fruit improved the chelating power. The digests applied in the concentrations mimicking physiological concentrations showed antiproliferative properties against gastric and colon adenocarcinoma—they seemed to be tailored by bioactive peptides and phenolics, respectively. The addition of the FSG improved the stability of the beverages increasing the time required for a reduction of 20% of the initial optical density by 16- and 28-times in the beverages without additives or enriched with vegetables. Both, the AGF and FSG stabilize the beverages after rehydration and are sources of bioaccessible antioxidant and anticancer components, which create their functionality.

Variation in the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Infusions Prepared from Different Parts of Wild Polish Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.).

Nettle is a common plant that offers many health benefits and is grown all over the world. The content of active compounds in roots, stems, and leaves was determined based on the extraction procedure optimized using the Central Composite Design. Flavonols, phenolic acids, trigonelline, nicotinamide, nicotinic acids, and short-chain organic acids were determined with the use of LC–MS/MS and capillary isotachophoresis. Trigonelline, which was not previously reported in the roots and stems of nettle, was found in all parts of the plant and considerable variations in its content were observed (2.8–108 µg g−1). Furthermore, the Principal Component Analysis taking into account more variables demonstrated differences in the content of bioactive components between roots and aerial parts of nettle.