Content Validity Testing Research Articles

Music, Arts, `Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) Learning Objectives’ Level of Attainment and Utilization of Learning Resources

The study determined the attainment of the learning objectives and utilization of resources for the Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) course as assessed by the College of Teacher Education students in a university in Cebu City, Philippines. This study employed the descriptive-correlational method of research using a research-made questionnaire, which was subjected to content validation and pilot testing. All 3rd-year and 4th-year MAPEH majors of the Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education majors during the survey were the respondents of this study. There were 32 third-year BSED - MAPEH students and 21 fourth-year BSED - MAPEH students at the time of the study. The study's findings highlight the need for continuous improvement in MAPEH's teaching and learning experiences. Specifically, the need for progress through various stages for effective behavior change, the importance of providing adequate resources and support to enhance students' competence and motivation, and the significance of appropriate learning resources would support students' mastery of MAPEH course objectives and enhance their motivation and performance.

Development and validation of the adolescent behavioural change Counselling Assessment Tool in Indonesia

BackgroundPrimary care provides an important context to engage adolescents and their families in healthy lifestyles with the goal of reducing future behaviour-related health problems. Developing a valid tool to assess health professionals’ skills in behavioural change counselling is integral to improving the quality of clinical care provided to adolescents in Indonesia.MethodsThis work was nested within a project to develop a training program to enhance the behaviour-change counselling of adolescents and their parents by Indonesian primary care professionals. Initial item development was based on the content of the training module and the domain structure of the Behavioral Change Counselling Index (BECCI), a commonly used tool to assess counselling quality in healthcare settings. Expert panels were used to test content validity, while face validity was assessed by a group of trained psychologists. Inter-rater agreement was calculated prior to tests of construct validity and reliability, which involved psychologists rating 125 audio-taped counselling sessions between the health professional and adolescent patients, together with a parent.ResultsAn initial 13-item tool was developed using a 1–5 Likert scale. Validity and reliability testing resulted in the decision to use a 14-item tool with a 0–3 Likert scale. The scale was found to have a Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.839 (internal consistency), and there was strong inter-rater agreement (0.931).ConclusionThe assessment tool known as the Adolescent Behavioural Change Counselling Assessment Tool, is a valid and reliable instrument to measure Indonesian health professionals’ behavioural-change counselling skills with adolescent patients. The tool provides an evaluation framework for future interventions that aim to improve health professionals’ skills in addressing adolescent behaviour-related health problems.

A survey on the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists towards the application of antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring and its challenges in Qatar.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is an integral part of pharmaceutical care. Antimicrobials are amongst the most commonly monitored medications. Therefore, identifying the gaps in antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and TDM knowledge and skills among pharmacists is crucial to optimize TDM application. What is the current knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers of pharmacists in Qatar towards the application of antimicrobial TDM? Cross-sectional survey. The psychometric validation of the survey underwent 3 stages: domain identification and item generation, content validation, and pilot test. The survey was divided into 4 domains (participant characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers). It was developed in Survey Monkey and distributed to all pharmacists in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) hospitals via email. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Categorical and quantitative variables were expressed as frequencies with percentages and medians with interquartile ranges, respectively. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to test the effect of demographic and professional parameters on the knowledge scores. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Forty-nine responses were collected. The median age of respondents was 34 years and 51% of them were males. Most respondents were clinical pharmacists (47%). On average, 44% of knowledge questions were correct, whereas 32% were incorrect and 23% were not sure of the answer. The median knowledge score was 5 out of 10 (interquartile range 2.5-6). Participants with post-graduate degrees or prior pharmacokinetic training showed trends towards higher knowledge scores. Online pharmacokinetics calculators were the most frequently used dose adjustment method. The top perceived barriers for the implementation of antimicrobial TDM were lack of knowledge and lack of educational sessions. Albeit pharmacists in Qatar had modest level of knowledge about antimicrobial TDM, they had positive attitudes towards TDM and its implications in the clinical practice. Future plans should include providing TDM-related education activities.

Development of a Traditional Game Module to Improve Children's Self-Control Character Skills

This research intends to guide teachers in developing self-control in children aged 9-12 through traditional games. The research method used was Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE framework (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) involving six teachers, seven module validators, and six children. The research findings are as follows: The module received a "very good" rating with a score of 3.40 from one lecturer and five teachers. The surface and content validity tests received a "very good" rating of 3.50 and 3.55, respectively. 3) The application of the module has a positive effect on the self-control of children aged 9-12 years, with a high level of effectiveness of 88.70%. The research results showed that after using the module, the average posttest score (M = 0.9217) was higher than the pretest score (M = 0.6650). This difference is significant, with a value of tt(5) = 4.122, p = 0.009 (p <0.05). This module also has quite a big influence, with an effect size (r) of 0.88 or the equivalent of around 77.26%. In other words, the module has a fairly large role, contributing 77.26% to increasing self-control. The effectiveness of implementing the module is further proven by the N-gain score of 88.7073%, which shows a high level of effectiveness. Thus, this research provides a strong empirical basis for developing better educational programs, especially in improving self-control in children aged 9-12 through a traditional game approach.

Effectiveness of making comics as innovative learning media: A study on prospective elementary school teachers

Comics are one of the teaching materials developed as a tool in the learning process according to a particular topic or material. Therefore, as prospective teachers, students must be able to design and develop teaching materials in the form of comics and apply them in learning in elementary school according to the expected learning objectives. This study aims to see the effectiveness of students in making learning comics as innovative learning media. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection through observation. The research sample was 4th-semester Elementary School Teacher Education (PGSD) students. The results of the content validity test, language, presentation, and graphics were in the valid category. Presentation and discussion skills, as well as student activities based on the results of observations, were stated to be good.

Validity of PBEST Learning Model: An Innovative Learning to Improve Creative Thinking Skill and Entrepreneurial Science Thinking

Based on the results of previous studies, evidence was acquired indicating that the creative thinking abilities of pupils in various locations of Indonesia still require improvement. Creative and innovative thinking in science learning integrated with entrepreneurship produces entrepreneurial science thinking. Learning interventions are needed to develop competitive graduates who can face challenges and rapid changes in the 21st century. This research aims to validate the Project Based Entrepreneurial Science Thinking (PBEST) learning model. The educational development research design used is the validation studies design, which tests two criteria, namely testing content validity (which is also called relevance) and construct validity (which is also called consistency). This validation involves three experts in science education, and the validation instrument uses a validation sheet. The research and data analysis indicate that the PBEST learning model consistently produces highly relevant results that meet rigorous validity and reliability standards (with a percentage of agreement ≥ 75%). The PBEST learning model consists of four stages, namely: (1) Observe and thinking project, (2) Design project, (3) Monitoring and evaluation project, (4) Economic value. The validation of the implementation supporting learning tools confirms the validity and reliability of the semester learning plans, lecture program units, student worksheets, student books, creative thinking skill tests, and entrepreneurial science thinking tests. The PBEST learning paradigm is applicable for enhancing both creative thinking skills and entrepreneurial science thinking.

Construct Validity and Test-Retest Reliability of Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors (QAWRF): A Tripartite Perspective of Worksite-Specific Determinants in Healthcare Settings.

Among available workplace violence (WPV) interventions, only data-driven, worksite-based, and risk-based approach WPV interventions had moderate evidence for effectiveness in decreasing the risk of WPV. The Questionnaires to Assess Workplace Violence Risk Factors (QAWRF) had been previously developed to determine the level of WPV risk factors in each healthcare setting based on the tripartite perspective of key stakeholders to enable effective WPV interventions. This study aimed to determine the construct validity and test-retest validity of QAWRF. QAWRF, a three-component instrument consisting of QAWRF-Administrators, QAWRF-Workers, and QAWRF-Clients, had previously undergone content validation, face validation, and internal consistency reliability testing. 965 respondents were recruited to examine the construct validity of QAWRF, and a subset of these (n = 90) were retested again at an interval of three weeks to assess its test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed, and fitness indices, average variance extracted, correlation coefficient, composite reliability, and intraclass correlation coefficient were determined. QAWRF-Administrator, QAWRF-Worker, and QAWRF-Client had acceptable factor loadings (≥0.6), absolute fit (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation > 0.1), incremental fit (Confirmatory Fit Index and Tucker Lewis Index > 0.9), parsimonious fit (Chi-square/degree of freedom < 5), correlation coefficient between construct (≤0.85), discriminant validity index, and construct reliability (≥0.6). CFA supported a four-factor model for QAWRF-Administrator and QAWRF-Worker, and a two-factor model for QAWRF-Client. QAWRF holds good construct validity and test-retest reliability. By using QAWRF, healthcare managers can identify specific WPV risk factors that are perceived by stakeholders as prevalent at a particular workplace, and these findings can contribute towards data-driven, worksite-specific, and targeted WPV interventions in healthcare settings that are expected to be resource-efficient and more effective than general WPV interventions.

Content validity testing of the INTERMED Self-Assessment in a sample of adults with rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatology healthcare providers.

Care complexity can occur when patients experience health challenges simultaneously with social barriers including food and/or housing insecurity, lack of transportation or other factors that impact care and patient outcomes. People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may experience care complexity due to the chronicity of their condition and other biopsychosocial factors. There are few standardised instruments that measure care complexity and none that measure care complexity specifically in people with RA. We assessed the content validity of the INTERMEDS Self-Assessment (IMSA) instrument that measures care complexity with a sample of adults with RA and rheumatology healthcare providers (HCPs). Cognitive debriefing interviews utilising a reparative framework were conducted. Patient participants were recruited through two existing studies where participants agreed to be contacted about future studies. Study information was also shared through email blasts, posters and brochures at rheumatology clinic sites and trusted arthritis websites. Various rheumatology HCPs were recruited through email blasts, and divisional emails and announcements. Interviews were conducted with nine patients living with RA and five rheumatology HCPs. Three main reparative themes were identified: (1) Lack of item clarity and standardisation including problems with item phrasing, inconsistency of the items and/or answer sets and noninclusive language; (2) item barrelling, where items asked about more than one issue, but only allowed a single answer choice; and (3) timeframes presented in the item or answer choices were either too long or too short, and did not fit the lived experiences of patients. Items predicting future healthcare needs were difficult to answer due to the episodic and fluctuating nature of RA. Despite international use of the IMSA to measure care complexity, patients with RA and rheumatology HCPs in our setting perceived that it did not have content validity for use in RA and that revision for use in this population under a reparative framework was unfeasible. Future instrument development requires an iterative cognitive debriefing and repair process with the population of interest in the early stages to ensure content validity and comprehension. Patient and public contributions included both patient partners on the study team and people with RA who participated in the study. Patient partners were involved in study design, analysis and interpretation of the findings and manuscript preparation. Data analysis was structured according to emergent themes of the data that were grounded in patient perspectives and experiences.

Adaptation of the Indonesian version of the online cognition scale to measure problematic internet use

The internet can make everyday life more accessible; however, it can also cause problematic behavior. It is essential to prevent the negative impact of problematic internet use on daily activities, whether in educational settings, work, social life, or general functioning. This research aims to adapt the Online Cognition Scale (OCS) to the Indonesian language. The number of samples involved in this research was 195 people between the ages of 18-25 years old. This study tested the psychometric properties through content validity tests and obtained S-CVI/Ave results of 0.92 The CFA model fit test index results are within the acceptable value for all goodness of fit indices, with factor loadings between 0.752 - 0.912 for each dimension and 0.318 - 0.882 for each item. There is one invalid item that is eliminated in the Indonesian version of OCS. The coefficient is 1.057, and the coefficient for the four dimensions ranges from 0.770 to 0.878. The coefficient for the four dimensions also moves from 0.792 to 0.881, and the item-total correlation correction test is within the range of 0.427 - 0.702. This measuring tool is used to get an overview of problematic internet usage behavior in Indonesia.

Development of PowerPoint-iSpring Learning Media on Green Chemistry and Global Warming Topics Phase E SMA/MA

PowerPoint-iSpring media supports the learning process where it can display images, videos, animations, text, and others that can increase student activity and learning outcomes. The aim of this research is to produce valid PowerPoint-iSpring learning media on green chemistry and global warming phase E SMA/MA. The type of research used is Educational Design Research with the Plomp model. The validity test was carried out by four chemistry lecturers at FMIPA UNP and two teachers at SMAN 14 Padang by filling out a validation questionnaire. One-to-one evaluation was carried out by three students with different levels of ability. Validation data was analyzed using the Aiken' V index. The results of the content validity test research obtained a value of 0.92 for green chemistry and global warming in the valid category. The construct validity test obtained a value of 0.93 in the valid category and the technical quality validity test obtained a value of 0.93 in the valid category. The average validity test result of PowerPoint-iSpring learning media on green chemistry and global warming is 0.92 in the valid category. The results of the one-to-one evaluation received a good response from students.

Development and Validation of the Bystander Engagement Scale for Witnessed Intimate Partner Violence: A South Korean Version.

Bystanders play a crucial role in assisting and rescuing victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) or sexual assault, thereby preventing further harm. Consequently, an increasing amount of research has focused on improving bystander interventions in such situations. While many existing scales that measure bystanders' willingness to intervene and their behaviors are likely tailored to Western settings and primarily focused on preventing sexual assaults, pursuing diversity to make these scales applicable to a variety of contexts is necessary. This study aimed to develop and validate a scale from South Korean samples that measure the likely level of bystander engagement in witnessed IPV situations, named the Bystander Engagement Scale for Witnessed Intimate Partner Violence (BESW-IPV). Preliminary items, developed to describe various IPV situations that a bystander might witness, underwent content validity testing through expert review and cognitive focus group interviews. Afterward, the scale was administered to 311 participants from the target population in South Korea. The scale's factor structure was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The reliability and validity were rigorously assessed. The final version of the BESW-IPV comprised 28 items. Through EFA, "direct IPV indicators" and "indirect IPV indicators" were identified. Together, these factors accounted for 76.10% of the total variance. CFA affirmed that the final model offers an acceptable fit. The scale's convergent and discriminant validities were also well established. The Cronbach's alpha and the McDonald's omega values were 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. In contrast to many existing tools that measure bystander intervention predominantly within the confines of Western educational settings, we believe that the BESW-IPV can be applied in broader contexts, especially in patriarchal environments. Further research is required to translate and validate this tool in different cultural contexts.

Social Capital and Corporate Social Responsibility: Pathways to the Sustainability of Community Enterprises in Chumphon Province

Purpose: In this research, the objective is to study the impact of social responsibility and social capital on the sustainability of community enterprises. Theoretical Framework: Community enterprises play a crucial role in promoting sustainable growth at the community level by creating economic opportunities, fostering social equality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. In the context of community enterprises, social capital and corporate social responsibility can lead to the enhancement of community problem-solving capabilities, the achievement of community objectives, and the sustainability of both the community enterprise and the community as a whole. Design/Methodology/Approach: A quantitative approach was employed. The sample group used for the study consists of 200 members of community enterprises in Chumphon province. The instrument used for the study is a questionnaire, adapted from previous academic research, which has undergone content validity and reliability tests with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling statistics. Findings: Studies have found that social costs are positively correlated with both corporate social responsibility activities and balanced operational outcomes, while no relationship was found between social responsibility and balanced performance outcomes. Research Practical and Social Implication: The study clearly demonstrates that social capital is a crucial factor for the sustainable operation of community enterprises. Originality/Value: Social responsibility and social capital have great impact on the sustainability of community enterprises, therefore, potential and successful community enterprises must equip with social capital and responsibility.

Working memory program for improving language skills in older adults with mild neurocognitive disorders: A pilot study

Background: Older adults with mild neurocognitive disorders (mild NCD) have a higher risk of major NCD. Cognitive deterioration can cause a deficit in working memory and language. Recent studies have shown some involvement overlapping the brain structure of working memory and language skills. Therefore, working memory intervention effectively enhances language skills in mild NCD. However, more research on this topic in Thailand is required. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and implement a pilot study on a working memory program for improving language skills in older adults with mild NCD. Materials and methods: This study was a developmental research design with two phases. Phase one involved the development and examination of the content validity of the working memory program for improving language skills by five experts. Phase two involved piloting the program with three older adults with mild NCD. The participants were asked to provide suggestions about the clarity of content and images, language usage, font size, the comprehensibility of instructions in each activity, and the quality of audio files used to complement the program activities through semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the collected data. Results: The program comprised nine activities associated with the phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive tasks. The program’s content validity was evaluated by five experts, resulting in a content validity index of 0.94, meeting the established criteria. Among the pilot users, three participants meeting the specified criteria indicated their ability to use and practice the program at home effectively. While most participants agreed that the images were clear and the font size was appropriate, there were concerns regarding the clarity of the training process steps and instructions. Additionally, some participants encountered challenges in accessing audio files through quick response (QR) codes. Conclusion: In summary, the pilot study of the working memory program for improving language skills in older adults with mild NCD passed the content validity test and underwent revisions based on suggestions from the pilot users. Consequently, the program could enhance the language abilities of older adults with mild NCD. The next phase will investigate its effectiveness in improving language skills in older adults with mild NCD.

Marbel Application Based Learning Media to Develop Analytical Skills in Children Aged 4-5 Years

Lacking the necessary facilities and tools in schools, teachers sometimes only use one medium to teach. Teachers also experience difficulties introducing the media to students, considering that children still need to learn numbers and initial number symbols. This research aims to create learning media based on marble applications to develop analytical skills in group B children. The development model used in this research is the ADDIE development model. The data collection method uses questionnaires and assessment tools (assessment forms). Analysis techniques with quantitative and qualitative analysis. Based on the content validity test by two experts, the content validity value was 0.93, where this value is classified as very high validity. The Marble fun numbers game application is suitable for developing children's analytical skills. The results of the effectiveness trial showed that the average value of the analysis ability of the small group of children after learning to use marble fun numbers was 80.2%, and the large group's total score was 81%; this was classified as very good. It was concluded that the marble application-based learning media for developing analytical skills in group B children was highly valid. Hence, the marble application-based development media for developing analytical skills in group B children was suitable.

Content Validity and Cognitive Testing in the Development of a Motivational Interviewing Self-Assessment Questionnaire.

To develop and content validate a self-assessment questionnaire on motivational interviewing (MI) practice as the first stages in forming the questionnaire to be used in cross-sectional studies involving practitioners conducting the MI-based alcohol screening and brief intervention (ASBI). A comprehensive mixed methods approach included a literature review, 3 rounds of expert panel (EP) opinions (n=10), cognitive testing (CT) with 10 MI-based ASBI practitioners, and questionnaire piloting with 31 MI-based ASBI practitioners. Based on the EP opinions in the second round, content validity indices (CVIs) and the modified kappa coefficient (k*) were calculated, focusing on the relevance and understandability of questions and comprehensiveness and meaningfulness of the response options. This analysis was performed in 2020, at the conclusion of the national "Together for a Responsible Attitude Towards Alcohol Consumption" ("Skupaj za odgovoren odnos do pitja alkohola", SOPA) project's pilot implementation. On a scale level, CVI values based on universal agreement for the entire questionnaire were high for 3/4 categories (S-CVI-UA>0.80), and CVI values based on average agreement were high across all categories (S-CVI-Ave>0.90). At the item level, CVI values (I-CVI) were never <0.50 (automatic item rejection), and the modified kappa value (k*) indicated poor validity for two items in the understandability category (k*=0.33). All problematic parts of the questionnaire were further tested and successfully modified based on the results of CT, and accepted in the third round of testing. The final version of the questionnaire demonstrated appropriate content validity for use in studies among Slovenian MI-based ASBI practitioners and is now ready for further psychometric testing.

Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Justice, Character Development and Self-Correct Among School Leaders as Perceived by Teachers

The study was primarily conducted in order to determine the relationship between emotional intelligence, organizational justice, character development, and self-correct among school leaders as perceived by teachers. The study employed multiple regression, which showed a causal relationship between the latent variables. The 173 respondents were chosen through simple random sampling from Davao City. Adapted survey questionnaires were used in the data gathering and underwent validation process from the content validators and underwent pilot testing for content reliability and validity. Findings revealed that the latent variables: emotional intelligence, organizational justice, character development, and self-correct were manifested all the time. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and self-correct, organizational justice and self-correct, and character development and self-correct. On the other hand, a significant influence of the emotional intelligence and self-correct showed that there is an influence of indicators of the predictor variable motivating one-self, self-awareness, and social skills on self-correct. Indicators of managing emotions and empathy have no significant influence on self-correct. Moreover, regression analysis on the significance of the influence of organizational justice on self-correct, indicators of procedural justice, interpersonal justice, and informational justice showed significant influence on self-correct. The indicators of distributive justice showed no significant influence. Further, regression analysis on the influence of character development, an indicator of strong leadership showed significant influence. Based on the findings, emotional intelligence, organizational justice, and character development have significant relationships on self-correct among school leaders as perceived by teachers.

The Mediating Effect of Organizational Climate on The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Autonomy of Work of Teachers

This study looked at the impact of organizational climate in mediating the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and work autonomy among public school secondary teachers in the Municipality of Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte. This study used a descriptive-correlational research (mediation analysis) approach with a sample of 300 public secondary school teachers. Three different survey questionnaires were employed to collect data from respondents, which were then subjected to content validity and reliability testing. The data was examined using the mean, Pearson-r, multiple linear regression analysis, and Medgraph with the Sobel z-test. The findings demonstrated that organizational climate, self-efficacy, and autonomy of the work of teachers are often observed. Furthermore, there was a strong link between these variables. The study found a substantial partial mediation of organizational climate on the link between self-efficacy and autonomy of work of public secondary school teachers in the Municipality of Sto. Tomas.

Construção de uma escala de avaliação do ambiente de trabalho na atenção primária à saúde

Abstract Objective To describe the stages of constructing a scale to evaluate the work environment in Primary Health Care. Method methodological study with five stages: establishment of the conceptual structure; construction of questions and response scale; structuring; content validity with experts and semantic analysis with health professionals. Results construction of the conceptual structure with literature review, the analysis of researchers, experts and health professionals finalized the scale with 36 questions. The work environment is influenced by working conditions, administration and management issues, worker health, workloads, appreciation and motivation, violence and strategies for a healthy work environment. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and Percentage of agreement were performed, with values of 0.96 (CVI) and 96% agreement, respectively. Conclusions and implications for practice the scale was developed and showed agreement, according to the content validity test by experts and health professionals. Thus, the scale is capable of being used for other validation process and can contribute to the practice of health researchers in assessing the work environment.

Content Validity Testing of a Novel Cognitive Screen, the Gaylord Occupational Therapy Cognitive (GOT-Cog), to Improve Inpatient Occupational Therapy Treatment Planning.

No single cognitive screen adequately captures all cognitive domains that are important for inpatient occupational therapy treatment planning. To quantify the content validity of a novel 22-item cognitive screen, the Gaylord Occupational Therapy Cognitive (GOT-Cog) screen, developed to better inform inpatient occupational therapy treatment planning. Delphi-style expert panel review. Long-term acute care hospital. The first panel was attended by four occupational therapists, two speech-language pathologists, one physician assistant, and two neuropsychologists; the second, by four occupational therapists, one speech-language pathologist, and one physician assistant. Each Delphi panel discussed the relevance, essentiality, and clarity of each item. After each discussion, panelists completed a content validity survey to summarize their evaluation of each item. On the basis of panelists' survey responses, item- and scale-level relevance, essentiality, and clarity were quantified by calculating the respective content validity index (CVI), content validity ratio (CVR), and content clarity index (CCI). Universal agreement (UA) and κ statistics were also calculated, as appropriate. Upon presenting the initial 23-item instrument covering 10 cognitive domains to the first Delphi panel, several questions were added, removed, or rewritten, resulting in a 22-item instrument representing nine domains. After the second panel, several questions were again rewritten, and the domains reorganized. All scale-level metrics improved, including CVI (from 0.87 to 1.0), UA (0.52 to 1.0), CVR (0.43 to 0.94), and CCI (2.26 to 2.92). GOT-Cog displays overall excellent content validity and can proceed to construct validity testing. Plain-Language Summary: By reporting on the content validity of the Gaylord Occupational Therapy Cognitive screen, this brief report begins the necessary process of evaluating the measure's overall validity and reliability.

Development and Validation of the Teacher Motivation in Physical Education Questionnaire

Purpose: Grounded in the expectancy-value theory framework, the purpose of this study was to develop and identify the psychometric properties of the Teaching Motivation in Physical Education Questionnaire. Methods: The process included testing content validity with experts (n = 16), construct validity and measurement invariance using factor analysis, and convergent validity using structural equation modeling (SEM) in two physical education teacher samples (n = 373; n = 400). Results: Factor analysis identified a 17-item questionnaire measuring teachers’ expectancy, value, and cost beliefs. Measurement invariance testing revealed equivalence between male and female as well as primary and secondary physical education teachers. Correlational and structural equation modeling analyses showed the adaptive nature of expectancy and subjective task value beliefs along with the maladaptive nature of cost beliefs. Discussion/Conclusion: The Teaching Motivation in Physical Education Questionnaire provides a theoretically grounded approach to investigate physical education teachers’ motivation toward curriculum and instruction.