Content Validity Index Research Articles

Traducción y adaptación cultural de los "Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) Symptom and Impact Tools" para población chilena

Introduction The Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) Symptom and Impact Tools (ST and IT) were published in English in 2022 to monitor the symptoms and impact of persistent COVID-19. ST includes 53 symptoms selected by the patient. IT includes six aspects of life that the patient must rate from 1 to 10 points. We aim to report the results of the cultural adaptation of both instruments for the Chilean population, together with the content validity of the adapted instrument. Methods The cultural adaptation was carried out in five steps: 1) translation from English to Spanish, 2) synthesis, 3) back-translation, 4) review by the editorial board, and 5) testing the questionnaire with ten patients; they answered both questionnaires and seven questions assessing their understanding of the TI and their opinion on whether the instrument reflected the impact of prolonged COVID-19 on their lives. The content validity of the final version of the IT was assessed by 14 experts. Results The main outcome is the two final questionnaires adapted for use in Chile. Most patients responded with the best concept or approval for all items. Content validity showed acceptable results, with an average content validity index of 0.9 and Aiken's V for the relevance of the questionnaire in general of 0.83 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.92). For one item, Aiken's V was less than 0.7 (95% CI 0.5 to 0.8). Conclusions This study provides Chilean health authorities and health providers with an instrument for assessing the impact of prolonged COVID-19 on core aspects of people's lives.

Importance of Reliability and Validity in Research

The goal developing a new research tool is to ensure that the measurement tool has a high level of external validity to be generalizable and have a broader reach and also is highly reliable and able to consistently gather the same result. Researchers need to determine the validity and reliability of each assessment to ensure that they are not misleading their readers and the data can be trusted based on statistical evidence to support their conclusions. Reliability is the ability of consistency of the results over multiple tests. This process can be calculated by determining various measurements such as test-retest reliability, parallel-form reliability, split-half reliability by calculating a correlation coefficient or a t-test. Validity is the extent in which a test will measure what is said to test, which can be established by looking and measuring face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. Validity can be established by using various experts to determine if a test is clear and relevant using a tool such as content validity index. If statistically reliability and validity is established, the research will increase the impact on the research and generalizability can be established.

Abstract 4137716: Development and Content Validation of the Heart Failure Symptom Management Motivation Questionnaire

Introduction: Adequate heart failure (HF) self-management is crucial for alleviating distressing symptoms. While disease knowledge is important, it is insufficient for sustained self-care. Patient motivation plays a key role in successful self-management interventions. However, tools assessing motivation for HF symptom self-management are lacking. Aims: To develop the Heart Failure Symptom Management Motivation (HF-SMM) questionnaire and assess its content validity with nurse experts. Methods: A cross-sectional study occurred in three phases from November 2022 to April 2024. Initially, we conducted a systematic review to identify motivation assessment instruments for cardiovascular self-care and assess their psychometric properties. We then designed the HF-SMM items based on existing tools, guidelines, and clinical expertise, focusing on four HF symptoms: anxiety, depression, edema, and fatigue. The questionnaire comprised three subscales: autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and amotivation. Nurse experts with doctoral degrees and HF experience assessed 96 items about questionnaire clarity and relevance via Delphi rounds, using a 4-point Likert scale. Items with a content validity index (I-CVI) between .80 to 1.00 were deemed acceptable. The average I-CVI of all items resulted in the scale content validity index average (S-CVI/Ave) with a cutoff point of .90. Results: We invited ten experts, with nine participating. They had an average of 17.1 ± 10.7 years of HF clinical experience and 11.6 ± 7.4 years of research experience. In the initial Delphi round, items scored I-CVI ranging from .44 to 1.00 for anxiety, depression, and fatigue, and .66 to 1.00 for edema, resulting in an S-CVI/Ave of .81. After the first round, 54 items with I-CVI >.80 were retained (56.2%), and 42 items were revised (43.8%). A second Delphi round, with 77.7% of the original experts, showed most items with excellent I-CVI scores (> .80; 84; 87.5%), with only ten items needing clarity revisions (10.4%). The overall CVI of the questionnaire was excellent with a S-CVI/ Ave of .90 after two rounds of validation. Conclusions: The HF-SMM questionnaire demonstrates excellent content validity for assessing motivation in HF self-management. Future studies should incorporate cognitive interviews to understand better patient perceptions about the items.

Adaptation of the ‘’Food Allergy Self-Efficacy Scale for Parents’’(FASE-P) to Turkish: a validity and reliability study

Background. Food allergy is a public health issue that has a significant impact on the lives of families. Parental self-efficacy/confidence is important in managing food allergies. The aim of this study is to validate the “Food Allergy Self-Efficacy Scale for Parents” (FASE-P) and assess parental self-efficacy in managing their child’s food allergy. Methods. Turkish version of the FASE-P (T-FASE-P) was administered to 347 parents of children aged 0-18 who had been followed for at least one month due to food allergy at the Pediatric Allergy Clinic of Prof. Dr. Cemil Taşcıoğlu City Hospital between September 1 and December 31, 2023, through face-to-face interviews and online surveys for parents of children with food allergies from the general population. Content validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to evaluate the validity of the scale. General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) was used for concurrent criterion validity. Internal consistency analysis, test-retest application, and item analysis were conducted to assess its reliability. Results. T-FASE-P scale initially contained 21 items, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) calculated in this form was found to be 0.89. Later, when 4 items were excluded, the 17-item version of the scale was calculated as α=0.90. The intra-class correlation coefficient between the test and re-test was found to be 0.972. The content validity index value of the scale was calculated as 0.99, indicating that the content validity was at a sufficient level. In the EFA, it was determined that the scale formed a three-factor structural model and that this model explained 60.82% of the total variance. As a result of the CFA, the fit indices were calculated as χ2/df=2.341, GFI=0.919, TLI=0.950, indicating a good level of fit. Based on the analysis results, T-FASE-P consists of 17 items and three subscales. Conclusion. T-FASE-P scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine the food allergy self-efficacy of Turkish parents.

Identifying the Needs of Paediatric‐Friendly Care in Emergency Department: A Delphi Study

ABSTRACTAimsTo systematically analyse expert perspectives on paediatric‐friendly care in the emergency department and establish specific indicators.BackgroundWith an increasing number of children seeking emergency care, nurses must understand the specific needs of paediatric patients and their families.DesignA two‐round modified Delphi method was used in this study.MethodsIn this study, experts from clinical practice and academia assessed 56 paediatric‐friendly care criteria in the emergency department. Data were collected to establish a consensus and ensure content validity.ResultsThirty experts completed two survey rounds with response rates of 100% and 93.3%, respectively. In the initial survey, no consensus was reached for eight items. After the items were consolidated, 37 paediatric emergency‐friendly care needs were identified. For each need, the item‐level content validity index exceeded 0.79 for importance and feasibility. The average scale‐level content validity index values were 0.95 and 0.92 for importance and feasibility. These needs were categorised into six dimensions: timely comfort (3 items), emotional care (5 items), frontline safety (11 items), emergency response (10 items), human resources support (5 items) and treatment efficiency (3 items).ConclusionPaediatric emergency nurses play a vital role in caring for children, improving soft skills through compassion and training and ensuring a well‐equipped, safe environment in the emergency department.Relevance of Clinical PracticeThis study offers valuable insights for emergency department nurses on the needs of children and their families, emphasising the importance of patient and family education, environmental considerations and the role of certified child life specialists in supporting the emergency healthcare team and ensuring appropriate paediatric care.Patient/Public ContributionNo direct patient, service user, caregiver or public involvement existed in this study.

Internal communication from a happiness management perspective: state-of-the-art and theoretical construction of a guide for its development

ObjectiveThis study aims to conduct a literature review and meta-analysis on the use of Happiness Management strategies in internal communication. The objective was to extract theoretical constructs of dimensions and indicators for the development of a guide for its application, validated by a panel of experts.MethodsA systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed under the protocol of the PRISMA Extension Guide of articles indexed in the Scopus database (2019–2024). The total number of extracted documents (n = 479) was screened based on the inclusion criteria, and the sample was delimited by 49 studies. Subsequently, after reading and analyzing the research, the dimensions and indicators of internal communication from a Happiness Management perspective were clustered. This guide was submitted to a panel of 13 experts who determined the reliability and validity of the construct and content using the Content Validity Index (CVI).ResultsThe dimensions and indicators emerging from the literature were validated with an average (X¯\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\overline{\\mathrm X}$$\\end{document}) of 3.36/4, achieving a level of inter-judge agreement (CVI) of 0.86, an excellent agreement of 86%, and an average score of 2.90/4 (high). The guide was composed of 9 dimensions of internal communication: Attitudes of the leader, employer or supervisor, Climate and communication policies, Feedback and recognition, Organizational environment and structures, Peer and informal communication, Organizational culture and business perspective, Employee-organization relationship, Communication media and platforms, and Employee attitudes, which brought together 103 variables. These dimensions were then reorganized into the three macro-dimensions of the Happiness Management philosophy: (1) active construction of a healthy work environment and well-being, (2) formation of employees’ positive personality, and (3) active emotional experience during the working day to build the internal communication development guide from the Happiness Management perspective.ConclusionsIntegrating Happiness Management into internal communication can significantly enhance employee well-being and organizational effectiveness. The validated framework provides a detailed guide for aligning internal communication strategies with the Happiness Management principles.

Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure educational agility: a psychometric assessment using exploratory factor analysis

BackgroundTo effectively navigate the growing complexities and rapid changes in today’s environment, universities must cultivate agility among their members. Over the past decade, students have encountered a variety of experiences related to E-Learning and the provision of educational services through electronic platforms. This study aimed to develop and validate a Questionnaire of Educational Agility (QEdu-Agility) to assess the capacity of educational institutions to adapt to these evolving demands.MethodThis survey research aimed to validate QEdu-Agility. The statistical sample consisted of 372 students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran, who had completed at least one academic year online during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Participants were selected using the Cochran formula. The initial questionnaire was based on three standard instruments related to organizational agility and adapted for educational contexts. After establishing face and content validity, the preliminary version was validated by a focus group of five educational experts, comprising 30 items across five dimensions: responsiveness, adequacy, flexibility, speed, and integrity, measured on a 5-point Likert scale. To confirm the construct validity, the questionnaire was randomly distributed to students via email. Data analysis was conducted using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation, employing SPSS 24 software.ResultsThe content validity was confirmed with Content Validity Ratio (CVR) = 0.847, Content Validity Index (CVI) = 0.877, and the reliability with internal consistency was confirmed with R = 0.944. The CVI sub-components for relevance, clarity, and simplicity were obtained as 0.867, 0.853, and 0.847, respectively. According to EFA, the sample adequacy was confirmed with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index = 0.928 and significant Bartlett’s test (P < 0.001). The total variance explained of the QEdu-Agility was about 60%. The first component of responsiveness accounted for 38.79% of the variance, followed by adequacy (7.99%), flexibility (5.17%), speed (3.91%), and integrity (3.57%) in subsequent components.ConclusionThe findings of the construct validity indicated a good fit of the QEdu-Agility. Given that the concept of agility is highly contingent on the context, this tool could be retested for measuring educational agility in educational organizations, such as universities.

A questionnaire study evaluating the completion and content of unlicensed medicines risk assessments in NHS Trusts

Abstract Introduction Unlicensed medicine (ULM) use is necessary and prevalent within the NHS. Compared to licensed medicines, there are no centralised assessments of safety, efficacy, and quality. The risks associated with using unlicensed medicines have been well documented: increased risk of adverse events, potentially poorer quality formulation and absence of regulated manufacturing and supply standards1. Therefore, there is a requirement for NHS organisations to risk assess the need and quality of unlicensed medicines to reduce harm2. There are currently minimal published data on whether NHS trusts complete these risk assessments and whether practice is standardised3. This study focuses on understanding how NHS trusts in England conduct Unlicensed Medicine Risk Assessments (ULMRA). Aim To determine whether there is variability in the completion, content, and volume of unlicensed medicines risk assessments for unlicensed medicines procured within NHS trusts. Methods An online and anonymous questionnaire was developed and distributed to procurement pharmacy professionals. The questionnaire assessed four key areas: quantity of ULMRA conducted; completion and content of ULMRA; completion of clinical ULMRA; and risk management and mitigation strategies for ULM. To increase response rates, potential respondents were contacted via regional procurement groups as well as the NHS Chief Pharmacist network. Approval for this study was granted by the NHS Health and Research Authority and the University of Reading Ethics Committee. Results Content validity was ensured by a panel of six secondary care pharmacy professionals, achieving a content validity index (CVI) of greater than 0.8 for each question. Thirty-seven responses were received, representing a 20% response rate. Most respondents (48.6%) were pharmacists, followed by pharmacy technicians (45.9%). The questionnaire revealed that 73% of respondents conducted quality and clinical risk assessments for all ULMs before use, and 94.4% had a ULM policy or procedure. Most respondents procured 1-3 ULMs per month, with some conducting over 12 ULMRA monthly. 97% specified procuring imported products licensed in the country of origin and 'Specials' from UK manufacturers, and 57% indicated they procure imported medicines not licensed in the country of origin. 68% of respondents indicated that quality checks were not completed upon receipt of ULMs. Discussion The study highlighted significant variation and duplication in the ULMRA processes across NHS trusts. Variations were identified in the content of ULMRA, professionals completing risk assessments and the volume of unlicensed medicines procured. While most trusts performed quality and clinical risk assessments, inconsistencies in practices and ULMRA content were evident. Standard methodologies for ULMRA and collaborative data sharing could improve reliability and efficiency, reducing patient risk and resource duplication. A limitation of this study is that the low response rate limits generalisability of data. Conclusion This study identified areas of variation within the NHS around the content and quantity of ULMRA completed, as well as some areas of duplication, particularly in the medicines risk assessed. Future research should explore the reasons for variation identified and evaluate the acceptability of current risks. Addressing these variations could lead to improved patient safety and optimised use of NHS resources.

Adaptation of the Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen Scale into Turkish and examination of its psychometric properties: a validity and reliability study

Objective. Management of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is quite challenging for both adolescents and their families. In this study, we aimed to translate the 14-item Problem Areas in Diabetes-Teen (PAID-T) scale, which measures variables that influence diabetes distress, to Turkish and investigate the Turkish version’s reliability and validity. Methods. One hundred and ninety-four adolescents with T1DM participated in the study. PAID-T and forms for sociodemographic and diabetes characteristics were used for data collection. The scale’s content validity was checked using the Davis technique. Cronbach’s α was used to analyze the scale’s internal reliability and the test-retest for the scale’s reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was utilized to examine the factor structure. The fit of the scale was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results. Of the participants, 54.6% (n=106) were girls. The content validity index values of the scale items ranged between 0.86 and 1.0. The PAID-T scores of girls and boys were similar. No significant difference was found between PAID-T scores with sociodemographic data and diabetes characteristics (p&gt;0.05). The test-retest correlation coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.952. The three-factor (emotional burden, family and friend distress, and regimen-specific distress) model identified in EFA explained 61.8% of the common variance. Fit analysis was performed using CFA for the three-factor model, which did not show adequate fit (x2/df = 2.402, GFI = 0.822, CFI = 0.815, NFI = 0.727, NNFI = 0.772, RMSEA = 0.118). The Cronbach α value of the scale was 0.864. Conclusion. The Turkish version of the 14-item PAID-T showed moderate validity and strong reliability. Accordingly, it can be used as a reliable measurement tool to assess diabetes stress in adolescents with T1DM.

Development and validation of a measurement tool to assess student perceptions of using real patients in physical therapy education at the Rocky Mountain University, the United States: a methodological study.

This study aimed to develop and validate the Student Perceptions of Real Patient Use in Physical Therapy Education (SPRP-PTE) survey to assess physical therapy student (SPT) perceptions regarding real patient use in didactic education. This cross-sectional observational study developed a 48-item survey and tested the survey on 130 SPTs. Face and content validity were determined by an expert review and Content Validity Index (CVI). Construct validity and internal consistency reliability were determined via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's Alpha. Three main constructs were identified (Value, Satisfaction, and Confidence), each having 4 subconstruct components (Overall, Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective Learning). Expert review demonstrated adequate face and content validity (CVI = 96%). The initial EFA of the 48-item survey revealed items with inconsistent loadings and low correlations, leading to the removal of 18 items. An EFA of the 30-item survey demonstrated 1-factor loadings of all survey constructs except Satisfaction and the entire survey. All constructs had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha > 0.85). The SPRP-PTE survey provides a reliable and valid way to assess student perceptions of real patient use. Future studies are encouraged to validate the SPRP-PTE survey further.

Effect of Project Based Learning Method on Students ‘Academic Performance in Mathematics Subject in Rwanda

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of project-based learning (PBL) on students’ academic performance in mathematics at TTC Muhanga, located in Muhanga District, Southern Province. Methodology: A descriptive research design was employed, involving 889 participants, including 273 student teachers, 23 teachers, 1 dean, and 1 principal. The study ensured reliability through test-retest and Cronbach’s alpha methods, while content validity was assessed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Data were gathered through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using SPSS. Findings: The findings reveal a generally positive perception of PBL practices. Collaborative projects were particularly well received, with 73.9% of teachers agreeing that they enhance communication (mean score: 4.61). Hands-on activities were also endorsed by 69.56% of participants (mean score: 4.48), while technology integration received less consensus, with 60.87% agreeing on its effectiveness (mean score: 4.30). Reflection and presentation skills were highlighted as especially impactful, with 78.26% of respondents strongly agreeing (mean score: 4.65). The study further demonstrates that both collaboration (r = .904, β = .500) and technology use (r = .677, β = .553) significantly contribute to increased student engagement and improved academic performance. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing technology integration within PBL, promoting continuous professional development for teachers, emphasizing the importance of collaboration in PBL activities, and increasing opportunities for students to engage in reflection and develop presentation skills.

Development and validation of a questionnaire on radiation protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Moroccan dentists.

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of dentists' radiation protection knowledge, attitudes, and practices (DRP-KAPs) questionnaire. This study was conducted using a stepwise approach. In the first step, items were generated to determine the relevant content and domains after a thorough literature review. In the second step, the content validity of the questionnaire was assessed by seven experts using face and content validity. The content validity index for relevance and clarity (I-CVI, S-CVI/Av, and S-CVI/UA) and the content validity ratio (CVR) were performed. Then, the questionnaire was pre-tested with 10 dentists for face validation. In the third step, reliability was assessed using internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) and Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest (Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) methods by filling out the questionnaire by 100 dentists practicing in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region, in Morocco. The finalized DRP-KAPs questionnaire contains 41 items covering knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs). The I-CVIs, S-CVI/UA and S-CVI/AV and CVR values of the 41 items were ≥0.86 for each item, ≥0.82, ≥0.97, and ≥0.71, respectively. With regard to internal consistency reliability, the KR-20 coefficients for the knowledge and practice domains were 0.70 and 0.68, respectively, and the Cronbach alpha for the attitude domain was 0.73. The DRP-KAPs questionnaire has good reliability with the ICC coefficients for attitude items ranging from 0.57 to 0.95 and Kappa coefficients for knowledge and practice items ranging from 0.64 to 1 and 0.77 to 1, respectively. The developed DRP-KAPs questionnaire was found to be a noteworthy tool for assessing radiation protection among dentists, with acceptable internal consistency, good ICC and Kappa coefficients, and good content validity indices.

Validity and reliability of the TechPH scale in assessing Iranian older adults’ attitudes toward technology

Background and aimGiven the rapid technological advancements and increased usage of digital tools, understanding older people's attitudes toward technology is vital. Assessing their views can help identify barriers and facilitators to adoption. This understanding is essential for developing effective educational strategies and user-friendly technologies that enhance seniors' quality of life. Therefore, the present study aimed to psychometrically evaluate the scale for measuring attitudes—both willingness and anxiety—toward technology (TechPH) in Iranian older adults.MethodsThis methodological study was conducted on 420 older individuals (aged 60 and above) in Tehran in 2024 to perform a psychometric test of the attitudes toward technology scale (TechPH). Validation was carried out using translation validity methods, including translation-back translation with bilingual experts (n = 2), face validity with a sample of the older population (n = 10), content validity with a panel of 11 experts, and construct validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (n = 420). Instrument reliability was determined through test–retest and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) methods with a sample of older individuals (n = 30). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16 and EQS 6.4 software.ResultsA comparison of Persian and English translations revealed acceptable translation validity and cultural adaptability for the scale. Each item's Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were determined, with a total average CVI of 0.95. The results of EFA indicated that the sample size was adequate, as shown by the KMO value of 0.754. Additionally, Bartlett's sphericity test demonstrated a significant correlation between the items (χ2 = 221.819, df = 15, P < 0.0001). EFA revealed that two extracted factors explained 41.002% and 18.111% of the total variance. Furthermore, CFA yielded suitable estimates based on the general fit indices of the model (RMSEA = 0.061, IFI = 0.979, GFI = 0.983, CFI = 0.978, CMIN/DF = 1.769, MFI = 0.989, AGFI = 0.942). In evaluating test–retest stability and internal consistency, the values of the Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's α were 0.85 and 0.77, respectively, indicating appropriate reliability for the scale.ConclusionP.TechPH, the first Persian version of the scale for measuring technophilia and technophobia among Iranian older people, has favorable psychometric properties. It can serve as a standard tool for assessing older people’s attitudes toward technology in various studies.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Implementation Leadership Scale in the context of nurses.

The implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in healthcare is of critical importance, and nursing leadership plays a significant role in this process; however, there is a lack of validated instruments to measure the effectiveness of implementation leadership for EBPs. This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Implementation Leadership Scale (ILS) within the context of nursing. Data were obtained through a cross-sectional study. The original ILS was first translated into Turkish and then back into English. The scale was administered to 343 nurses working in a training and research hospital in Türkiye. Content validity was assessed with input from 10 experts. The data set was randomly divided into two subsamples to evaluate the construct validity of the ILS. Exploratory factor analyse (EFA) was conducted in sub-sample 1 (n = 172) and Confirmatory factor analyse (CFA) was conducted in sub-sample 2 (n = 171). Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha values, test-retest reliability, item-total statistics, and split-half reliability. The content validity index was calculated to be 0.96, indicating high validity. EFA revealed that the scale consists of four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, and these factors together explained a high proportion of the total variance (77.10%). Confirmatory factor analysis results (χ2 / df = 1.29; CFI = 0.98; GFI = 0.94; AGFI = 0.91; NFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.04) confirmed that the Turkish version of the ILS maintains the original four-factor structure (Proactive, Knowledgeable, Supportive, and Perseverant leadership). Cronbach's alpha values (0.80-0.88) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (0.78-0.86) were found to be high. Item-total correlations (0.38-0.63) and the Spearman-Brown coefficient (0.75) were above acceptable levels. The findings suggest that the Turkish version of the ILS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing implementation leadership in evidence-based practice (EBP) among nurses. This version of the ILS could contribute to further research on implementation leadership in Türkiye, international comparisons of EBP leadership, and the development of EBP practices.

A cross-sectional assessment of clinical photography knowledge among dental students in Malaysia.

Dental photography is gaining popularity in contemporary dentistry, but its knowledge was unregulated in most dental schools' curriculum. The study aims to evaluate the level of photography practice and knowledge among dental students in Malaysia, acting as a baseline to include dental photography as a subject in the current curriculum. A series of questions were designed and validated by experts with a content validity index of 0.84. Questionnaires were distributed to the dental students with varied years of clinical experience. The level of knowledge was categorised into poor, weak, subpar, average, good and excellent. The common photography practice and courses attended were also tabulated. Among the 344 respondents, the most commonly used equipment was phone cameras (70.66%), whereas only 16.09% used digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras. The majority of dental students did not attend any photography-related courses (69.48%). Based on the level of photography knowledge, dental students mostly scored 'subpar' (25.84%), with no statistically significant differences between the years of clinical experience (p = 0.236). Therefore, proper and comprehensive dental photography courses should be imparted in the current curriculum to improve students' skills and knowledge.

Development and Evaluation of a Care Needs Scale for Parents of Children With Tourette Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in school-age children. Although TS is not life-threatening, the tics and comorbidities can impact a child's physical and mental health, as well as interpersonal interactions. Understanding the care needs of parents of children with TS is essential for providing healthcare services that effectively support these children. The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the care needs scale for parents of children with TS (CNS-PCTS) in Taiwan. METHODS: This study used a methodological design. The scale was developed by preliminarily identifying relevant items and dimensions through a systematic review of the literature. A pilot test with 30 participants and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) confirmed the subscales and items pertaining to the care needs of the parents. Data analysis included content validity, item analysis, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and EFA. The Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was adopted to assess the discriminant validity of the CNS-PCTS. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-six parents of children with TS completed the scale. The scale-level content validity index was 0.92. The EFA revealed that the CNS-PCTS consisted of 13 items, with the factor loadings ranging from 0.656 to 0.83, and covered 3 factors: getting information about TS, assisting children in social engagement, and obtaining parenting support. The discriminant validity showed a positive correlation between the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the CNS-PCTS. Cronbach's α coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.89 to 0.94, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.94. CONCLUSION: The CNS-PCTS demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. It helps health professionals understand parents' care needs and assess the effectiveness of interventions. Confirmatory factor analysis can be performed in future studies to provide more rigorous validity.

Development Digital Maturity Attributes Based on Higher Education Business Processes

Transformation in the digital aspect is a crucial part of the higher education development in digital age transformation. The oject of this study is to identify the transformation of digital maturity requirements in universities as higher education institutions from Indonesia, which will later be used as criteria for forming a digital maturity model. The research method is mixed, involving both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The type of research applied is the Exploratory Sequential Design, where the data is collected and analyzed with the qualitative method, then follows up the results with a quantitative one to explore a phenomenon. The content validity index applied in this study is used to validate digital maturity requirements. It has been applied to various digital technology companies, government policies in higher education systems, and management applied to multiple universities. The results can guide universities in navigating digital transformation in their institutions. This study highlights that previously proposed digital maturity models need to sufficiently consider the business processes of higher education and the need for security and privacy dimensions, which have not been extensively discussed in the literature.

Validation of Nutrition Literacy Questionnaire for High School Students

Background: Nutrition literacy is the individuals' motivation and ability to obtain, process, and understand nutrition information and the skills needed in order to make appropriate nutrition decisions. The present study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Chongqing Middle School Nutrition Literacy Scale (CM-NLS). Methods: The CM-NLS questionnaire was translated into Farsi and then back-translated, and its face validity and quantitative and qualitative content validity were investigated in a descriptive-cross-sectional study. This review was conducted using the opinions of expert faculty members. Besides, the Persian version was tested in a sample of 400 students of the first grade of high school in Bandar Anzali city. For this purpose, two schools were randomly selected and sampled using census method. Cronbach's alpha test method was used to examine reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity (RMSEA=0.062). Results: In checking face validity, changes were made in the questionnaire, and some items were removed in content validity evaluation by calculating content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). In reliability analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.74 for functional literacy, 0.82 for interactive literacy, and 0.84 for critical literacy. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to measure the construct validity. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, the CM-NLS questionnaire with 33 items, is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to measure the nutrition literacy of high school students.

Development and Validation of the Decisions to use Opioids Measure

BackgroundMillions experience inadequately managed acute pain each year. Opioids are an important tool for managing pain; however, recent reductions in opioid prescriptions have exacerbated preexisting challenges in pain management. Moreover, patient expectations and desires for pain management may drive additional opioid use. There is an important need to characterize patient motivations for using opioids in order to develop promising interventions. The aim of this study was to develop the Decisions To use Opioids (DTO) measure. MethodsWe used an exploratory sequential mixed methods design to create items for the DTO measure. Qualitative data from patient interviews and focus groups informed the development of items for the DTO. We evaluated the content validity of candidate items with nine experts using the content validity index (CVI) and conceptual significance. Face validity was assessed via cognitive interviews with five emergency department (ED) participants who experienced acute pain. ResultsWe generated an initial pool of 52 items. Expert ratings provided evidence of content validity on 40 items, as indicated by an item CVI score of 0.83 or higher. Nine items with CVI scores of <0.83 were retained and revised due to the conceptual significance. The remaining three items were discarded. ConclusionsThis study provided evidence of content and face validity of the DTO measure for ED patients. Further psychometric evaluation is needed to gather data regarding the DTO's internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion validity.

Measurement and Comparison of Different Dimensions of Renewable Energy Policy Implementation in the Agricultural Sector

The current research aims to measure the different dimensions of renewable energy policy implementation and compare these dimensions with each other, focusing on Iran's agricultural sector. This analysis makes it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses in implementing existing policies. The five dimensions include "organizational and institutional", "incentives", "investment", "infrastructure", and "human resources development". The statistical population of this research comprised energy policy experts, whose number was 85. The sampling method was random, and 70 persons participated in answering the questionnaire using the Karjesi and Morgan table. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha (0.916). Face validity, content validity ratio (CVR), and content validity index (CVI) were applied to determine validity. In the calculation of CVR, values ≥0.33 were considered reasonable and appropriate to confirm each item. All CVI values obtained were higher than 0.79. Multi-criteria analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that organizational and institutional policies were at the highest level of unsustainability. The dimension of investment policies showed less unsustainability than other dimensions. The other three dimensions also showed significant deficiencies. It seems that policy development to eliminate the diversity and interference of organizations, fuel subsidies revision, market policy development, attracting capital, and participation of stakeholders is necessary to reduce unsustainability in this field. The development of the resources of expert forces and attention to educational policies should also be considered.