Content Standards Research Articles

Transforming recycled polyester/cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers into dye-free and eco-friendly denim fabrics: Preparation, properties evaluation, and feasibility analysis

Conventional denim production is plagued by the issue of wastewater pollution from warp dyeing. In this investigation, recycled cotton (R-CO), virgin cotton (V-CO), and dope-dyed recycled polyester (R-PET) fibers were spun into blue/white spaced warp yarns through a dual-feed-opening rotor spinning technique. These yarns were woven with V-CO weft yarns to produce fabrics featuring the classic denim color scheme of blue and white stripes, without the need for warp dyeing and complex finishing processes. The resulting fabrics fulfilled industry standards for tensile strength (>600 N), tearing resistance (>50 N), abrasion resistance (>25000 cycles), pH (≈6.5), and formaldehyde content (<10 mg/kg). The fabrics' air/moisture permeability and wearability (including crease-resistance, flexibility, drapability, and washing size stability) were outstanding. The fabrics' light and crocking colorfastness ratings all exceed grade 4, indicating excellent performance. A rise in R-CO content resulted in the degradation of several properties. The production of the denim covered by this study was more cost-effective and environment-friendly than that of conventional denim. This research provides a paradigm for the conversion of waste textiles into value-added and eco-friendly textile products.

A Tour Guide's Performance Model for Sustainable Heritage at Borobudur

Expanding the workforce in the tourism sector is a key aspect of the Rebuild Tourism for the Future via Sustainable Development initiative of which tour guides may become an essential part. Tour guide positions involve providing detailed explanations about heritage attractions and instructing tourists on acceptable behaviour during their investigation of these sites. This research is significant because tour guides play a crucial role in the preservation of tourism by safeguarding cultural treasures. Research on tour guides involves analyses that explore the subject from the viewpoints of their function, history, and structure. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the ecology of the tourism industry and heritage destinations by developing a model for the competent development of tour guides at Borobudur. Data was collected through participatory observation and in-depth interviews with six tour guides in Borobudur who are members of the Indonesian Tour Guides Association. The data were examined utilising Atlas Ti version 9. The study's findings suggest that implementing a high-quality curriculum and training programmes could lead to an exceptional performance model for tour guides at the Borobudur. The curriculum encompasses the implementation of four key components: (1) the scope of study, (2) content standards, (3) the teaching process, and (4) the assessment process. On the other hand, the training aspect covers four elements: (1) training needs, (2) types of training, (3) trainers, and (4) evaluation

Karakterisasi Bioetanol dari Limbah Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit

At the moment, Indonesia still relies heavily on fossil fuels to cover its domestic energy demands. However, one of the main causes of the rise in greenhouse gas emissions is the nation's reliance on fossil fuels for energy damage to the environment. An alternate energy source is called bioethanol. The fermentation process of natural ingredients with the help of microorganisms, Bioethanol produced from biomass in this study is palm empty fruit bunches (PEFB) because of the cellulose content of 45.59% which can be converted into second-generation bioethanol. Poses for making bioethanol of PEFB through the process of pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and distillation. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of bioethanol produced by PEFB waste. Bioethanol characteristic testing refers to test standards determined by SNI 7390:2008/2013, This study produced ethanol content of 4.92% in 6-day fermentation that did not meet the specified standards, methanol content produced 0.4% in 10-day fermentation and had met the specified standards, water content in 4-10 days fermentation produced 25.56%-30.72% did not meet the specified standards, denaturant content in 10-day fermentation produced 9% had met the specified standards. The fermentation of 6 days produced the best condition, obtaining 4.92% ethanol content and 25% moisture content. Still, it did not meet the specific standards of SNI 7390:2008, but met the SNI standards for the methanol content of 0.4%, denaturant level of 11%, acidity of 0.3 mg /L, chloride ion levels of 0.7 mg /L, sulphur content of 0.68 mg /L, and the sap content of 7 mg / l.

Penerapan Pembelajaran Calistung Pada Anak-Anak di Desa Simanungkalit

Calistung learning is part of the Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Curriculum. Basically, Khalistan learning focuses on teaching reading, writing and arithmetic skills. This is stated in Appendix I to the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (Permen) No. 137, Content Standards for Developmental Achievement Levels for Children 4-5 Years and 5-6 Years (STPPA). 2014. This introduction aims to prepare children to continue to the next level of education, namely basic education. However, the ideal Calistung PAUD learning model is still a serious problem in a broader context, especially when combined with the possibility of further SD/MI entrance exams in the form of the Calistung test. Many elementary schools/MIs hold Calistung entrance exams as a prerequisite for accepting new students according to standards

KEPALA SEKOLAH SEBAGAI PEMIMPIN PENDIDIKAN MENGENAI KESENJANGAN DAN PENYIMPANGAN DI SDN NO 50/VI LUBUK MENTILIN

Abstract This research aims to find out the principal as an educational leader regarding gaps and deviations at SDN 50/VI Lubuk Mantilin Kec. Anchor. This research includes evaluative research using the Descrepancy Model. Measuring the effectiveness of the program is carried out by comparing two things at the end of the program, namely the beginning and end of program implementation, namely comparing ideal conditions with real conditions regarding school principal standards. Variables are measured with instruments in the form of questionnaires. The results show that there are two main problems, namely gaps and deviations in the elementary school environment in Lubuk Mantilin Village.. The resuits of the first research are as follows, firstly, the gap includes several things a) leaderships quality gap, b) resource gap, c) treatment gap, d) implementations gap, e) communication gap. And as for the second result, the following are several devications that may accur, a) administrative deviatus, b) ethial deviations, c) devications in curriculum implementation, d) principal deviations in assesment. The results of the two studies show that there are action to overcome and reprimand the accurrenre of gaps and deviations at SDN 50/VI Lubuk Mentilin based on 8 national educatonal standards, namely content standards, process standards, graduate competency standards, standards for educators and education staff. Keywords : school principal, educational leader, disparities and iregularities

Analysis of the Quality of Fresh and Used Cooking Oil Among Fried Catfish Street Vendors in the Eastern Region of Lamongan Sub-District, Lamongan District

Cooking oil that is repeatedly used by vendors can cause damage and a decline in quality. Moreover, it can pose health risks. Repeated use of cooking oil leads to various degradation reactions such as oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerization. This research aims to analyze the quality differences between initial and used cooking oil. The study is a survey with a cross-sectional study method. The sampling technique used purposive sampling (13 vendors) with data analysis using a paired t-test at a 5% significance level. Cooking oil samples were taken twice a day. The chemical quality analysis results of 13 initial cooking oil samples showed that the percentage that did not meet SNI 7709:2019 standards for water content was 46.15%, free fatty acids were 46.15%, and peroxide values were 69.23%. For used cooking oil samples, the percentages that did not meet SNI 7709:2019 standards for water content were 92.30%, free fatty acids were 100%, and peroxide values were 100%. The average TBA value for all initial-use cooking oil samples was 0.44 mg MDA/kg, and for used cooking oil samples was 0.65 mg MDA/kg, both higher than the reference sample (0.15 mg MDA/kg).. The t-test results showed that there were quality differences between the initial and used cooking oil used by street vendors selling pecel lele in the eastern region of Lamongan District.

Optimizing winged-bean meal through oven and autoclave heating as viable alternative for plant-based aquafeed

Winged-bean meal can serve as a substitute for soybean meal in plant-based fish feed, despite its trypsin-inhibitor properties, which can be alleviated through heating processes. This study aimed to explore the potential of winged-bean meal subjected to different heating methods, namely oven (110 °C for 30 minutes) and autoclave (121 °C for 30 minutes), based on proximate analysis and trypsin activity. The study applied three treatments with four replications: oven heating (O), autoclave heating (A), and control (without heating, E). All data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the best treatment. Data were also compared to the nutrient requirements of several cultured freshwater fish in Indonesia. Heating treatments improved in vitro trypsin activity (1300 units/O and 1135 units/A vs. 835 units) but reduced protein (29.05±1.96%/A and 31.73±1.52%/O vs. 35.17±0.38%) and moisture contents. Additionally, the O treatment met the standards for aquafeed protein content (27-45%) and potentially fulfilled the protein requirements for catfish (25-40%), Nile tilapia (30-35%), and Java barb (30-32%). Therefore, oven heating presents a viable candidate as an alternative plant-based aquafeed ingredient. Nevertheless, the in vivo application of winged-bean meal as an aquafeed ingredient should be further evaluated to determine whether heating treatment effectively enhances digestive activity, nutrient retention, and growth performance in target fish species.

Quantification of Gypsum in Soils via Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Abstract This study explores the potential of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a rapid, nondestructive, and cost-effective technique for in situ sulfate quantification. Gypsum, the main source of sulfate in soils, reacts with calcium-based stabilizers to form expansive minerals, which reduces the long-term strength of the treated soil. Therefore, accurate detection of sulfate content prior to employing calcium-based chemical stabilization is important to mitigate the possibility of expansive mineral formation and ensure acceptable engineering behavior of the stabilized soil. Portable handheld XRF (PXRF) has shown the ability to estimate gypsum content accurately, utilizing calcium as a proxy. However, detecting sulfur, in the form of sulfite or sulfate remains challenging due to device sensitivity limitations. This research aims to address this limitation and develop a method for direct sulfur detection, enhancing the utility of PXRF for in situ sulfate quantification. Laboratory standards were created with known amounts of gypsum and portions were sent to a commercial laboratory for whole rock analysis. The remainder of the reference standards were used to calibrate several soil library standards within the PXRF. The calibrated PXRF was able to accurately detect the anhydrous form of gypsum, anhydrite (CaSO4), in these reference standards for contents ranging from 0 to 8 %. The proposed XRF-based approach offers the potential to revolutionize sulfate detection in soils, providing a rapid and reliable tool for assessing soil stability and optimizing chemical stabilization efforts. By enabling real-time, on-site analysis, this method holds promise for improving construction practices and reducing the risk of structural damage associated with soils containing sulfate-bearing minerals.

Some properties of aloe vera gel powder prepared by microwave and oven drying

Abstract Aloe barbadensis Miller is the most bioactive compound used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. This study was conducted to prepare the Aloe gel powder by using an oven and microwave at various temperatures and energy. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of microwave and oven drying on the physicochemical properties of aloe vera gel powder spesifically antioxidant activity. Some parameters examined were the water content, color, yield, and swelling power. In addition, it also has a higher yield and antioxidant activity with optimal visual performance. The results show that the Aloe gel powder obtained by oven drying meets the water content standard of less than 12% and needs a shorter drying time. This Aloe gel powder even showed a good potency of hydrogel formation, since its swelling property is 3% higher than Aloe gel dried by microwave method. The higher temperature at oven drying of 75 showed color value with the highest L value (brightness). Nevertheless, at microwave drying of 45 W energy had higher antioxidant activity (1.642 times higher) than 75°C. The recommended condition for the drying process of Aloe gel powder is using the microwave at an energy of 45 W for about 3 hours with an average yield of approximately 0,71%. In general, a higher temperature and energy of drying caused more changes in the physicochemical characteristics of aloe vera gel powder.

The Relevance Of The Merdeka Curriculum In Improving The Quality Of Islamic Education In Indonesia

The Merdeka Curriculum Kurmer is an innovation in the education curriculum in Indonesia after the 2019 COVID pandemic, which was ratified in February 2022. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology's target for 2024 is for all educational units to use the Kurmer as a learning guide, including madrasas, under the auspices of the Ministry of Islamic Education. This research aims to describe the relevance of the Merdeka Curriculum in improving the quality of Islamic education in Indonesia. The research was conducted at the secondary level of Islamic education. The data were collected directly at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Ar-Rahman, and Madrasah Ittifaqiyah Ogan Ilir and several previous findings in Indonesia. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively. The research findings indicate that there are obstacles in implementing the Merdeka Curriculum. These challenges arise primarily due to administrative unpreparedness and a lack of comprehensive understanding, particularly concerning the co-curricular aspects of the Pancasila Student Profile (P5) and the Rahman Lilalamin Profile (P2RM). Encouraging implementation can be seen in the operations and administration of curricular and extracurricular learning, in meeting graduation targets, implementing learning and in the assessment process. The visible support is the high work enthusiasm of educators, being united and able to work together, potential students, having a large Pesantren area, and support from a decree from the Ministry of Islamic Education. There was relevance in implementing a Kurmer from the aspects of graduation, content standards, process and assessment standards, although there are several weaknesses.

Quality management of Arabic language education at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Sragen. 2023/2024 academic year.

The aims of this research are: (1). To find out the quality management of Arabic language education according to SNP (in this study using 3 points: content standards, process standards, and graduate competency standards) at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Sragen. (2). To determine the supporting and inhibiting factors for SNP management at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Sragen.This research uses qualitative research. The place of this research is at MtsN 1 Sragen. This research was conducted in May 2024 – June 2024. The subjects in this research were Arabic language teachers and school principals. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, documentation and archive notes.The research results show that: (1). Arabic language learning management at MTs N 1 Sragen includes five stages, namely: planning, organizing, implementing, supervising and evaluating. These stages have been implemented well and are in accordance with national education standards (SNP). (2). Supporting factors for the implementation of SNP in an effort to improve the quality management of education at MTsN 1 Sragen include the geographical location of the school, cohesiveness, readiness and enthusiasm of teachers in teaching, which are supporting factors in the implementation process, while the inhibiting factors are the different student backgrounds, meaning that the students are not all motivated to learn Arabic.

Dynamics of Application of Social Sciences Subjects in the Independent Curriculum at Junior High School Level

The Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes students' freedom to explore themselves while making the teacher a partner in the learning process. This article will examine the dynamics of implementing social science subjects in the independent curriculum at junior high school level. The approach applied in this research is qualitative using online observation and document data collection techniques. Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out using a content analysis approach. The results of this research concluded that Social Sciences learning outcomes in the independent curriculum in junior high schools were made by referring to National Education Standards, especially Content Standards, as a reference in the learning process. Implementation stages using independent curriculum teaching modules at the junior high school level as well as ensuring sustainability and carrying out in-depth analysis in its implementation. In implementing it in schools, the obstacles for social studies teachers in implementing the independent curriculum are very diverse. This research reveals that the implementation of the independent curriculum is very dependent on school and teacher policies in implementing it, especially in social studies subjects, becoming an integration umbrella for various branches of social sciences and humanities disciplines to strengthen the competence of students. to have insight and skills in thinking, acting and having concern for the nation and society, where social studies subjects consist of history, sociology, economics and geography.

EVALUASI SISTEM DAN DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN PENGELOLAAN AIR TERPRODUKSI PADA SUMUR X1 PT MGBI LAPANGAN WUNUT

PT Minarak Gas Brantas Inc.'s operations in the Wunut Field involve the production of waste in various forms, primarily liquid waste, with produced water being the most significant type. Proper management of this produced water waste is crucial to prevent environmental pollution and ensure economic and environmental sustainability. The company manages this waste by reinjecting it into the reservoir to prevent groundwater contamination. To ensure the effectiveness of this reinjection process, they have created a groundwater flow pattern map (flow net) at three locations near the injection well: LP1 in Keduung Boto Village, LP2 in Candi Pari Village, and LP3 in Candi Pari Village, all in Sidoarjo Regency. This helps in understanding the potential spread of pollutants in the soil and underground water, aiding in environmental pollution monitoring and managment.The groundwater from this area is used for various human activities like bathing, cooking, and washing. However, based on water quality standards outlined in Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023, the produced water from Well X-1 in the Wunut Field does not meet the required TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) content standards due to a decline in hydrocarbon fluid production, resulting in a separator efficiency of 74,86%. Additionally, lab tests and flow net results indicate that the TDS levels in LP1, LP2, and LP3 do not meet the sanitation and hygiene water quality standards, suggesting potential seepage in these locations that could contaminate groundwater. Keywords: Oil; Gas Produced Water; Gas Separator Eficiency; Groundwater Flow

Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam Sebagai Konten di SMPN 9 Mataram

The research aims to: (1) explore information about the development of standards for the content of the Islamic Religious Education curriculum at SMP Negeri 9 Mataram; (2) understand the development of standards for the Islamic Religious Education curriculum process; and (3) identifying the development of Islamic Religious Education curriculum assessment standards. This research methodology is qualitative with data collection through observation, interviews and documentation. The validity of the data is tested through careful observation, triangulation and verification. The analysis process involves data reduction, presentation, verification, and conclusions. Research findings show that at SMP Negeri 9 Mataram, the development of content standards includes the formation of extracurricular activities. Meanwhile, the development of process standards involves the implementation of a hidden curriculum, especially the role of teachers as role models. The development of assessment standards includes the integration of three aspects of assessment: attitudes, knowledge and skills, involving the role of parents.

Analysis of Quantum Physics Lectures from the Perspective of the MBKM and OBE Based Higher Education Curriculum

Lecture analysis in the core courses of the study program contributes to the evaluation of the curriculum used. This field study was carried out to analyze Quantum Physics lectures from the perspective of a university curriculum based on Independent Learning Campus (MBKM) and Outcome-Based Education (OBE). Data collection techniques were carried out through observing the implementation of learning in the Quantum Physics course, interviews with lecturers teaching quantum physics courses, and reviewing curriculum tools in the form of curriculum books, semester lecture plans (RPS), and assessment documents. The instruments used refer to content standards, process standards and learning assessment standards listed in Permendikbud Number 3 of 2020, Permendikbudristek Number 56 of 2022, and Permendikbudristek Number 53 of 2023. The participants involved in this research were a lecturer and 29 students of the undergraduate physics education study program at one of the universities in Garut Regency. The lecturer in question is a lecturer who teaches quantum physics courses, while the students in question are final year students who are taking quantum physics courses in the odd semester of the 2023/2024 academic year. Data collection was carried out over the period October – November 2024. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively using a data triangulation approach. The results of data analysis show that in the Bachelor of Physics Education curriculum, the Quantum Physics course is in the group of upper-level compulsory courses with physics concept study material. From an MBKM perspective, this course can be converted to Program Pertukaran Mahasiswa (PMM) and Program Magang dan Studi Independen Bersertifikat (MSIB), but cannot be converted to the Teaching Campus Program. Conversion to the PMM program is carried out by taking courses in other study programs that have course learning outcomes that are related to quantum physics. Conversions to the MSIB program are carried out at companies or agencies related to the application of quantum physics concepts. From an OBE perspective, this course contributes to graduate learning outcomes in Specific Skills and supports the graduate's profile as a Physics Teacher. The special skill in question is being able to apply mathematical models in explaining physical phenomena in learning.

Understanding discordance in systematic reviews for treating chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A focused umbrella review.

e24111 Background: Despite the abundance of publications on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), we are still lacking effective management options. CIPN-focused systematic reviews (SRs) are increasingly encountered but have not aided much in clarifying treatment guidance. Additionally, there is a rising concern that SRs are now over-saturating the clinical literature, leading to redundant and misleading publications. Umbrella reviews (URs) are an attempt to appraise SRs but do not yet have firm methodologic frameworks. The aims of our UR were to appraise the discordance in recently published CIPN SRs and use content analysis as a method for identifying risks of discordance. Methods: This is a focused UR as part of a larger study to characterize the number of efficacy trials for established CIPN. Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search of databases MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for publications in English from 1/1/2023 to 11/21/2023. Inclusion criteria were published systematic reviews attempting a comprehensive effort to synthesize any treatment outcomes for established CIPN. The AMSTAR 2 framework was used to appraise results for bias. Measures of randomized controlled trial (RCT) overlap are presented using a novel measure of time-adjusted CA, which accounts for RCT publication dates and SR search dates. Grounded theory coding was used for content analysis on efficacy. Results: We identified 18 SRs containing CIPN treatment RCTs published in less than 1 year, resulting in 32 unique CIPN RCTs. Seven SRs assessed exercise interventions, covering 6 exercise RCTs (41% time-adjusted CA). Five SRs assessed acupuncture, with 9 RCTs (50% time-adjusted CA). One SR searched for all CIPN treatments for pain but missed 4 RCTs. One SR was concerning for spurious data. Bias was variable and imperfect across SRs. Contextual analysis identified the themes of SRs combining preventative and treatment RCTs, confusing comparative vs. controlled trials, and frequent use of p-value only reporting to conclude treatment efficacy as major risks of SR discordance. Conclusions: UR was useful in identifying 32 CIPN RCTs that were not comprehensively identified by SRs. We presented a time-adjusted CA measure to indicate concordance percentage. A higher percentage indicates more re-citation of the same RCTs across SRs, with likely better chances of more concordant conclusions. This measure showed that SRs for CIPN treatment are discordant across the topics of exercise and acupuncture interventions. Content analysis revealed multiple potential causes of discordance. However, SR redundancy was helpful for identifying more unique RCTs. CIPN SR content standards should be developed to minimize discordancy and improve clinical applicability. Clinicians should be cautious when applying CIPN SR recommendations given the high discordance.

Monitoring, Supervising, and Improving Curriculum Systems in Arabic Language Education Study Programs at STAIN Mandailing Natal

This study aims to evaluate the monitoring, supervision, and curriculum improvement system in the Arabic Language Education Study Program at Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Mandailing Natal (STAIN Madina), assessing its effectiveness in enhancing Arabic language competence and supporting Islamic learning. Utilizing a qualitative research design, the study employs a case study methodology, combining interviews, observations, and documentation analysis. The findings reveal that the monev system, involving comprehensive planning, implementation, and reporting, effectively covers graduate competency standards, content standards, process standards, and learning assessment standards. The structured approach, involving multiple stakeholders, ensures thorough evaluation and continuous improvement. However, limitations such as the need for more in-depth internal supervision of content standards and challenges related to human resources and stakeholder engagement were noted. These findings are significant for higher education institutions aiming to enhance their curriculum systems, offering a model for structured monitoring and supervision. Further research is recommended to explore integrated internal supervision mechanisms and long-term effects on student outcomes.

Social Media Use and Its Effects on Self-Esteem among Young Adult in Brazil

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the social media use and its effects on self-esteem among young adult in Brazil. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: A study in Brazil found that frequent social media use was linked to lower self-esteem among young adults. Comparing themselves with others online, especially in appearance and lifestyle, negatively affected participants' self-perceptions. Social media use was associated with feelings of inadequacy and social isolation, although positive interactions could mitigate self-esteem issues. Overall, the study highlighted the intricate relationship between social media and self-esteem in Brazilian youth. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social comparison theory, self-presentation theory &amp; uses and gratifications theory may be used to anchor future studies on the social media use and its effects on self-esteem among young adult in Brazil. Educational programs and interventions should be developed to promote healthy social media use and enhance self-esteem among young adults in Brazil. Government agencies could collaborate with social media companies to develop and enforce policies that address harmful content, cyberbullying, and unrealistic beauty standards on online platforms.

블렌디드 러닝을 적용한 대학의 실기·실습수업 운영사례와 개선방안 탐색

The COVID-19 situation has unexpectedly forced universities to apply blended learning, a combination of traditional offline and online learning, to both the theoretical and practical classes. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the cases of practical classes in universities that applied blended learning in a non-in-person situation and to find out problems and future improvements. For this purpose, three practical and laboratory courses in three departments (Sports Science, Nursing, and Dental Hygiene) of S University were selected, and the operating procedures, class satisfaction, operating limitations, and improvement plans were presented, focusing on class cases. As a result of studying the problems focusing on the cases of blended learning practical classes, the lack of online contents, difficulties in communication and interaction, gap between the quality of education and reality, and problems with student motivation were found and measures for improvements were found. The need for establishing practical education models and strategies at the university level, specific standards and management guidelines, sharing and standardization of educational contents, and training on learning methods was presented.

Ontological study of problems in designing social science learning based on a Merdeka curriculum: A pilot study of social studies teachers in Malang city

The change in the curriculum to the Merdeka Curriculum also changed the educational paradigm in Indonesia. Curriculum changes bring changes to the content of social studies learning, especially at the junior high school level, thus creating problems for teachers in designing social studies learning. This research aims to determine teachers' problems in designing learning from the perspective of ontological studies (learning content) due to curriculum changes. For this reason, a qualitative approach was used with a pilot study design to examine this matter. Data collection was carried out through document review and interviews. Meanwhile, data analysis is carried out using an interactive model. The results of this research indicate that changes in the curriculum have caused a lack of synchronization between content standards and expected achievements in social studies learning. This has implications for teachers' problems determining learning material at each grade level. Teachers also need clarification on the suitability of the learning content and what is expected from the curriculum. Not only that, but planning differentiated learning is also one of the problems in designing social studies learning materials. This research's limitation is that it is a pilot study and discusses a narrow scope, namely an ontological study. In future research, it is hoped that more in-depth research can be carried out on teacher problems from an epistemological and axiological perspective. So, the entire teacher's problems in designing social studies learning can be described.