Content Of Training Courses Research Articles

Factors Affecting Training Production Workers at Enterprises in Vietnam

Production workers are an important factor in creating the added value of businesses through direct production. Vietnam's underdeveloped industry already has maintained productive labors with low productivity and inefficient working style. The current 4.0 revolution and international integration have created a significant change in management method and production process. It is expected to create a breaking by supplying chance for the development of each individual with support of information, knowledge and new technology. Technical innovation leads to new requirements of knowledge, skills and behavior of production workers. Therefore, enterprises have to change the method and especially the content of training courses for human resources taken part in production. In this paper, we examine the impacts of five factors affecting training production workers including Training Program, Learning culture of the enterprise, Benefits, Abilities of workers by surveying with 212 respondents. Based on results, active building their own learning culture is the basic solution. Additionally, the reform of professional training system will provide quality production manpower output to meet the needs of businesses.

СМИСЛОТВОРЧИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ МОВЧАННЯ У СУЧАСНОМУ ЛІТЕРАТУРНО-МЕДИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The article aims to analyse the receptive and semantic potential of silence based on the novel “Critical Condition” (2002) by the contemporary Canadian-American physician, writer Peter Clement. The research methodology is based on the application of modern literary studies in the fields of narratology, receptive aesthetics and literary hermeneutics. The theoretical significance of the research consists in the disclosure of the narrative category of silence in the modern American literary and medical discourse. The results of the study will improve the content of training courses in the world literature and form a methodological basis for the development of special courses, theme-based seminars and academic syllabi. In the course of the study, it was found that silence within the analysed literary work symbolizes the epistemological and communicative crisis of language. The author’s intentions and receptive resource of silence in the text have been analysed. The leading role of facial expressions as a means of exteriorizing the silence effect in the “doctor — patient” communicative situation has been observed. The patient’s silence in the novel is associated with the author’s rethinking of the phenomena of illness and disability, thus stimulating the reader to embrace the active position of co-creation and receptive cooperation by filling-in the narrative “gaps” of the text. Further research is needed to study the role of the reader’s reception in constructing the silence in the “doctor — patient”communicative situation, as exemplified by the literary and medical discourse of the US prose.

Primum non nocere: Морально-етична проблематика у літературно-медичному дискурсі американської прози XX століття

The article analyzes the moral and ethical dominant features of the doctor’s worldview in the literary and medical discourse based on the material of American 20th century prose. The aim of the research is to examine the narrative representation of deontological issues as exemplified by the novels “Arrowsmith” (1925) by Sinclair Lewis, “That None Should Die” (1941) by Frank Gill Slaughter, “A Case of Need” (1969) by Michael Crichton, “Coma” (1977) by Robin Cook and others. The problems of deontology in the plane of artistic work have been studied using modern literary criticism research in the areas of narratology and receptive aesthetics, which determines the relevance of the present paper. The author’s intentions and reader’s strategies in designing the narrative space, focused on bioethical issues, have been analyzed. The theoretical significance of the article consists in the study of moral and ethical dominant features in the medical discourse of the 20th century U.S. prose. Within the framework of the material under consideration, the U.S. writers focus on deontological issues in order to implement a particular artistic intention, which acts in compliance with a certain literary trend and according to a specific stage in the development of American medicine and healthcare. Further research is needed to study the fictional representation of bioethical issues in the literary and medical discourse of the U.S. prose, which will improve the content of training courses in the world literature and form a methodological basis for the development of special courses, theme-based seminars and academic syllabi.

Духовное пространство современного образования: проблемы, теория, практика. Межрегиональная конференция памяти А.Д. Червякова

The authors provided information on the first interregional conference of scientific and pedagogical community of the Yaroslavl region dedicated to the memory of the Psychological Institute employee A.D.Chervyakov - scholar, historian of psychology, methodology and organizer of work on the formation of spiritual and moral content of training courses for children and teenagers. In the plenary session speakers invited to discuss a wide range of General methodological issues: the moral lessons of the creative heritage of Russian ascetics, scholars and teachers; the importance of the Orthodox culture in historical educational research context; the practice of the study of old Russian literature as a factor in the spiritual development of students; studying in school and University language of the icon as the basis of spiritually-moral education of a person; moral criteria for the development of the individual student in the modern education; the spiritual foundations of psychological perspectives; ethical and moral standards in the work of the teacher. Discussion at the round table "Youth subculture: tradition and deviation, moral and psychological-pedagogical problems" turned on: a subculture as a tool of socialization and moral formation adolescents; antisocial practices in subcultural spaces; the moral and psychological degradation as a consequence of aggressive subcultural associations; the way to build a dialogue of generations in the modern educational space; the family as an important resource for the confrontation of anti-social effects of youth subcultures; the spiritual and moral traditions of the Yaroslavl region as a means to counter the influence of destructive youth subcultures.

Prediction and Integration of Content Majors in Training for Junior Specialist at Professional Colleges

Thus the needs of the forms social order for the system of professional training of junior specialists define the goal, objectives and content, make demands, and determine the choice of appropriate technology of education. Production as a customer, evaluates the quality, level and competitiveness of the personnel. In this article majors content integration is being considered as the factor of professional education development. Continuity, interdisciplinary communication and linkage of subjects the author presents as a low level of integration of the content of general education, general professional and special disciplines. Integrative school subject is considered by us as a research-study and didactic revised system of knowledge, abilities, skills, as well as the factor of optimization of process in general. Keywords: majors, prediction, integration, junior specialist, National Program for Personnel Training, State Educational Standards Priority directions of the state policy of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Mr. Karimov I. for the spiritual and economic revival of the nation and its young generation are reflected in the National Program of Personnel Training, which defines a new strategy for the training of qualified personnel that requires the specification of the various problems of vocational education. It, as a rule, concerns adjustment of structure and content of training courses, creation of such pedagogical conditions in the study of which the students would gain the system knowledge, skills and abilities while it is understood that the rate of development of vocational education should be faster in relation to the pace of progress in objects and the means of labor, technology and organization of production, as the vocational education is the basis of training of junior specialists in social for a very long period in the future. In this regard the important task in the training of junior specialists is a prediction of the content of education, as a result of which may be obtained advance information on the most immediate prospects for the development of various branches of knowledge, necessary for the optimal construction of standards, curricula and training programs and their rapid adjustment. Without predicting the content of education non-resistant changes cannot be taught. Taking this into account the highly possible the task of methodical work in the training of junior specialists is to integrate the majors, optimizing the process and developing the level of training as a whole. The need for improving the quality of vocational training of junior specialists is what the life is dictating, and it is the demands of society and the labor market. Today's labor market is characterized by steady growth of competition and high demands of employers for candidates to fill vacant jobs. During the period of structural and qualitative changes in the economy of the country, to a considerable extent the formation of professional competence as well as the abilities of the specialist to get adapted to the new types of professional activities. In the transition to a market economy, there is complication of the relationship between professional training institutions and enterprises. The system of educational institution - production in this kind of how it functioned before, came into conflict with the quality of training of junior specialists and new relations in the economy. In interaction with this system, one of the major problems is organization and conducting of training. Young professionals entering into an independent life in a rapidly changing information environment need to be a competitive specialist. He should be creative, independent, responsible, to be able to solve non-

Increasing the Psychological Competence of Nurses in Pediatrics: Directions, Forms, Contents

научный биометрический журнал, который знакомит читателя с клиническими рекомендациями и особенностями применения лекарственных и вакцинных средств у детей, предоставляет исчерпывающую информацию о воздействии лекарственных средств на плод, о проводимых в

Refresher Courses for School Teachers of English at Tomsk State University

This paper examines the reasons for the development of English for foreign language teachers’ (EFL teachers) refresher courses at Tomsk State University. The emphasis is on some topical issues of the organization and content of training courses for EFL teachers to develop their language teaching strategies and assessment skills to evaluate students’ written answers according to the required checking and assessment criteria of the Unified State Examination (USE) in English. The author describes the training procedures carried out at Tomsk State University and specifies the methodological support and efficiency of educational arrangements.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS OF RUSSIAN SPIRITUAL ACADEMIES’ TEACHERS OF THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

The paper deals with the analysis of philosophical and theological creativity of Russian theological academies’ teachers of the early 20th century. The aim of this study is to identify the impact of methodological foundations’ changes of philosophical-theological quest on the teachers of Russian theological academies and the educational process itself in theological schools. Methods. The author focuses on the content of training courses delivered in the theological academies in the first two decades of the 20th century; problem statement peculiarities; aspect and priority choice in the fundamental researches conducted by the teachers of these schools. The applied methods include the comparative method, analysis, synthesis, method of abstraction, other philosophical and scientific methods. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the changes of methodological installations in scientific research representatives of spiritual and academic theism beginning of the 20th century can be compared with similar studies of the nineteenth century. It is mentioned that reorientation of a number of prominent representatives of spiritual and academic theism from scholastic methods, speculative psychology and metaphysics towards Patristics, asceticism and personal experiences allows us to propose this movement as West-European Philosophy searches of the same period. Thus, V. I. Nesmelov sees the basis of any religious teachings in the experience of human cognition. M. M. Tareev draws up his own moral theology reading course based on the personal experience living the Gospel Book. Archimandrite Sergious (Stragorodsky) interprets the topic of finding salvation not against the background of the changes in God, but from the standpoint of the changes that occur in humanity. Bishop Theodore (Pozdeevsky), Archbishop Hilarion (Troitsky) and Bishop Barnabas (Belyaev) make known scholasticism as epistemological malice characterizing the specifics of theological knowledge necessary to base their intellectual efforts on the personal experience of the struggle against the passions; therefore, they see the new basis of theology in asceticism. Professor S. V. Troitsky considers marriage as the key problem for religion and philosophy of the early 20th century. Professor S. S. Glagolev sees the descent of a man as the crossing point of religion and science. The author mentions that despite some heterogeneity of the proposed concepts, there is an obvious General anthropological orientation that had an impact on the educational process changes in theological academies (seminaries). Scientific novelty. The author systemizes and sums up anthropologic views of the most recognizable ecclesiastical academics in the early 20th century. Representation and analysis of anthropologic problematics in philosophical and religious papers of the Russian ecclesiastical education stage of development signify essential agreement among Russian and Western sophists; they had been discussing the same problem – a human being. The author points out that their discussions were not absolutely the same, but it gives the reason to regard the anthropology of the early 20th century as modern Philosophy; and this difference allows academic anthropology to avoid classic and non-classic types of philosophy. Practical significance. The research outcomes can be used for further understanding development of the all European searching process of the early 20th century. Received by the author of the study findings provide its scientific innovation. The results of this study can be used in assessing the role of theological academies in European cultural processes and culture of the Russian society of the early 20th century; research findings can enrich the content of the lectures on the History of Philosophy, Russian History, European History, Cultural Studies and other Humanities (non-science disciplines).

An Assessment of Job Performance of Vessel Traffic Service Operators Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process and a Grey Interval Measure

Operator training is a vital issue for vessel traffic service (VTS), since the International Maritime Organization has adopted the new version of the Guidelines for VTS 1997. Many countries have begun to alter the content of training courses, in order to comply with international standards. However, Taiwan still lacks effective method to assess individual operator's job performance, capabilities, or the effectiveness of a training program. This study collates the standard training courses to construct an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model and to investigate the relative evaluation weights for all criteria, using the group decision of the principal instructors. Grey interval measure (GIM) is used to evaluate the job performance for VTS operators serving in Taichung Harbor. The result shows the educational level and the duration of participation in training indeed affects the job performance. By importance-performance analysis (IPA), those trainees who were evaluated better actually obtained higher scores on the more insignificant sub-criteria.The AHP structure and the GIM evaluation process are proved useful to authorities in the establishment of a standard for job performance of VTS.

Driver training interests of a Spanish sample of young drivers and its relationship with their self-assessment skills concerning risky driving behavior

Poor driving self-assessment skills (e.g., over-confidence) have been pointed out as an important explanatory factor behind young drivers’ accident involvement. This paper explores (1) what young drivers miss in their training as drivers in order to analyze whether an assessment of one's own driving skills plays an important role in their desire to improve as drivers, and (2) how these training interests are related to an estimate of their self-assessment skills concerning risky driving behavior. For this purpose, a study was conducted using a survey with a blocked sampling design of novice drivers. The survey solicited respondents’ self-report about (1) the contents of training courses that they feel would improve their driving, (2) their risky driving behavior, and (3) their likelihood of being involved in a risky driving situation. From the initial sample invited to participate, of nearly 1300 people, we finally obtained complete data from 321 young Spanish drivers. Two main results were apparent from our data analysis: (1) the novice drivers were mainly interested in improving their ability to recognize their strengths and weaknesses as drivers (i.e., self-assessment skills); (2) a significant relationship was found between novice drivers’ interests and their current self-assessment skills concerning risky driving behavior. Specifically, there was greater general interest expressed in post-license training by the under-confident self-assessors than the over-confident ones. These results provide a relevant input which should be taken into account when designing driver training programs for novice drivers. Moreover, the relationship between their training interests and their risky driving self-assessment skills introduces an additional factor to be considered in the implementation of these training programs.

A survey on requirement of job training for community physicians in Hedong Distract of Tianjin

A questionnaire survey was conducted in 120 community physician, the survey items included the methods and contents of training course, the obstacles for attendance of training; meanwhile, focus group discussions attended by selected physicians were also carried out The skills for diagnosis and treatment of common diseases were most required by community physicians, and disease prevention and rehabilitation were ranked second and third respectively. In addition, the physicians also required the knowledge and skills of pre-hospital emergency management, disease screening and chronic disease management. The most favorable way of training is in-site guidance given by doctors from higher level hospital. Staff shortage in community health service centers is the main obstacle for off-service training. Key words: lnservice training; General practitioners

ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БEЛАРУСЬ: ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫЙ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ И СОДЕРЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТЫ

In article ways of maintenance of quality of higher education in Belarus are considered. It is shown that they are the result of interaction of two tendencies. The first is inheritance and development of traditions of the Soviet education system. Belarus system tries to conserve fundamentality and scientific character of the contents of education, to keep in basis the orientation on Five years' term of training. The second one is use the consequences of world processes, such as mass character of higher education, its practical orienta-tion, Influence of market relations on education, etc. All establishments of education of an education system of Belarus are subjected to the state control. Irrespective of subordination and patterns of ownership of establishments of education the state con-trol is carried out as: – Self-checking which is carried out by establishments as the procedure which is carried out for an internal estimation of quality of education under the program worked out by establishment education or as a necessary stage of the certification which are carried out in the order, developed by department of quality assurance of education; – Inspections of establishments spent by department of quality assurance of education and other competent bodies; – Inspections by department of quality assurance of education of committees, departments of educa-tion of local executive and administrative bodies. Monitoring of quality of education at a level of universities is carried out in the form of the current and final certification of students for the certain period of training (a semester, a rate, all period of training). Oral, written and practical forms are used. Forms of certification of students are determined by educational standards of specialities. For the first time standards of specialties of higher education in republic have been developed in 1998-1999. In 2008 standards of new generation (361 specialities) have been created. In standards results of modernization of system of the higher school are reflected: two-level preparation of the graduate (the special-ist, the master); the differentiated terms of preparation of the graduate at the first level (from 4 till 6 years of training on a speciality); competent approach to formation of model of the specialist; increasing of controlled independent work of students in total amount training hours; orientation to innovative techniques and tech-nologies of teaching. The problem which is necessary to solve is to update of the training courses content from scientific and practical point of view. It is difficult because this step may lead to including more information that stu-dent is able to get. In this case it is important to emphasize that methodology of education is opposite to methodology of development of knowledge in science. In a science, as it is known, speaking computer language, change of operational system occurs from time to time. It allows to state information of past periods simply and briefly. There is reconsideration and re-structuring of all volume of the scientific information from the point of view of a new scientific paradigm. Changes of scientific knowledge in the content of training courses also should be nonlinear both on time and on intensity of the response to changes occurring in a science. During normal (extensive) develop-ment of a science the new knowledge can quite take root into educational process in an additive mode. Intro-duction of the knowledge which has arisen during change of a scientific paradigm demands radical transfor-mation of forms and methods of training and even phase transition of all education system. Differently, the content and methodology of education, following by the changes in a science and practice, should vary peri-odically to provide quality of preparation of specialists according to modern social and culture realities. Key words: education, quality, the content of education, methodology.

First aid for depression: A Delphi consensus study with consumers, carers and clinicians

Background It is unclear how members of the public can best support individuals who are developing a depressive episode before appropriate professional help is received. Methods To assess expert consensus, we used the Delphi Method. An expert panel consisting of 167 mental health consumers, carers and clinicians was recruited from developed English-speaking countries. A 99-item questionnaire about how to help someone with depression was developed from a variety of resources. The panel members rated each item according to whether they believed the statement should be included in the first aid recommendations. The results were analysed by comparing consensus rates across the three groups. Three rounds were required to consolidate consensus levels. Results Sixty-four items were endorsed by ≥ 80% of panel members from all three groups as essential or important. These items were grouped under the following headings: recognising and acknowledging depression; approaching someone who may be depressed; how to be supportive; what is not helpful for a person who may have depression; whether to encourage the person to seek professional help; whether to encourage the person to use self-help strategies; what to do if the person does not want help. Limitations These recommendations may not be applicable outside developed English-speaking countries. Conclusions By informing the content of training courses, these recommendations will improve the provision of first aid to individuals who are developing a depressive episode and facilitate the uptake of appropriate professional help.

First Aid Recommendations for Psychosis: Using the Delphi Method to Gain Consensus Between Mental Health Consumers, Carers, and Clinicians

Members of the general public often lack the knowledge and skills to intervene effectively to help someone who may be developing a psychotic illness before appropriate professional help is received. We used the Delphi method to determine recommendations on first aid for psychosis. An international panel of 157 mental health consumers, carers, and clinicians completed a 146-item questionnaire about how a member of the public could help someone who may be experiencing psychosis. The panel members rated each questionnaire item according to whether they believed the statement should be included in the first aid recommendations. The results were analyzed by comparing consensus rates across the 3 groups. Three rounds of ratings were required to consolidate consensus levels. Eighty-nine items were endorsed by >or=80% of panel members from all 3 groups as essential or important for psychosis first aid. These items were grouped under the following 9 headings: how to know if someone is experiencing psychosis; how to approach someone who may be experiencing psychosis; how to be supportive; how to deal with delusions and hallucinations; how to deal with communication difficulties; whether to encourage the person to seek professional help; what to do if the person does not want help; what to do in a crisis situation when the person has become acutely unwell; what to do if the person becomes aggressive. These recommendations will improve the provision of first aid to individuals who are developing a psychotic disorder by informing the content of training courses.

Aiming higher: how will universities respond to changes in initial teacher training for the post‐compulsory sector in England?

Initial teacher training for post‐compulsory education in England is currently undergoing profound change in terms of central direction of curricula and the provision of financial support for trainees. Within a discourse of the ‘professionalisation’ of teaching in the sector, unprecedented control of the detailed structure and content of training courses has been established and is increasing in extent. At the same time, principles of free access to Cert. Ed. and PGCE courses are being set aside, so that those universities which provide training are simultaneously contending with imposed curriculum change and with a serious threat to student recruitment. This article examines the origins and nature of these developments, considers the political and economic background from which they stem, and discusses in detail some features of the characteristic discourse of the reforms instituted by central government. It goes on to consider the likely effects of the recent and on‐going changes in university‐led training and suggests that the outcome of the reforms might be to undermine the government's own aspirations for professionalisation of the teaching workforce in post‐compulsory education.

Working with adults with personality disorder in the community: a multi-agency interview study

Aims and MethodTo explore the impact of adults with personality disorder on the professional groups that support them. Staff (n=72) from five agencies participated in interviews focusing on reactions to short case vignettes representing the three personality disorder clusters.ResultsEach presentation was relatively consistent in its impact on staff irrespective of the agency or setting. Several agency-specific themes were also identified, some illustrating areas of potential difficulty in inter-agency working. Many non-mental health workers reported considerable contact with this client group, although most felt dissatisfied with the training available and suggested solutions.Clinical ImplicationsFindings from this study may help to match the content of training courses to need. Similar vignette-based surveys could be used to investigate the impact of staff training over time.

Identification of entrepreneurial success factors to determine the content of entrepreneurship subjects

The aim of this research was to determine what the content of entrepreneurship subjects, programmes and curricula should be. The study involved empirical research to identify the factors that contribute to the success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The information was analysed by frequency analysis, the analysis of relations and a factor analysis. Important deductions were made and used as guideline for an extensive literature study. The results of the literature study and a focus group were used to provide a framework for focus areas and the content of subjects and programmes in entrepreneurship. Currently there is limited consensus in the field of entrepreneurship on the contents of training courses and curricula. This article suggests that post-secondary education and training of entrepreneurs and potential entrepreneurs should follow a multidisciplinary, holistic and outcomes-based approach that focuses on the development of those skills and abilities identified as success factors of entrepreneurs. The problem investigated in this study is the identification of the primary factors that contribute to the success of SMEs. The findings can then be used in the identification of subject and curricula content in order to develop a framework for entrepreneurship training courses and qualifications. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol.16(3) 2002: 157-166

A framework for effective training for supervisors

The purpose of this paper is to identify the key theoretical and empirical considerations that should underpin effective training for supervisors. Decisions about the content of training courses are complex because there is no appropriate model of supervision in medicine. This paper argues that, in the absence of an explanatory model, effective training for supervisors should be based on existing relevant understandings about learning processes and models of supervision, together with relevant empirical data. It explores some useful models of supervision, considers helpful aspects of theories about learning from experience and identifies some relevant empirical findings to identify some key theoretical and empirical considerations that should underpin effective training for supervisors. This paper offers a framework, derived from both empirical and theoretical work, to guide the content of effective supervision training courses. It does not prescribe structure or organization of training but suggests a basis for devising specific courses for response to local needs.

Reciprocity of Qualifications in Practice

With the reunification of East and West Germany, the practical marketability and evaluation criteria of the various professional qualifications from these two formerly separated countries have to be analysed, a concordance established, and in many instances, discrepancies must be compensated. Continuing education and special seminars serve as compensation, but are usually only available to actively employed professionals. For unemployed professionals, only short courses or 1 to 3 day seminars generally exist (often in geographically unfavorable locations) or the final step into long-term retraining in another profession.Specific discrepancies occur in the training and level of familiarization with ADP systems for automating library functions, new storage and retrieval technology, as well as with various structures in Western libraries and library systems. At present, the job market is contracting owing to library closures in the former GDR, thus limiting the scope for individual professional career development even further. Many qualified librarians of both former countries are forced to accept lower-level library jobs if they want to be employed at all. The basis for establishing including the “Informator” with (West) German equivalents is examined in this paper.The realities of the coming opening of the labor market for library professionals in the EC after 1992 can be seen in part as analogous to the current German situation. Although the language aspect complicates the problem somewhat, similar considerations regarding equalizing salary discrepansies, re-establishing reciprocity based on the length of professional experience, as well as on the scope and content of training courses and/or further education credits, etc., must attain a certain stability and standardization to enable efficient and fair treament. Beyond the developments expected for 1992, standards for multinatioal reciprocity and equivalency of professional qualifications must be optimized.

Reciprocity of qualifications in practice: Equivalency issues affecting the librarian and documentation professions in Germany after reunification

With the reunification of East and West Germany, the practical marketability and evaluation criteria of the various professional qualifications from these two formerly separated countries have to be analysed, a concordance established, and in many instances, discrepancies must be compensated. Continuing education and special seminars serve as compensation, but are usually only available to actively employed professionals. For unemployed professionals, only short courses or 1 to 3 day seminars generally exist (often in geographically unfavorable locations) or the final step into long-term retraining in another profession. Specific discrepancies occur in the training and level of familiarization with ADP systems for automating library functions, new storage and retrieval technology, as well as with various structures in Western libraries and library systems. At present, the job market is contracting owing to library closures in the former GDR, thus limiting the scope for individual professional career development even further. Many qualified librarians of both former countries are forced to accept lower-level library jobs if they want to be employed at all. The basis for establishing including the “Informator” with (West) German equivalents is examined in this paper. The realities of the coming opening of the labor market for library professionals in the EC after 1992 can be seen in part as analogous to the current German situation. Although the language aspect complicates the problem somewhat, similar considerations regarding equalizing salary discrepansies, re-establishing reciprocity based on the length of professional experience, as well as on the scope and content of training courses and/or further education credits, etc., must attain a certain stability and standardization to enable efficient and fair treament. Beyond the developments expected for 1992, standards for multinatioal reciprocity and equivalency of professional qualifications must be optimized.