Content Of Substances Research Articles

Comparative studies of essential oils from Matricaria recutita L.

The aim of the work is to determine the component composition of the essential oil of medicinal chamomile, grown on the educational and research site of medicinal plants of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University (ZSMPHU), and commercial essential oil that was purchased via the Internet. Materials and methods. The object of the study was chamomile essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and commercial oil. Qualitative and quantitative determination of the components of essential oils was established using the chromato-mass spectrometric method on a high-performance gas chromatograph “Agilent 7890B GC System” (Agilent, SantaClara, CA, USA) with a mass spectrometric detector “Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD” (Agilent, SantaClara, CA, USA). Results. Dominant compounds of essential oil of chamomile, grown on the educational and research site of medicinal plants ZSMPHU were 2H-pyran-3-ol, tetrahydro-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl) ) – 7.54 %, chamazulene – 5.32 %, alpha-bisabolol – 4.30 %, 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-3,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene – 3.25 %, myrtenyl acetate – 3.03 %, azulene, 1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl) – 2.16 %, bisabolol oxide B – 1.86 %. Commercial chamomile essential oil was dominated by 3-methoxy-3-methylbutanol (56.15 %), diethyl phthalate (17.46 %), linalyl acetate (6.99 %), linalool (4.41 %). Conclusions. Industrial cultivation of chamomile in southern Ukraine shows a high biologically active substances content and can be in demand in the pharmaceutical industry’s consumer market for raw materials.

Response of selenium pools to drought stress by regulating physio‑biochemical attributes and anatomical changes in Gentiana macrophylla

Selenium (Se), as a vital stress ameliorant, possesses a beneficial effect on mediating detrimental effects of environmental threats. However, the mechanisms of Se in mitigating the deleterious effects of drought are still poorly understood. Gentiana macrophylla Pall. is a well-known Chinese medicinal herb, and its root, as the main medicinal site, has significant therapeutic effects. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the functions of Se on the seedling growth and physiobiochemical characteristics in G. macrophylla subjected to drought stress. The changes in microstructure and chloroplast ultrastructure of G. macrophylla leaves under drought exposure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron microscopes and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscope (SEM-EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Results revealed that drought stress induced a notable increase in oxidative toxicity in G. macrophylla, as evidenced by elevated levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (MDA), enhanced antioxidative response, decreased plant photosynthetic function, and inhibited plant growth. Chloroplasts integrity with damaged membranes and excess osmiophilic granule were observed in the drought-stressed plants. Se supplementation notably recovered the stomatal morphology, anatomical structure damage, and chloroplast ultrastructure of G. macrophylla leaves caused by drought exposure. Exogenous Se application markedly enhanced SPAD, photosynthetic stomatal exchange parameters, and photosystem II activity. Se supplementation significantly promoted the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), while reducing levels of MDA, superoxide anion (O2–.) and H2O2, and improving membrane integrity. Furthermore, the ameliorative effects of Se were also suggested by increased contents of osmotic substances (soluble sugar and proline), boosted content of gentiopicroside and loganinic acid in roots, and alleviated the inhibition in plant growth and biomass. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of Se-treated G. macrophylla roots under drought stress demonstrated that Se-stimulated metabolites including O-H, C-H, N-H, C-N, and CO functional groups, were involved in resisting drought stress. Correlation analysis indicated an obvious negative correlation between growth parameters and MDA, O2–. and H2O2 content, while a positive correlation with photosynthetic gas exchange parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) results explained the total variance into two principal components contributing the maximum (93.50 %) among the drought exposure with or without Se due to the various experiment indexes. In conclusion, Se exerts beneficial properties on drought-induced detrimental effects in G. macrophylla by relieving oxidative stress, improving photosynthesis indexes, PSII activity, regulating anatomical changes, altering levels of gentiopicroside and loganinic acid, and promoting growth of drought-stressed G. macrophylla.

Aroma Substances Generation and Variation of Broth in Pork Braised Processing based on Multi-Instrumental and Multiplex Analysis

The aim was to investigate and reveal the patterns of production and changes of major aroma substances in broth during quantitative repeated cycles of cooking and the effects of meat and spices on the formation of unique aroma in broth. Aroma substances were systematically identified and quantified for three groups (MS, broth cooked with meat and spices; M, broth cooked with meat; and S, broth cooked with spices) by using GC-MS, E-nose and tri-step infrared spectroscopy. The PCA model of M group E-nose showed that the total content of aroma substances reached the maximum value in the broth samples cooked for the third time. Meanwhile, the GC-MS results showed that benzaldehyde in the spices completely disappeared in the 4th brining, esters such as linalyl propionate and isopropyl myristate disappeared after the 5th and 6th brining, ketones basically disappeared in the 6th brining, and the relative content of alcohols in M group was highest in the 4th brining. Successful validation of the generation and variation of aroma substances by E-nose and GC-MS through tri-step infrared spectroscopy technique with increasing resolution. Therefore, the quality of braised meat products can be improved by replenishing the meat and spices after the 3th brining.

Overexpression of PavHIPP16 from Prunus avium enhances cold stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco

BackgroundThe heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant protein (HIPP) is an important regulatory element in response to abiotic stresses, especially playing a key role in low-temperature response.ResultsThis study investigated the potential function of PavHIPP16 up-regulated in sweet cherry under cold stress by heterologous overexpression in tobacco. The results showed that the overexpression (OE) lines’ growth state was better than wild type (WT), and the germination rate, root length, and fresh weight of OE lines were significantly higher than those of WT. In addition, the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the OE of tobacco under low-temperature treatment were substantially lower than those of WT. In contrast, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, soluble protein, and soluble sugar contents were significantly higher than those of WT. Yeast two-hybrid assay (Y2H) and luciferase complementation assay verified the interactions between PavbHLH106 and PavHIPP16, suggesting that these two proteins co-regulated the cold tolerance mechanism in plants. The research results indicated that the transgenic lines could perform better under low-temperature stress by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity and osmoregulatory substance content of the transgenic plants.ConclusionsThis study provides genetic resources for analyzing the biological functions of PavHIPPs, which is important for elucidating the mechanisms of cold resistance in sweet cherry.

Thermal infrared hyperspectral image band selection based on dynamic metric-guided particle swarm optimization for quantitative analysis of potash

ABSTRACT Potash plays an important role in agriculture and food security, so does the estimation of the content of substances in potash. Chemical methods for such estimation tasks are time-consuming, whereas thermal infrared hyperspectral (TIH) images provide us with an opportunity to do estimation efficiently. This paper hence applies the TIH technology to predict the content of various substances in potash. On the one hand, the TIH technology provides rich hyperspectral information for substance discovery and analysis. On the other hand, it introduces challenges of dimensionality and information redundancy, leading to potential decreased predicting accuracy. To solve the problem, as well as easing the burden of detection instruments in terms of band usage, band selection is critical. This paper proposes a dynamic metric-guided particle swarm optimization (DM-GPSO) method for band selection. It adaptively adjusts parameters to prevent local optima, avoiding the need for manual parameter tuning. Variety of band selection algorithms, including the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and improved PSO algorithms, are tested to extract and analyse the characteristic bands of potash. Experimental results demonstrate that the TIH technology combined with a proper band selection methodis effective in estimating the content of potash. The new DM-GPSO can select different combinations of bands, which lead to better and more stable prediction results. The analysis on the combinations of selected bands also reveals that picromerite and potassium chloride have similar intervals of characteristic bands, which can be used to guide the production process of potash in practice.

Impact of Reducing Nitrogen Fertilizer with Biochar on Flavor Substance and Nitrogen Balance in Different Swollen-Stem-Mustard Varieties

Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in the swollen-stem mustard cultivation leads to a series of environmental and quality issues. It was reported that reducing nitrogen fertilizer with biochar could increase crop yield and reduce environmental risks. However, the effect of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar application on the flavor substances was rarely reported. Thus, two genetic stem mustard varieties (Yx: Yong’an xiaoye and Fz: Fuza No. 2), and four N treatments (control: 0 N kg/ha with biochar; N150: 150 N kg/ha with biochar, N300: 300 N kg/ha with biochar, and N450: 450 N kg/ha) were chosen to study the effects of nitrogen reduction combined with biochar on the flavor substance content of mustard stem, and N balance. The results showed that the residual soil inorganic N in N300 was lower by 37% than that in N450 (156.5 kg/ha) in Fz mustard soil, and lower by 33% in N150 than in N450 (163.1 kg/ha) in Yx mustard. The highest biomass of stem mustard tumors of Fz (35.4 × 103 kg/ha) and Yx (35.7 × 103 kg/ha) was in N300. The content of umami amino acids, sweet amino acids, and bitter amino acids of Yx and Fz stem was the highest in N450, and N300, respectively. After comprehensive consideration, the Fz was recommended to be planted in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area with N300.

Carbon fixation mechanism of fungal community bypass strategy in rice straw composting combined with functional microbes: inhibition from cellobiose to glucose pathway

Composting offers an eco-friendly approach, converting organic solid waste into valuable soil enhancer products. Three experimental treatments were designed to explore the microbial mechanisms influencing lignocellulose loss in rice straw composting: CK (the control), B4 (inoculated with Bacillus subtilis), and Z1 (inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus). The results showed significant increases in carboxymethyl cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, laccase, and xylanase activities during B4 and Z1composting. However, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase were not significantly affected, and β-glucosidase was inhibited. Additionally, microbial inoculation stimulated lignin loss, with B4 and Z1 composting increasing degradation by 14.42% and 16.29%, respectively, compared to the CK. Simultaneously, humic substance content increased as microbial inoculation inhibited β-glucosidase, causing cellobiose to accumulate and divert into a pathway that forms humic substances. The random forest model showed that Symmetrospora and Phaeosphaeria significantly boosted lignocellulose loss in B4 and Z1 composting by promoting fungi functional aggregation, thus accelerating the degradation and transformation process. This study explored the microbial mechanism of lignocellulose loss and provided new insights into lignocellulose conversion and carbon fixation.

Enhanced antibacterial and genoprotective properties of nanoliposomal Satureja hortensis L. essential oil

Nanoliposomes are drug delivery systems that improve bioavailability by encapsulating therapeutic agents. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nanoliposomal (NL) formulation on enhancing the bioavailability of essential oil. The essential oil of Satureja hortensis (SHO) was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (SHNLs). Physicochemical characterizations of NL formulations (size, charge, polydispersity index [PDI]) were evaluated by dynamic light scattering technique. The nanoliposome encapsulation efficiency (EE) was calculated as 89.90%. The prepared bionanosystems demonstrated significant antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli ATCC 10536, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC as determined by the agar diffusion method and microdilution tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for SHNLs were found to be 5.187 µg/µL for E. coli and 2.59 µg/µL for both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Importantly, despite the lower substance content, both SHNLs and SHO exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against all tested strains. Furthermore, in order to determine the toxicity profile and possible effects on DNA damage or repair both the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of SHNLs were assessed using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) method in human lymphocyte cultures. The experimental data collectively indicate that the NL formulation of the S. hortensis essential oil enhances antibacterial activities and provides genoprotective effects against DNA damage. This highlights the significance of liposomal formulations of antioxidants in augmenting their biological activity. The results indicate that SHNLs can be a safe antibacterial agent for the pharmaceutical industry.

The 14-3-3 protein nt GF14e interacts with CIPK2 and increases low potassium stress in tobacco

ABSTRACT Potassium (K+) plays a role in enzyme activation, membrane transport, and osmotic regulation processes. An increase in potassium content can significantly improve the elasticity and combustibility of tobacco and reduce the content of harmful substances. Here, we report that the expression analysis of Nt GF14e, a 14-3-3 gene, increased markedly after low-potassium treatment (LK). Then, chlorophyll content, POD activity and potassium content, were significantly increased in overexpression of Nt GF14e transgenic tobacco lines compared with those in the wild type plants. The net K+ efflux rates were severely lower in the transgenic plants than in the wild type under LK stress. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified 5708 upregulated genes and 2787 downregulated genes between Nt GF14e overexpressing transgenic tobacco plants. The expression levels of some potassium-related genes were increased, such as CBL-interacting protein kinase 2 (CIPK2), Nt CIPK23, Nt CIPK25, H+-ATPase isoform 2 a (AHA2a), Nt AHA4a, Stelar K+ outward rectifier 1(SKOR1), and high affinity K+ transporter 5 (HAK5). The result of yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging experiments suggested Nt GF14e could interact with CIPK2. Overall, these findings indicate that NtGF14e plays a vital roles in improving tobacco LK tolerance and enhancing potassium nutrition signaling pathways in tobacco plants.

АНТИОКСИДАНТНА АКТИВНІСТЬ ЕКСТРАКТІВ SCORZONERA PURPUREA SUBSP. ROSEA

The antioxidant properties of ethanol-water extracts of Scorzonera purpurea subsp. rosea obtained by maceration with ethanol content of 50 % (E50) and 70 % (E70) were studied using the DPPH (E50 – 82 %, E70 – 86 %), ABTS (E50 – 89 %, E70 – 93 %) and FRAP (E50 – 23.01 μmol/ml, E70 – 23.58 μmol/ml) methods. It was determined that the studied extracts differ little in the total content of extractive substances (E50 – 19.86 mg/ml, E70 – 19.4 mg/ml), the sum of polyphenolic compounds (E50 – 2.02 mgGC/ml, E70 – 2.11 mgGC/ml), flavonoids (E50 – 0.235 mgC/ml, E70 – 0.276 mgC/ml). The obtained results indicate the expediency of using an alcohol-water mixture with an ethanol content of 50 % as a cheaper extractant for the preparation of Scorzonera purpurea extracts with a pronounced antioxidant effect.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF METHODS FOR THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PROSPIDIUM CHLORIDE FOR IDENTIFICATION AND ASSAY ANALYSIS

Objective. The work is devoted to the development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric analysis of propidium chloride, an antitumour drug of the dyspyropiperazine group. The relevance of the study is due to the need to introduce into the practice of quality control of prospidium chloride analysis method characterised by high sensitivity, accuracy, rapidity and availability. Material and methods. The object of the study was a medicinal substance-powder Prospidin (Prospidium chloride, series 271222, expiry date until 12.2027g, produced by «Unitehprom BSU», Minsk). Solutions with working concentration range from 0.05 mol/l to 0.2 mol/l for spectrophotometric analysis were prepared using purified water. Absorption spectra with determination of analytical wavelength (λmax, nm) and value of molar absorption coefficient ε, (l mol-1cm-1) in the range from 200 nm to 400 nm were obtained and analysed on Agilent Cary 60 equipment. Validation parameters were determined in accordance with the regulations of the General Pharmacopoeial Article 1.1.0012.15. Results. Validation evaluation of the developed analytical techniques for the determination of authenticity and active ingredient content by UV spectro-photometry included tests for specificity (in the presence of NaCl 0.9% solution), analytical range (0.05−0.2 mol/L), linearity (r=0.9997), accuracy, preci-sion in terms of repeatability 3.89±0.24 ( ±SD) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (ε=2.1%) and stability. Conclusion. The analysis of electronic spectra of aqueous solutions of propidium chloride demonstrated the presence of R-band absorption (German radikalartig − radical, for systems with unshared electron pairs) with a characteristic wavelength in the far-UV region at λmax=282±0.4 nm, and λmin=255±0.4 nm. It was found that the absorption at λmax in the concentration range from 0.05 mol/L to 0.2 mol/L of a solution of propidine chloride containing nitrogen heteroatoms with unshared electron pairs is due to the implementation of the so-called formally forbidden n→σ* electronic transition involving molecular orbitals. The characteristic appearance of the electronic spectrum with λmax and λmin, compliance with the Beer–Lambert law in the given concentration range, the calculated value of the molar extinction coefficient ε (l mol1cm1) − allow to use the above described spectral characteristics to determine the authenticity and content of the active substance in quality control of prospidium chloride.

Chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals as sources of perfluoroalkyl substances.

This study focuses on perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) content in chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals. Chickens' eggs (n = 25) and the livers of cows (n = 10), chickens (n = 7) and horses (n = 3) were collected from various regions of Poland. Samples were analysed using the isotope dilution technique with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The mean lower bound (LB) sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFAS) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)) were the highest in cows' livers (0.52 μg/kg) and much lower in chickens' (0.17 μg/kg) and horses' livers (0.13 μg/kg) and chickens' eggs (0.096 μg/kg). The ratio of ∑4 PFASs to the limits set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 was <7% for liver and <6% for eggs. Linear PFOS was the compound with the highest detection frequency (8% in eggs and 48% in all livers). In cows' livers it was detected in 80% of samples. The estimated exposure to LB ∑4 PFASs via consumption of liver tissue from farm animals (assuming 50 g and 100 g portions) was <52% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and <17% of the TWI for adults. Dietary intake via the average portion of three eggs led to low exposure of <15% for children and <5% for adults. Neither eggs nor the livers of chickens or horses as analysed in this study are significant sources of PFASs, while cows' livers might contribute significantly to a child's overall dietary intake. Further investigation of PFOS in farm animal livers should be conducted.

Short-term electrochemical stimulation induces sustained enhancement of extracellular pollutant degradation in anaerobic granular sludge

Electroactive bacteria (EAB) are advantageous for degrading the pollutants extracellularly, but the enrichment primarily restricts on the electrode surface of bioelectrochemical system and is challenging to scale up. To address this, a new strategy was proposed to electrochemically stimulate the anaerobic granular sludge (AGS) and employ the harvested electroactive granular sludge (EGS) to an electrode-free bioreactor for pollutant removal. Fast establishment of EGS was achieved after 7 days' electrochemical stimulation, with a maximum current output of 112.5 A/m3 achieved and the abundance of electroactive bacteria-like genera increased from 5% to around 20%. The electric conductivity of EGS improved by 1-fold, while the increased extracellular protein and humic acid substance but unchanged polysaccharide content in the extracellular polymeric substance suggested a more robust redox network. After assembling in a sequential batch reactor, the methylene orange (MO) and Cr(VI) removal rate by EGS was enhanced by 65–80% and 38–55%, respectively. Better oxygen tolerance was also observed. The comparative study with exogenous riboflavin and respiration inhibitors indicated the complete extracellular reduction achieved by EGS while almost half of MO was metabolically degraded by AGS, which was kinetically sluggish. More importantly, there is no performance and electroactivity decay in a 60 days' batch operation. Meanwhile, the characterization of microbial community revealed the further increased abundance of EAB-like genera (∼28%) but Acinetobacter became dominant (∼15%), suggesting the competition of EAB species in EGS. In brief, a simple 7-day electrochemical stimulation imposed diverse and sustained benefits on the performance and microbial community of granular sludge, which may inspire the application of EAB and their extracellular degradation capacity in real wastewater treatment.

Cyanobacteria - sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties

In recent decades, the interest of researchers towards cyanobacteria and algae has increased not only as functional foods or nutraceuticals, but also as sources of natural bioactive components with beneficial health effects, which would serve as an alternative to synthetic drugs, as well as to broaden the spectrum of natural remedies used in the prevention and combating of some diseases. This review presents the results of recent research on the world map regarding the identification of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity produced by algae and cyanobacteria, analyzed the methods of determining the antioxidant activity of different biochemical compounds classes, as well as the species of cyanobacteria with a rich content of substances with antioxidant effects in order to evaluate the cyanobacterial strains of biotechnological interest and the preparations obtained based on them with high antioxidant activity.

Metabolome and transcriptome reveal high abundance of bioactive substances in albino jujube fruit as potential function food

Little is known about the fruit quality of albino mutants, due to generally exhibited lethal phenotypes caused by restrained photosynthesis and energy metabolism. In this study, a non-lethal bud mutant of jujube that could bear fruit with higher nutrient content after leaf albinism was described. Compared to normal mature fruit, the albino fruit contained lower soluble sugar and titratable acid, as well as higher ascorbic acid, phenols and flavonoids contents. Through metabolome and transcriptome analyses, 109, 117, and 126 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and 1169, 797, and 3059 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the young, white-ripened, and mature stages of albino and normal fruits, respectively. KEGG annotation indicated that DEGs and DAMs were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Moreover, ADH, GST17, and POD16 were identified as hub genes that play major roles in high abundance of chalcone, (−)-epigallocatechin, GSH, and total ascorbate. The alteration of bioactive substance content in albino fruits was an adaptive molecular mechanism that responded to adverse mutations, and reflected a higher antioxidant capacity. These findings provide new insights into bioactive compounds accumulation in albino mutants, and provide experimental evidence for albino fruit as a potential nutraceutical or functional food.

Response and self-regulation of PD/A granular sludge to oxytetracycline stress

This paper investigated the operational characteristics and self-regulation mechanism of the partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) granular system under the stress of oxytetracycline (OTC), an emerging pollutant that accumulates in municipal wastewater treatment plants through various pathways, posing significant challenges for its future promotion in engineering applications. The results indicated that OTC concentrations below 100 mg/L intensified its short-term inhibition on the PD/A granular sludge system, decreasing functional bacterial activity, while between 150 and 300 mg/L, PD's NO3−-N to NO2−-N conversion ability diminished, and Anammox activity was significantly suppressed. Under long-term high OTC stress (20–30 mg/L), nitrogen removal suffered, and batch tests revealed significant inhibition of PD's NO3−-N to NO2−-N conversion, dropping from 73.77 % to 50.17 %. Anammox bacteria activity sharply declined from 1.81 to 0.39 mg N/gVSS/h under OTC stress. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content rose from 185.39 to 210.86 mg/gVSS, indicating PD/A sludge's self-protection mechanism. However, EPS content fell due to cell lysis at high OTC (30 mg/L). The decreasing relative abundance of Candidatus_Brocadia (2.32 % to 0.93 %) and Thaure (12.63 % to 7.82 %) was a key factor in the gradual deterioration of denitrification performance. This study was expected to provide guidance for the PD/A process to cope with the interference of antibiotics and other emerging pollutants (short-term shock and long-term stress).

Environmentally Friendly Natural Coagulants in the Coagulation Process in the Rubber Industry

This research evaluates the use of natural coagulants, such as soursop and Aegle marmelos (Maja), in the latex coagulation process of the GT 1 clone type, compared with chemical coagulants such as formic acid and acetic acid, to gain an understanding of the characteristics of the rubber produced. Three types of crumb rubber (SIR 3 CV, SIR 3L, and SIR 3 WF) are produced from latex, while SIR 5, SIR 10, and SIR 20 are produced from treated latex coagulum. Rubber quality criteria are explained in the Indonesian Rubber Standard (SIR 3L/3WF) SNI 06-1903-2011. The use of natural coagulants, especially soursop, and Maja, in the coagulation of GT 1 clone latex shows an influence on coagulation time, Dry Rubber Content (DRC), initial plasticity (Po), Plasticity Retention Index (PRI), ash content, dirt content, and substance content evaporate. The results showed that natural coagulants had slower coagulation times, higher DRC values ​​(especially in maja), and better PRI values ​​compared to chemical coagulants. Despite having higher ash content, dirt content, and volatile matter content, all types of coagulants meet rubber quality standards. This research provides in-depth insight into the potential and advantages of natural coagulants, especially soursop, and maja, in the environmentally friendly rubber industry. In addition, analysis of rubber characteristics, such as plasticity, resistance to heating, and content of certain components, provides a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the use of natural coagulants on rubber quality.

Dynamic changes in dissolved organic matter during transport of landfill leachate in porous medium.

The dynamic changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) during the transport of landfill leachate (LL) in porous medium should be explored, considering the high levels of DOM in the LL of municipal solid waste. Column experiments were carried out at 25°C at a Darcy's flux of 0.29cm/h for 2722h to compare the transport of Cl-, ultraviolet absorbance at 254nm (UV254), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the simulated porous medium by using the CXTFIT2.1 code. Results showed that the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) could describe Cl- transport well. The high levels of λ and D could be highly correlated with the physicochemical properties of the porous medium. The transport of the studied DOM with evident aromatic character could be described appropriately by the CDE model with the first-order reaction assumption, considering the similar variation trends of UV254, COD, and DOC in the effluent during experiments. Specifically, the values of retardation factor (R) were in the following order: DOC > UV254 > COD, whereas the low values of the first-order decay coefficient (k1) for DOC and COD were still higher than that for UV254. High contents of humic-like substances in the DOM with complex toxic components resulted in the natural low removal efficiencies of COD, DOC, and UV254 (≤ 23%), which could be confirmed by the variations of fluorescence index (FI) and humification index (HIX) in the effluent. The results should be helpful in evaluating the environmental risk induced by the LL leakage in a landfill site.

Screening of Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial activity on Flower Extracts of Morinda coreia Buch Ham.

Objectives: Morinda coreia has rich active components which has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Their active substance content may vary according to plant genetics, parts used,as well as to climatic factors, quality of the ground in which the plants were grown, the time of harvesting, and the extraction methods. Basically the flowers can heal the common cold, improve memory, aid relaxation due to presence of volatile oil. Flowers could be used as a new approach for the development of nutraceutical products or functional foods. The flower part of this plant are not documented. To develop and apply it, we report Pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity. Methods: The extracts were prepared by cold maceration process with aqueous and organic solvents such as ethanol and ethyl acetate. The anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and the antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method. Results: The maximum zone of inhibition for Bacillus subtilis was found to be more susceptible toward the ethanolic extract (14mm) at the maximum conc. of 300µl followed by ethyl acetate (10mm) and aqueous extract (12mm). Similarly for Klebsiella pneumonia maximum inhibitory zone (13mm) followed Pseudomonas auroginosa (13mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12mm), Candida albicans was moderate sensitive towards ethanolic extract (11mm) Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Morinda coreia flower possessed high anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity than ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts on comparing with standards.

Неразрушающий контроль нестероидных противовоспалительных средств методом ИК-спектроскопии в ближней области

The use of near-infrared spectroscopy for quality control of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in blister packs is demonstrated. NSAIDs with the active ingredients ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, etoricoxib, acetylsalicylic acid and meloxicam have been studied. IR spectra have been recorded using a Frontier FTIR spectrometer with a NIRA attachment, used to collect diffuse reflectance spectra of solids. Processing and visualization of the study results has been carried out using chemometric algorithms – principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and partial least squares regression (PLS). It is shown that using these algorithms it is possible to identify drugs by their manufacturer and determine the concentration of active substances. In the PCA method, the points corresponding to the samples of the analyzed tablets are located in separate quadrants depending on their manufacturer. The use of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) made it possible not only to differentiate the analyzed tablets by manufacturer, but also to determine the content of the active substance in them. “Measured-predicted” calibration models have been constructed, the values of the root mean square residual of calibration (RMSEC) did not exceed 6.28 mg. The relative discrepancies between the values obtained during the analysis and those assigned correspond to the permissible deviations established by order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated October 26, 2015 no. 751n. The duration of the analysis was 7–10 min.