Content Of Sex Education Research Articles

The Effect of State-Level Sex Education Policies on Youth Sexual Behaviors.

Two types of sex education are generally offered in the U.S. abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education. There is no clear scientific consensus over which approach minimizes the risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases for youth. While there have been many studies of specific programs in clinical or quasi-experimental settings, there are very few evaluations of how state-level sex education policies affect the youth population. We estimate the impact of various state-level sex education policies on youth sexual activity and contraceptive use using data from four waves of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System from 39 states. We found that states that require sexuality (sex and/or HIV/STD) education and contraceptive content or states that mandate education but leave the actual content up to local districts have lower rates of sexually active youth and higher rates of contraception use when youth are sexually active. States that require sexuality education and require abstinence content increase the rate at which youth are sexually active, and youth in those states are less likely to use hormonal birth control if they are sexually active. In conclusion, we found that state policies regarding sex and HIV/STD education had statistically significant effects that are meaningful in magnitude from a public health perspective.

Systematic review of sexuality education intervention in the 21st century

This study carried out a systematic review of research on sexuality education interventions in China by using CNKI, Web of Science, and other Chinese and English databases.A total of 82 articles and reports were included for analysis. With regard to the intervention modes and content, this systematic review found that comprehensive sexuality education has not been fully implemented in China, and school-based sex education primarily focuses on adolescents. The content of sex education mainly included puberty, abstinence, and HIV/STI prevention. In terms of intervention effectiveness, the results showed that sexuality education intervention is more effective in enhancing an awareness of sexuality issues and in changing the attitudes of children and adolescents, while it is less effective in sexual behavioral changes. Several suggestions are provided for sexuality education and future intervention. 【摘 要】本文从中国知网、Web of Science等中英文数据库中系统收集了 2000—2019 年以来发表的中国性教育干预研究 文献 82 篇,从干预方式、干预内容和干预效果对相关文献进行系统综述。从干预方式与内容来看,全面性教育在中国还没 有得到广泛开展,学校性教育最为关注青少年群体,内容以青春期、生殖健康和预防艾滋病为主,大多数干预内容单一,缺 乏全面性、系统性和社会性别视角。从干预效果来看,性教育干预对于儿童青少年性与生殖健康知识的改变最为有效,态 度改变较为明显,行为改善结果不甚理想。本文为应如何开展更加科学系统的性教育干预研究指明了方向。

Ensuring Health Equity in Adolescent Sexual Health Education

The content and design of sexual health education varies widely by state. Some jurisdictions require a comprehensive sexual health education for youth that includes a health equity focus, however there are still far too many youth who do not receive this. Youth face unique challenges, especially as it pertains to their sexual health, and the sex education they receive should speak to those challenges. These include discrimination based on race or sexual orientation, disparities in rates of STDs and teen pregnancy, and poverty. A health equity-focused sexual health education provides information that acknowledges these challenges and provides relevant resources to help youth to make healthy decisions. Currently, 30 states and the District of Columbia mandate that when provided, both sex and HIV education meet certain general requirements that include cultural sensitivity and information that is free of bias. Strategies to ensure health equity in sexual health education include using inclusive language, encouraging sex positivity, reducing stigma, and conducting regular trainings for staff or educators.

Pregnancy health literacy among teenagers in Kaysone district, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR

ABSTRACT Background Pregnancy health literacy (PHL) among teenagers is considered a major protective factor for teenage pregnancy. In Lao PDR, 18% of girls aged 15–19 have begun childbearing and 15% of maternal deaths occur to teenage girls, particularly in rural areas. Objective The aim of this study was to describe PHL and its related factors among teenagers in Kaysone district. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Oudomvilay and Kheuakhaokat in Kaysone district in January 2019. The Teenage Pregnancy Health Literacy (TPHL) score was collected via face to face interviews covering 33 items with 262 adolescents. Calculation of the TPHL index score was based on the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU) index formula. The TPHL index was also based on the HLS-EU standard level and descriptive statistics were used to explain the score and levels. Descriptive analyses were performed to analyse the individual, family, peer and school variables and to investigate level of TPHL and linear regression was used to identify factors related to TPHL. Results The overall score for TPHL was a mean of 27/50. Most (60%) of the adolescents had problematic TPHL levels and only 0.4% had excellent TPHL levels. TPHL was positively and significantly associated with living in urban areas (β = 2.42; p = 0.002), higher education (β = 2.93; p = 0.004), schooling (β = 0.96; p = 0.018), being single (β = 2.9; p = 0.029) and attending classes where sex education content was included (β = 4.72; p < 0.001). Conclusion Low TPHL scores show the importance of improving sex education for adolescents as a means of increasing TPHL for better health outcomes in Lao PDR.

The Effectiveness of Snakes and Ladders Media on Sex Education for Children With Intellectual Disabilities

Cases of sexual harassment and sexual deviations from year to year are increasing. Many factors cause it, including technological sophistication and ease of access, the existence of a family that does not care and a less sensitive educational environment. Parties who are victims of sexual harassment are usually women, especially children who experience intellectual disabilities. Nearly half of them have experienced 10 times the harassment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of snakes and ladders media in improving understanding of sex education and preventing acts of sexual abuse and abuse in children who experience intellectual disabilities. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. Research subjects were students who experienced intellectual disabilities at Bekasi Jaya Extraordinary Elementary School. Data analysis was carried out through three main stages, namely reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions. Snakes and ladders media is a game that uses symbols and images reinforced by verbal communication delivered by the teacher. The results showed that the use of snakes and ladders media effectively helped students who experienced intellectual barriers in understanding the messages contained in sex education content.

Comparing App-based and Lecture-based Methods of Sexual Satisfaction Education: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Sexual dysfunction is one of the most common complications of spinal cord injury with potentially negative impacts on sexual satisfaction. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of app-based and lecture-based sexual education on the sexual satisfaction of disabled men with spinal cord injury. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on disabled men with spinal cord injury in 2019. The participants were selected using a convenience sampling method from the Welfare Organization of Birjand city. A demographic form and Larson’s Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire were completed before the intervention. Then, the participants were randomly assigned to two groups (app-based and lecture-based groups). In the app-based group, the sexual education content was prepared as an Android app that was accessible for the group participants for two months. Similar content was communicated to the lecture-based group in the form of lectures during ten 60- to 90-min sessions over two months. Six weeks after the end of the intervention, Larson’s Questionnaire was completed again for both groups. Data were analyzed using the Fisher’s exact test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. The significance level was set at P &lt; 0.05. Results: In both groups, the mean scores of sexual satisfaction significantly increased after the intervention (P &lt; 0.05). Nevertheless, the mean change in the sexual satisfaction score was significantly more in the app-based group (18.16 ± 3.31) than in the lecture-based group (7.52 ± 4.59) (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: App-based sexual education can be more effective than lecture-based sexual education in improving the sexual satisfaction of disabled men with spinal cord injury.

ANALYZES OF THE CONCEPTS AND MODERN MODELS OF ADULT EDUCATION IN THE EU COUNTRIES

Purpose of the study: The article analyzes the modern concepts of sexual education of students, among which the most widespread is religious, hygienic, the concept of contraceptive training, the concept, and program of "content training" causes, as well as the fact of the existence of different models of sexual education of youth (restrictive, (repressive, restrictive-protective), permissive (liberal) and the model of the "golden mean"). Methodology: The study used a theoretical analysis of existing statistics gained by different countries. Leading scientists of based on the statics believe that until young people develop a deep understanding of the nature and importance of family and marriage, discussion with adults (even educators) about the process of puberty, its difficulties, sexually transmitted diseases, unconventional forms of sexual behavior and similar topics needed. Main findings: The methodology of ambushing the statistical vigor is encouraged by the humanities and the science-realistic ideas and concepts, we know that you can find more information about how to learn more about the statutory article of the article. In this regard, some models were established. According to the study, neither of the introduced models is worse or better than the other. Social Implications: a modern outlook on the interpretation of gender issues and the prediction of future youth in the theory and practice of sexual education in the EU countries. In the permissive model, at first glance, sexual behavior is placed on a par with all other behaviors and is therefore dependent on general laws of social and ethical regulation. Originality/Novelty of the study: modern trends of sexual education of student youth in EU countries are generalized and strengthening the socio-cultural context of sexual education content. The main difference of this work with the works was already done, is that this study mainly categorizes models through which different behaviors could be studied, and also evaluates the models.

THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN PEDAGOGICAL OPINION OF THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The article is devoted to the problem of sexual education of children and young people at the beginning of the twentieth century and its reflection in socio-pedagogical sources. In the publication the author reveals the peculiarities of sexual education of children and youth of the highlighted period, highlights the purpose, objectives and content of sexual activity education. It is proved that the problem of the study bothered as foreign, as domestic scientists (O. Bernstein, A. Gamme, A. Mol, A. Forel, E. Stil). The value of pedagogical ideas and experience of outstanding ones is substantiated educators and scholars who have dedicated their work to the problem of sex education of young people. In particular, the article found that since the beginning of the twentieth century scientists insisted on the need for a scientific approach to sexual education, which had to be aimed at eliminating the deep-rooted at a society of prejudice about many aspects of sexual life. Research results. The beginning of the twentieth century is a difficult historical one a period which was characterized by the presence of sufficiently controversial scientifictheoretical approaches to the problem of sexual education of young people. These differences of opinion related to statesmen, psychologists, educators and medical professionals. Increased attention to this issue was explained simultaneous effect of a number of objective economic factors (intensive industrial development, urbanization, population migration), scientific (medicine, biology, psychology) and sociocultural (deepening social stratification, family crisis, weakening of the educational role of the church, development of the feminist movement) development. All this contributed to the actualization issues of sexual education at the beginning of the twentieth century. Accordingly, the educational system in the sexual aspect functioned within traditional approaches that could not withstand the intensive development of medical and psychological sciences, so tried to use them for their own purposes. Necessity maintaining chastity before marriage was no longer religious or traditional guidelines, and medical and biological factors. It is proved that already at the beginning of the first decade of the twentieth century. Teachers have come conclusion about the need for systematic sexual education. However, it is education should not have been separated from the education system at all. The study has been hypothesized that built correctly and ethically sex education at school or in higher education will increase the level of literacy and awareness of pupils / students with sexual health and sexual development. Therefore, the problem of children and youth’s sexual education is one of the most urgent and socially significant in scientific discourse. Key words: education, sexual education, sexual life, sexual education, paternity and motherhood.

THE BIRDS AND THE BEES ONLINE: UNDERSTANDING AMERICAN ONLINE SEX-ED SITES

The goal of this study is, looking over time and across different platforms what is the nature of the content of adolescent sexual health education provided through online websites and social networking sites (SNS). Sexuality is a critical component of adolescent development, and to aid in sexual development, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that adolescents globally have access to comprehensive sexual health education because it contributes positively their future sexual and reproductive health (UNESCO, 2018). In the United States, starting in 1981 with Adolescent Family Life Act (AFLA) sexual health education has relied heavily on Abstinence-Only curricula, with the goal of teaching adolescents to reduce risky sexual behaviors, such as having unprotected sex, having multiple sexual partners and young age of sexual debut by remaining sexually abstinent until marriage (Dixon-Mueller, 1993; Saul, 1998). Looking over time and across online platforms, the goal of this study is to determine; 1). How is sexual health education online structured and what topics are covered? 2). How has online sexual health education over time responded to government mandates on sexual health and sexuality in general? 3). How does the presentation of sexual health information change across the different platforms? and 4). How do online sexual health education handle topics such pleasure and desire for underrepresented groups?

Content of Traditional Education on Human Sexual Relationships Among the Ameru Women of Kenya

This study hypothesises that the traditional education on human relationship among the Ameru women would be the remedy for marital dissatisfaction and instability in Meru County. There is a decline in marital satisfaction and stability in Meru County as manifested by increase in marital violence and divorce which has led to stress and depression among married people. The study adopted an ethnographic research design. . Sub constructs of content of knowledge on human relationships studied included relationship within families, love and romantic relationships, marriage as a lifetime commitment and raising children. Data was collected from oral and secondary sources. A total of 80 respondents from various age groups participated in the study. Data from oral sources were corroborated with data from secondary sources. The major finding of this study was that the traditional Meru Community had an organized content of sexuality education that focused on marital satisfaction and marital stability hence families were more cohesive and stable. The study recommends an intergration of Ameru traditional content on human relationships in the school curriculum. Keywords : Traditional Education, Sexual Relationships, Kenya DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-30-13 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Development and psychometric assessment of the sexual health education necessity scale: An exploratory mixed method study.

Background: Sexual health education is a controversial issue within the Iranian context. Thus, the present study was conducted to explore the necessity of sex education among young single women and develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Sexual Health Education Necessity Scale. Methods: This was an exploratory mixed method study. Young single women (51 women in the first phase and 110 women in the second phase of the study) aged 18-34 years were recruited in the study. In the first phase, qualitative methods were applied to generate items. In the second phase, psychometric properties, such as face, content, and construct validity, and reliability of the Sexual Health Education Necessity Scale were evaluated. In the first phase, an item pool was developed that included 17 statements related to sexual health education necessity. In the second phase, item reduction was applied using exploratory factor analysis and the final version of the questionnaire containing 9 items was developed. Also, content, face, and construct validity were assessed. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and test-retest were calculated to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS software (version 21) was used for data analysis and p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: In the qualitative phase, 4 key themes emerged regarding sex education, which included the effects of sex education, principles of sex education, content of sex education, and organizations responsible for sex education. An item pool containing 17 statements was generated and used for psychometric evaluation. The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed a 2-factor solution for the scale, which collectively accounted for the 56.04% of the variance. Final CVR and CVI were found to be 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and test-retest of the instrument was found to be 0.78 and 0.80, respectively. Conclusion: Sexual Health Education Necessity Scale can be used for exploring dominant beliefs that may be obstacles for providing sex education in conservative societies; therefore, correcting these beliefs could help to design an appropriate sexual health education program.

Comprehensive Sexuality Education for Adolescents in Zambia via the Mobile-Optimized Website TuneMe: A Content Analysis

Adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa encounter high risks associated with sexuality and reproduction, yet face numerous barriers in obtaining appropriate health services and information. Mobile phones provide a unique opportunity to provide youth with this critical sexual and reproductive health information need. Designed from the United Nations Comprehensive Sexuality Education framework, the mobile-optimized app TuneMe aims to provide adolescents living in eight sub-Saharan African countries—Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia—with sexual and reproductive health information, and to promote uptake and use of sexual and reproductive health services. To assess the scope and appropriateness of TuneMe’s sexuality education content, we conducted a directed content analysis of the 299 articles published on the Zambia-specific TuneMe site between October 2015 and June 2017. Results from this analysis indicate that the greatest information provided by TuneMe was on sexual and reproductive health and HIV, followed by relationships, sexual rights, and citizenship. There was substantially less information that focused specifically on matters of pleasure, violence, diversity, and gender. Content was situated within relatable and culturally-relevant contexts, but gave mixed, and often problematic, depictions of gender norms. This assessment is central to understanding current and future mobile-based sexuality education programming.

Sexuality Education in the Digital Era: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Predictors of Online Sexual Information Seeking Among Youth

This study aimed to identify demographic, intrinsic and extrinsic predictors of youth’s online sexual information seeking. We used survey data from a large, representative sample of youth (12–24 years) in the Netherlands (N = 20,500). We focused on online sexual information seeking in general, and on two specific types of online sources: interactive user-generated content (UGC) and professional sexuality education content. Findings suggested that LGB youth and youth with more sexual knowledge were more likely to consult sexual information online, both via UGC and via professional websites about sex. Professional content specifically reaches female youth more than male youth, and is more likely to be consulted by youth with more sexual experience and sexual problems. Further, being male, having low sexual esteem and high sexual curiosity were linked to a higher use of interactive UGC. Finally, only communication with friends about sex, but not with parents or partners, nor the amount and appreciation of school-based sexuality education received, was related to a higher use of online sexual information seeking, notably expert sources of sexual information.

LA EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL: COMO MÉTODO PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE EMBARAZOS NO DESEADOS EN EL BACHILLERATO

This article discusses the importance of sexual education, revealing statistical data about the early sexual life of adolescent adolescents, the objective is to analyze the causes that motivate unwanted pregnancy, scientifically substantiating the context, content and areas of sexual education. The bibliographic, field and descriptive research was used as a methodology, surveying 76 students of the first year of the baccalaureate level of the Blanca Martinez de Tinajero Educational Unit, which allowed to know the opinions and attitudes of the subject. The causes of unwanted pregnancies are poor sexual education. Students consider their parents to be the ones who must give information. Educational institutions should pro-pose an integrative model, encompassing the understanding of psychological, emotional, physical and mental aspects, focusing on the exercise of sexuality from the point of view of rights, gender, personal development.

CONTENT, FORMS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF STUDENTS’ SEXUAL EDUCATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

A comparative analysis of sexual education formation in the leading countries of the world is conducted in the article. Four main periods of sexual education genesis have been distinguished, their features and characteristic emphases in the formation of students’ competences during each of these periods have been analyzed. In particular, one-sided approach to solving the problems of sexual education is shown, namely the emphasis on sexual aspects of it, ignoring the connection of sexuality with marriage and childbirth. The importance of sexual revolution in changing the approaches to solving the problems of sexual education in educational institutions is emphasized. The transformation of moral and family values, the loosening of social control over the pre-marital behavior of young people, the legalization of same-sex love, the separation of sexuality and reproduction, the normalization of unproductive sexuality – these and other realities of life have pushed the governments of many foreign countries to revise the attitude towards the sexual education of schoolchildren. Different approaches to the content, forms and technologies of sexual education, from abstinence from sexual relations before marriage to radical sexual education with the domination of sexual socialization, have been singled out. The key problem in the content of sexual education development, namely the identification of the relationship between the study of the issues of sexuality and the idea of teaching the abstinence from premarital sexual contacts, have been determined. At the beginning of the XXI century a tendency for the replacement of a special subject on sexual education by means of integration of the problems of sexual education into other school subjects based on the principle of multidisciplinarity is observed. The content of sexual education in contemporary pedagogical systems of the West is analyzed, the focus is on issues such as attitudes towards sexuality, the formation of a contraceptive culture of the youth, gender aspects of sexual education, homosexuality, and others. The content should be implemented via the use of a variety of training strategies and technologies, namely, media, interactive technologies, video, project work. The necessity of using certain elements of foreign experience in educational institutions of Ukraine has been substantiated.

Men engaging boys in healthy masculinity through school-based sexual health education

ABSTRACTYoung people’s sexual health is a significant concern to parents, educators, health professionals and policy makers in Canada. However, challenges exist with respect to the nature of school-based sexual health education content and mode of delivery. These include the lack of attention paid to the impact of gender ideologies on the development and expression of youth sexuality, and the tendency to exclude boys and young men by focusing primarily on the sexual and reproductive needs of girls and young women. This article discusses findings from a participant observation and focus group study conducted with the facilitators of WiseGuyz, a school-based sexual health and healthy relationship programme, which involves boys aged 13–15 years in Calgary, Alberta. Findings suggest that the process of facilitation is as important as curriculum content in securing positive outcomes for young men. Implications for school-based sexual health education and further research in this area are discussed.

Methodology and Baseline Results From the Evaluation of a Sexuality Education Activity in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

In South Africa, adolescents and young adults (ages 15-24) are at risk of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies. Recently, the Department of Basic Education has revised its sexuality education content and teaching strategies (using scripted lessons plans) as part of its life orientation curriculum. This paper presents the methodology and baseline results from the evaluation of the scripted lesson plans and supporting activities. A rigorous cluster-level randomized design with random assignment of schools as clusters is used for the evaluation. Baseline results from grade 8 female and male learners and grade 10 female learners demonstrate that learners are at risk of HIV and early and unintended pregnancies. Multivariable analyses demonstrate that household-level food insecurity and living with an HIV-positive person are associated with sexual experience and pregnancy experience. Implications are discussed for strengthening the current life orientation program for future scale-up by the government of South Africa.

Professional Development on Sexual Health Education Is Associated With Coverage of Sexual Health Topics.

Sexual health education plays a vital role in preventing adverse consequences of sexual behavior. Data are limited on how professional development (PD) for teachers is associated with teaching sexual health content. We used data from the 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study, a cross-sectional survey that included a nationally representative sample of middle and high school health education courses (n = 328; 96.2% of those sampled). We examined whether teacher characteristics and receipt of PD on four sexual health domains (human sexuality and the prevention of pregnancy, HIV, and sexually transmitted diseases) were associated with teaching those four domains and whether PD was associated with teaching specific topics within each domain. In a second set of analyses, we compared the difference in coverage of specific topics by receipt of PD among only the teachers who reported teaching the domain. The prevalence of teaching sexual health content was higher among courses in which teachers had a degree in health education or were certified to teach health education. A robust relationship between teachers' receipt of PD and the teaching of nearly all sexual health topics as well as an increase in the mean number of topics taught and the time devoted to the domain was demonstrated. PD has a positive impact on the coverage of sexual health topics among middle and high school courses. These data suggest a need for more PD on sexual health education content to ensure that sexual health topics are taught in the classroom.

Individual Psychosexual Counseling Is One of the Educational Necessities for Cardiac Rehabilitation of Patients in Iran

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are debilitating conditions with long-term physical and psycho-logical consequences (1). After a cardiac event or procedure, the patient encounters several problems, two of the most important of which are psychosexual dysfunction and difficulty in resuming sexual activity (2-4). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sexual health as a state of physical, emotional, psychological, and social well-being related to sexual interaction and sexuality (2). Resuming sexual activity is a common concern among patients, such that in nearly half of patients resuming sexual activity is associated with fear (5). In the developed countries, despite cultural constraints and shame, numerous cardiac patients frequently request information on how to resume sexual activity (2). However, the evidence suggests that information on sexual issues is not easily available to patients, which can lead to misper-ceptions among patients on how to resume sexual activity (2, 6). According to the available evidence, 37-76% of cardiac patients experience changes in their sexual activity, only in 42% of whom these issues are raised with the treating physician (7, 8). However, in the developing countries, only 11% of patients receive information about sexual life after a cardiac event (7) and Iran is no exception in this regard. Barriers to sexual activity include lack of need for patients by health professionals, lack of experience of care providers, time constraints, linguistic and cultural barriers, as well as fear and shame (6). After cardiac event or procedures, doubt about resuming sexual activity, fear of sudden death during sexual intercourse, inadequate knowledge about when and how to resume sexual activity, as well as sexual anxiety and depression are the main obstacles cardiac patients face (9, 10). Based on the repeated recommendations of professionals and researchers on this issue, psychosexual counseling and rehabilitation is one of the educational needs of this group of patients (2, 3, 6, 8, 11), and the focus of sexual counseling strategies should be on assuaging patients' anxiety and the healthy resumption of sexual activity (3). Counseling and psychosexual education can be presented to patients in the form of verbal (face to face counseling), written (books and pamphlets), and visual (photos and videos) information (2, 6). The content of sexual education and psych-osexual counseling with a focus on psychosocial homework, including cognitive behavioral therapy and social support, can be effective in reducing patient anxiety and problems (6). In addition, in relation to delivery format of psychosexual counseling to cardiac patients, various approaches were proposed and it seems that culture plays an important role in choosing the appropriate format. Based on pair, group, or one-on-one teaching methods and seminars despite being used in different parts of the world (2, 6), it seems that one-on-one approach is more appropriate for the Iranian culture. Our experience in Kermanshah center of cardiac rehabilitation showed that patients do not welcome pair and group meetings and they generally refuse to participate in meetings and ask their questions. However, creating a private and safe environment with a same-sex counselor can facilitate participation of patients. Given that the sexual problems of men and women, and consequently, their needs are different (4), content of interventions should be defined according to the needs of each sex. Therefore, we recommend providing one-on-one psychosexual counseling, as one of the educational requirements of patients, in cardiac rehabilitation centers of Iran.

Sexuality Education in Schools for Learners with Intellectual Disabilities in Kenya: Empowerment or Disempowerment?

This paper reports on the nature of sexuality education offered to learners with intellectual disabilities in Nairobi, Kenya. Data was gathered using focus group interviews with 56 learners with mild intellectual disabilities in the age range of 16–22 years. It was supplemented by group interviews with teachers and individual interviews with two head teachers and three deputy head teachers. Interviews were tape-recorded with participants’ permission and thematically analysed. The findings are presented in three themes: (a) sources of information on sexuality-related issues; (b) sexuality education content; and (c) suggestions for strengthening the current sexuality education programs for the group in question. The paper concludes that sexuality content offered for adolescents with intellectual disabilities is not empowering, it perpetuates their marginalization in society.