Quercitrin Content Research Articles

Effect of methyl jasmonate on growth characteristics and accumulation of phenolic compounds in suspension culture of tartary buckwheat

The effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was studied at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μM on the following physiological and biochemical characteristics of the suspension culture of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.): growth, morphogenesis, the content of phenolic compounds (PC), and antioxidant activity (AOA). Qualitative and quantitative HPLC analysis of PC revealed that the dark-grown suspension culture of tartary buckwheat synthesizes rutin, quercitrin, epicatechin, ferulic and p-coumaric acids, with rutin being the most abundant component. It was shown that MeJA had no inhibitory effect on growth of suspension culture and stimulated the formation of PC, especially in media supplemented with 1 and 10 μM MeJA. At increasing concentrations of MeJA, the accumulation of PC was accompanied by the decline in AOA, which was probably due to the development of oxidative stress in the suspension culture. MeJA at a concentration of 10 μM stimulated slightly the growth of biomass; however, after the passage in the medium with 10 μM MeJA, the suspension culture almost lost its ability to form embryoids on the hormone-free medium. Cultivation of cells in the medium supplemented with 10 μM MeJA not only elevated the total content of PC but also modified their qualitative composition and the content of individual PC. The epicatechin content was higher than in the control culture throughout the whole passage; the increase in the content of p-coumaric acid and rutin was noted between the 4th and 8th days, and quercitrin content increased on the 8–14th day. Synthesis of these compounds was activated not by the end of the passage, as it occurred in the control culture, but at earlier stages of culture growth. The intracellular level of ferulic acid increased sharply on the 4th day of cultivation, while control cultures contained only trace quantities of this substance. It was found that MeJA activated biosynthesis of individual PC to different extents: the accumulation of epicatechin, p-coumaric and ferulic acids was more significant than that of rutin and quercitrin. In addition to the peaks of identified PC, MeJA stimulated the appearance of new compounds that were absent or weakly evident in the control culture.

Simultaneous identification and quantification of five flavonoids in the seeds of Rheum palmatum L. by using accelerated solvent extraction and HPLC–PDA–ESI/MSn

In this study, flavonoids were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with 80% aqueous methanol. A high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detection and coupled with an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–PDA–ESI/MSn) method has been developed for rapid identification and quantification of flavonoids in the plant extract of Rheum palmatum L. (RPL) seeds from Qinghai. Ten flavonoids from methanolic extract of RPL seeds were screened, of which epicatechin, myricetin, hyperoside, quercitrin and quercetin were identified and quantitatively analyzed for the first time. The absorbance was monitored at 280nm for epicatechin and 360nm for other four flavonoids. It was found that the calibration curves for all five analytes showed a good linearity (r2>0.999) within the test range and the data of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for all investigated compounds were less than 2.98μgmL−1 based on PDA. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) values of the intra- and inter-day precisions were 0.98% and 1.65%, respectively. The range of mean recoveries of the five components was 91.3–93.9%, and the R.S.D was 1.3–2.9%. It was also found that the content of quercitrin is the highest in RPL seeds while the contents of epicatechin and myricetin are relatively lower. In addition, the validation procedure confirmed that this method was suitable for providing quality control evaluation of RPL seeds to ensure the therapeutic benefits.

Rootstock genotype determines phenol content in apple fruits

The effect of weather conditions and eleven apple rootstocks was studied on the phenol content in fruits. Super-dwarf rootstocks P 61 and P 22 determined the highest content of all phenolic compounds tested. Dwarf rootstocks M.9, P 62 and semi-dwarf M.26 determined lower content of all phenolic compounds tested. The content of (+)-catechin, procyanidin B1 and total procyanidins content in apple fruits depended on rootstock genotype and high variation coefficient of these compounds between rootstocks was established. Rootstocks had a lesser effect on the content of quercitrin, (–)-epicatechin, total catechins, phloridzin and chlorogenic acid. No clear differences were found between super-dwarf, dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstock groups. Conditions during the growing season, yield and fruit weight impacted on the content of bioactive compounds. Less than 10% difference in total phenols between the growing seasons was recorded for M.26 and P 22. The greatest differences were recorded in the fruits from trees grown on M.9, Pure 1 and P 66 rootstocks. Rootstock B.396 determined the most stable content of all compounds analysed, except for procyanidin B1 and B2.

Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum.

The ethanol crude extracts (ECE) and their subfractions from Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves were prepared and their phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Moreover, the effective HPLC procedure for simultaneous quantification of twelve compounds in Z. bungeanum leaves was established. The correlation between the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity was also discussed. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the highest total phenolic (97.29 mmol GAE/100 g) and flavonoid content (67.93 mmol QE/100 g), while the greatest total alkaloid content (4.39 mmol GAE/100 g) was observed in the chloroform fraction (CF). Twelve compounds were quantified by RP-HPLC assay. EAF exhibited the highest content of quercitrin, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, quercetin, sesamin, and nitidine chloride (125.21, 54.95, 24.36, 26.24, and 0.20 mg/g); acetone fraction (AF) contained the highest content of chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and trifolin (5.87, 29.94, 98.33, and 31.24 mg/g), while kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, xanthyletin, and sesamin were rich in CF. EAF and AF exhibited significant DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging abilities and reducing power (FRAP), whereas CF exhibited significant antifungal activity. Moreover, EAF also showed stronger antibacterial activity. In conclusion, Z. bungeanum leaves have health benefits when consumed and could be served as an accessible source for production of functional food ingredients and medicinal exploration.

Protective effect of different solvent extracts from Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisatum on LPS-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells damage

To study the protective effect of different solvent extracts from Platycladi Cacumen Carbonisatum (PCC) on LPS-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell damage, and discuss the effective extracts from PCC for protecting vascular endothelial cells and their possible active substances. HUVECs were cultured in vitro; And LPS was adopted to establish the human umbilical vein endothelial cell damage model. MTT colorimetric method was used to determine cell activity; Xanthine oxidase method was adopted to detect the activity of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in the cell culture fluid; The TBA method was adopted to determine the content of malondialdehyde (MDA); The nitrate reductase method was used to detect the content of nitric oxide (NO); And UPLC/Q-TOF-MS was used to analyze the difference in flavonoids components among different solvent extracts from PCC. Compared with the model group, N-butanol extract (100 mg x L(-1)) and ethylacetate extract (100, 50 mg x L(-1)) could significantly enhance the cell activity (P < 0.05), significantly reduce MDA and NO content, and increase SOD activity (P < 0.05). Among the four solvent extracts, the content of total flavonids were the highest in ethyl acetate extract, the lowest in water extract and equivalent in N-butanol and petroleum benzene extract. In terms of the contents of quercitrin and myricitrin, N-butanol extract were second only to ethyl acetate extract. Ethylacetate extract from PCC has a notable antagonistic effect in the damage induced by LPS to HUVECs, and thus is the most effective extract from PCC in protecting vascular endothelial cells. Quercitrin, myricitrin or multiple flavonoids that it contains may be their active substances for protecting vascular endothelial cells. Its mechanism may be related to the decrease in the production of NO and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in cells.

Quantitative Determination of Flavonoids and Chlorogenic Acid in the Leaves ofArbutus unedoL. Using Thin Layer Chromatography

The plant species Arbutus unedo shows numerous beneficial pharmacological effects (antiseptic, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, astringent, depurative, antioxidant, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory). For the medicinal use, standardization of extracts is a necessity, as different compounds are responsible for different biological activities. In this paper, we analyze monthly changes in the content of quercitrin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, and chlorogenic acid. Methanolic extracts of the leaves are analyzed by HPTLC for the identification and quantification of individual polyphenol, and DPPH test is used to determine antioxidant activity. Based on the results obtained, the leaves should be collected in January to obtain the highest concentrations of hyperoside and quercitrin (0.35 mg/g and 1.94 mg/g, resp.), in June, July, and October for chlorogenic acid (1.45–1.46 mg/g), and for the fraction of quercitrin and isoquercitrin in November (1.98 mg/g and 0.33 mg/g, resp.). Optimal months for the collection of leaves with the maximum recovery of individual polyphenol suggested in this work could direct the pharmacological usage of the polyvalent herbal drugs.

Mucilage removal from cactus cladodes (Opuntia humifusa Raf.) by enzymatic treatment to improve extraction efficiency and radical scavenging activity

The present study describes the use of polysaccharide degrading enzymes (Celluclast 1.5 L, Cytolase PCL5, Spezyme Prime, Econase CE, Optidex L-400, Pectinex 5XL, Rapidase TF, Ultraflo L, and Viscozyme L) to remove pectic mucilage from cactus cladodes to improve extraction and recovery of its components. The cactus cladode homogenate treated with a mixture of Rapidase and Viscozyme (1:3, v/v) showed the lowest viscosity and highest levels of total sugars and polyphenols. After enzymatic hydrolysis, quercitrin content decreased from 66.20 μg mL−1 to 18.76 μg mL−1 and quercetin and isorhamnetin contents increased from 23.24 to 23.18 μg mL−1 to 45.44 and 244.23 μg mL−1, respectively. The increases in isorhamnetin and quercetin aglycon content contributed to increase radical scavenging activity in the cactus hydrolysate after enzyme hydrolysis. The cactus hydrolysis was effective for reducing viscosity and increasing active components and radical scavenging activity. This standard process for removing mucilage from cactus should be available to extend cactus extract applications.

Between Species Diversity of Hypericum Perforatum and H. maculatum by the Content of Bioactive Compounds

The objective of present study was to establish and compare the contents of secondary metabolites of two Hypericum species, H. perforatum and H. maculatum, native to Lithuania, and to evaluate factors predetermining their variation with some practical implications for utilization and conservation. The HPLC analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the studied species showed some regularity in their composition. Both species contained chlorogenic acid, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin and hypericin. The presence of rutin and hyperforin was observed only in H. perforatum. The quantitative analysis showed higher content of quercitrin in H. perforatum, than in H. maculatum, whereas the differences in the contents of quercetin, hypericin and chlorogenic acid were not statistically significant between the species. H. maculatum contained a significantly higher content of hyperoside than H. perforatum. The data on phytochemical analysis suggest almost equivalent use of both H. perforatum and H. maculatum extracts in the food industry, cosmetics and pharmaceutics.

The Quantitative Effects of Temperature and Light Intensity on Phenolics Accumulation in St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

The quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on accumulation of phenolics were examined on greenhouse-grown plants of Hypericum perforatum L. Plants were grown in a greenhouse separated into two parts: shaded by 50% transparent polyethylene cover and un-shaded. Temperature values and light intensities were measured daily during the experiment, while plants were harvested weekly for HPLC analyses. Multi regression analyses were performed to describe the quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on phenolics accumulation. According to the results, increases in temperatures from 24 degrees C to 32 degrees C and light intensities from 803.4 microMm(-2)s(-1) to 1618.6 microMm(-2)s(-1) resulted in a continuous increase in amentoflavone, apigenin-7-glucoside, cholorogenic acid, hyperoside, kaempferol, rutin, quercetin and quercitrin contents. The relationships between temperature, light intensity and phenolics accumulation were formulized as P= [a + (b1 x t) + (b2 x l) + [b3 x(t x l)]] equition, where P is the content of the corresponding phenolic, t temperature (degrees C), l light intensity (microMm(-2)s(-1)) and a, b1, b2 and b3 the coefficients of the produced equation. The regression coefficient (R2) value for amentoflavone was 0.84, for apigenin-7-glucoside 0.87, for cholorogenic acid 0.83, for hyperoside 0.95, for kaempferol 0.76, for rutin 0.70, for quercetin - 0.93, and for quercitrin - 0.86. All R2 values and standard errors of the equations were found to be significant at the p<0.001 level. The mathematical models produced in the present study could be applied by Hypericum researchers as useful tools for the prediction of phenolics content instead of routine chemical analyses.

Variation of bioactive secondary metabolites in Hypericum origanifolium during its phenological cycle

The genus Hypericum has received considerable interest from scientists, as it contains the variety of structurally diverse natural products which possess a wide array of biological properties. The present study was conducted to determine ontogenetic and morphogenetic variation of hypericin, chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, as rutin, hyperoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercitrin and quercetin content in Hypericum origanifolium growing in Turkey. Wild growing plants were harvested at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting stages and dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues and assayed for bioactive compounds by HPLC method. Hypericin, quercetin and quercitrin content in whole plant increased during course of ontogenesis and the highest level was reached in blooming stage. On the contrary, hyperoside content of whole plant decreased linearly with advancing of development stages and the highest level was observed at vegetative stage. Plants produced similar amount of chlorogenic acid at all stages of plant phenology except for mature fruiting at which the amount of this compound was decreased sharply. Among different tissues, reproductive parts accumulated the highest level of hypericin, quercetin and quercitrin, however, leaves produced substantially higher amount of chlorogenic acid and hyperoside. Rutin and apigenin-7-O-glucoside were detectable in all tissues only during fruit maturation. The presence and variation of these bioactive substances in H. origanifolium were reported for the first time.

Studies on the constituents of Japanese mistletoes from different host trees, and their antimicrobial and hypotensive properties.

The chemical constituents of Japanese mistletoes, Taxillus yadoriki Danser, Taxillus kaempferi Danser, and Korthalsella japonica Engler, epiphyting to different host trees were compared, and the antimicrobial and hypotensive properties of some isolated flavonoids were examined. Two known flavonoid glycosides, hyperin and quercitrin, were isolated from Taxillus yadoriki Danser, together with fatty acids, phytosterol, and phytosterol-glucoside. There was remarkable variation of contents of quercitrin among the plants on different host trees. From Taxillus kaempferi Danser, fatty acids, phytosterol, phytosterol-glucoside, quercetin, avicularin, and taxillusin were isolated, and quercitrin and hyperin were also identified. There was no remarkable variation of compositions of flavonoid glycosides among the plants on different host trees. A known flavone glycoside, chrysoeriol-4'-O-glucoside, was isolated from Korthalsella japonica Engler, together with fatty acids, phytosterol, oleanolic acid, and phytosterol-glucoside. Chrysoeriol-4'-O-glucoside is contained in this plant irrespective of the host trees.