Content Of Phytochemical Compounds Research Articles

Evaluation of phytochemical compounds and proximate analysis of doum palm fruit (Hyphaene thebaica) blend with turmeric powder (Curcuma longa)

Doum palm and turmeric are traditional medicinal plants with a rich history of use. This study investigated the phytochemical composition, proximate analysis, and GC-MS characterization of doum palm and turmeric blends at different ratios (100%, 80:20%, 60:40%, and 50:50%) using ethanol and warm-water extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols, in the blends at ratios of 80:20%, 60:40%, and 50:50%. Alkaloids were absent in the 100% doum palm sample. Proximate analysis showed significant variations in moisture, ash, fat, and protein content among the samples. GC-MS characterization identified at most 30 phytochemical compounds in sample A and more additional 9 bioactive compounds in samples B, C and D, including two new compounds, eucalyptol and carotol, found in the doum palm-turmeric blends. These compounds have been known to possess various antioxidant and therapeutic potential. The findings suggest that doum palm and turmeric blends have improved potential health benefits due to their high content of phytochemical compounds and balanced proximate composition. Further research is warranted to determine the most effective doum palm to turmeric ratio (Optimal Blending Ratios) for specific health applications. This includes identifying the blend ratios that maximize the therapeutic benefits for particular conditions or diseases.

Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) shell flour: Nutritional composition, chemical profile, and antioxidant potential as a strategy for valuing waste from native Brazilian fruits

The Cerrado is one of the most biodiverse biomes in the world, characterized by a wealth of native fruits with unique nutritional characteristics. In this sense, the social, economic, and environmental importance of fully utilizing food is widely recognized. Therefore, generally considered waste, fruit shells can be transformed into a coproduct with high added value. The objective of this work was to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical properties, carbohydrate and fatty acid profile, phytochemical compounds, phenolic profile, and antioxidant potential of the recovered extracts of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) shells in natura and dehydrated at 55 °C (flour). In addition, the functional properties were verified by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) from buriti shell flour. The results indicated high fiber content and energy value for the sample processed at 55 °C (58.95 g/100 g and 378.91 kcal/100 g, respectively) and low lipid and protein content (1.03 g/100 g and 1.39 g/100 g, respectively). Regardless of the sample analyzed, maltose was the majority sugar (37.33 – 281.01 g/100 g). The main fatty acids detected were oleic acid (61.33 – 62.08 %) followed by palmitic acid (33.91 – 34.40 %). The analysis of the mineral profile demonstrated that the samples did not differ significantly from each other, showing that the drying process did not interfere with the results obtained (p ≤ 0.05). The analysis of individual phenolics allowed the identification of six phenolic compounds in buriti shells. However, it is possible to observe that the drying method had a positive and significant influence on the phenolic profile (p ≤ 0.05), with chlorogenic acid (2.63 – 8.27 mg/100 g) and trigonelline (1.06 – 41.52 mg/100 g), the majority compounds. On the other hand, it is important to highlight that buriti shells have a high content of carotenoids, mainly β-carotene (27.18 – 62.94 µg/100 g) and α-carotene (18.23 – 60.28 µg/100 g), also being positively influenced by the drying process at 55 °C (p ≤ 0.05). The dried shells showed a high content of phytochemical compounds and high antioxidant activity based on the different methods tested. The results show that buriti shell flour can be fully utilized and has nutritional and chemical aspects that can be applied to develop new sustainable, nutritious, and functional food formulations.

Optimization of extraction and lyophilization conditions of Feretia apodanthera (Rubiaceae) leaf powders for galenic formulation

Feretia apodanthera (Rubiaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various pathologies. Its leaves are chewed and swallowed to treat stomach aches, sleep disorders, etc. With the aim of improving the extraction method in order to obtain high contents of phytochemical compounds and good antioxidant activity, this study aimed to highlight the extraction and lyophilization conditions of two extracts (aqueous and hydro-ethanolic) leaves of Feretia apodanthera.
 An aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extraction was carried out from the leaf powder of Feretia apodanthera, after a maceration plan (mass/volume ratio and extraction time). The extracts obtained were freeze-dried (flask size, filling volume and freeze-drying time) in order to determine the optimal extraction conditions. A phytochemical screening of the extracts with extreme yields of different solvents was carried out by TLC, which led to the determination of certains compounds of interest and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by the DPPH and FRAP method.
 The optimal maceration conditions were 02 hours and m/V ratio of 1/20 for the aqueous extract and those of the ethanolic extract were 30 min and m/V ratio of 1/20. The optimal freeze-drying conditions were 60h and a 500ml flask 1/3 filled. The presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponosides, coumarins, triterpenes and sterols has been highlighted. The phenolics compounds contents of hydro-ethanolic lyophilisates were higher than those of aqueous lyophilisates. There was no statistical difference between the antioxidant activity of the different extracts.
 The optimal conditions will serve as a standard for the production of the extract necessary for the formulation.
 Keywords : Feretia apodanthera, extraction, freeze-drying, phenolics compounds, antioxidant.

Dew Water of Tamarisk Leafs (Salt Cedar) for Treating Warts Infection in Libya

Warts are caused by Human papiloma virus which causes a skin infection in all ages, it is un-convenient, if not treated by using the relevant medicine. Tamarisk is a plant commonly known as Salt cedar or, (Athal in Arabic region), which belongs to the Tamaricaece species, the presence of high content of phytochemical compounds like polyphenolics and flavonoids, is a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties, that seems to have secrete medication effect on warts infection. A study to dew water of tamarisk leafs effect on warts infection have showed magic results, seven cases used dew water as remedy irregularly once per day for four to seven times per month, all cases totally healed from warts infection and responded positively 100% to the use of tamarisk leafs dew water.

Assessment of polyphenols in purple and red rice bran: Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and mechanism of inhibition against amylolytic enzymes

Pigmented Thai rice varieties, including purple (Riceberry) and red (Hommali), are gaining popularity due to their health benefits as a source of polyphenols that may exert a hypoglycemic effect through specific inhibition of amylolytic enzymes. This study determined the free phenolic extract from purple rice bran (PFE) to exhibit notably greater content of phytochemical compounds than did phenolic extracts from red rice bran, whether free (RFE) or bound fractions. This phytochemical content correlated with increased antioxidant activity and strong inhibition capacity against amylolytic enzymes, suppressing the conversion of carbohydrates into glucose. Several polyphenol compounds were identified in pigmented rice bran extracts, including benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, and rutin; among these, flavonoids exhibited greater effect on inhibition capacity. Mechanistically, PFE was found to act as a competitive and uncompetitive inhibitor of α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively, while RFE showed respective uncompetitive and competitive inhibitory modes.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ROASTED KEDAWUNG SEED (Parkia timoriana) USING SCAVENGER FREE RADICAL DPPH METHOD

Kedawung seeds (Parkia timoriana) contain polyphenolics and flavonoids that can provide pharmacological activities, such as antioxidants. In several regions of Indonesia, kedawung seeds are preserved using the roasting method. This study aimed to analyze the effect of roasting on the content of phytochemical compounds and determine their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Roasted kedawung seeds were extracted using a maceration method in ethanol. Phytochemical screening was performed to qualitatively analyze the contents of several phytochemical compounds in the extract. The results showed that roasted kedawung seed extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. Antioxidant testing was performed using the DPPH method with ascorbic acid as a positive control. The IC50 value of ascorbic acid, P. timoriana seed and roasted seed of P. timoriana measured each 12.3 ppm; 20.6 ppm and 9.8 ppm; which categorized as strong antioxidant compounds. These results indicated an increase in the antioxidant effect after roasted seed processing. It concluded that the roasting process could enhance antioxidant effect of P. timoriana seed Keywords: Kedawung seeds, roasted method, antioxidant, DPPH

The testing of photochemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and antibacterial activities of “Sambel Matah” composition from Bali

Sambel matah is a traditional Balinese spice that can be found throughout in Bali. The constituent ingredients of sambel matah, such as onions, limes, lemongrass, and kaffir lime leaves. Sambel matah is served fresh without any heating process. This study aimed to test the content of phytochemical compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant in the onions, limes, lemongrass, and kaffir lime leaves. The results were then compared with the extracts of red onion, limes, lemongrass, and kaffir lime leaves. The bacteria used in this study were Salmonnela typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity was tested by disc diffusion method (KirbyBauer Test). The result of the research, onions, kaffir lime leaves, limes, and lemongrass contain flavonoid compounds, tannins, and phenols in both slurry and ethanol extract. The ethanolic extracts of red onion, limes, kaffir lime leaves, and lemongrass are classified as strong antioxidants. The ethanolic extracts of red onion, limes, kaffir lime leaves, and lemongrass have antibacterial properties against S. typhimurium and E. coli bacteria. Meanwhile, in fresh material (slurry), only limes have antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium and E. coli bacteria with inhibition zone diameters of 14.58±0.767 mm and 8.30±0.483 mm, respectively. Thus, the components of onions, limes, kaffir lime leaves, and lemongrass in sambel matah can inhibit the growth of bacteria, so that the sambel matah becomes more durable even though it is processed without going through the heating process.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera) Terhadap Gambaran Histologi Hepar pada Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Dipapar Alkohol

Liver damage continues to be a prevailing global health issue. Primary risk factors to liver impairment encompass excessive alcohol consumption. According to the National Anti-Alcohol Movement in 2014, it was disclosed that 23% of 14.4 million adolescents in Indonesia consumed alcohol, indicating a substantial increase compared to 2007. With the progression of scientific knowledge, herbal plants such as Moringa oleifera leaves have been extensively utilized for medicinal purposes due to their content of phytochemical compounds like flavonoids, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and phenolic acids, which play crucial roles as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of ethanol extract from Moringa oleifera leaves on the histological depiction of the livers of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to alcohol. The research method involved 25 rats divided into five groups, each consisting of 5 rats. The negative control group (K-) received standard feed and water, the positive control group (K+) received 25% alcohol, and three other groups received 25% alcohol along with Moringa oleifera leaf extract at three different doses (250 mg/kgBW, 500 mg/kgBW, and 1000 mg/kgBW) for 21 days. The research findings highlight a significant disparity in terms of necrotic cells, with K+ displaying 22.4 hepatocyte necrosis, K1 with 20.8 hepatocyte necrosis, K2 with 13.2 hepatocyte necrosis, and K3 with 6.2 hepatocyte necrosis. The K+ and K1 groups experienced more substantial hepatic damage compared to the K-, K2, and K3 groups. Meaningful improvements were notably evident, especially in the treatment group receiving Moringa oleifera leaf extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kgBW, indicating the involvement of the dose of Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a factor influencing the level of hepatocyte cell recovery.

Quality, field germination of seeds and phenolic profiles of modern sugar sorghum hybrids

Purpose. To establish and analyze the biological features of seed quality indicators, field germination of seeds, and phytochemical composition of modern sugar sorghum hybrids 'Sugargraze ARG' (Argentina), 'Sioux', 'Mohawk' (USA) and 'Ananas' (Ukraine). Methods. Physiological-biochemical, agrochemical and statistical methods were used in the study. The content of phytochemicals in the seeds of the studied sugar sorghum hybrids was determined by the extraction method. Results. In the studied sorghum hybrids, a high concentration of the main phenolic profiles of the seeds was established. The quantitative component depended on the color of the pericarp of the grain, which affected the quality indicators of germination and field germination of the seeds. In hybrid 'Sioux', which has a dark brown color of the pericarp and the highest content of polyphenolic profiles (50.4%), germination energy, laboratory and field seed germination were low and amounted to 84, 90 and 80%, respectively. The high level of these indicators was formed by the hybrid 'Ananas' with the lowest content of phenolic profiles (38.1%) and with non-pigmented pericarp, which had germination energy, laboratory and field similarity of 96, 98 and 89%, respectively. Hybrids 'Sugargraze ARG' (light brown grain color) and 'Mohawk' (pink grain color) had indicators of germination energy of 90 and 95%, laboratory germination 93 and 96%, field germination 82 and 81%, respectively, and were characterized by an average content of phenolics profiles of 45.7 and 42.5%, respectively. Conclusions. The hybrid of American origin 'Sioux' that has a high content of phenolic compounds in the seeds, ensured the preservation of plants in the phase of full germination at the level of 87%, while Ukrainian hybrid 'Ananas' with the lowest content of phytochemical compounds also had the lowest preservation rate (80%) among the studied hybrids. In 'Sugargraze ARG' and 'Mohawk' that have medium phenol content, the rate of plants preserved in the full germination stage was 84–85%.

Characteristics of Phenolic Compounds in Peucedanum japonicum According to Various Stem and Seed Colors.

Total polyphenol and total flavonoid assays were performed to characterize the relationships between the color of Peucedanum japonicum (PJ) seed coat and stem and the content of phytochemical compounds. The samples were divided into two groups based on their stem and seed coat color, with each group containing 23 samples. The stem color group was subdivided into green, light red, and red, whereas the seed coat color group was divided into light brown, brown, and dark brown. In the stem color group, the light red stems exhibited the highest content of phytochemical compounds, with levels over 10% higher than those of the stems of the other colors. Moreover, among the top ten samples with the highest total polyphenol content, eight samples were light red, and the light red group also exhibited the highest total flavonoid content among the examined color groups. In terms of the seed coat color, the plants grown from dark brown seeds exhibited the highest contents of both total polyphenols and total flavonoids. In conclusion, PJ plants with dark brown seeds and light red stems contained the highest levels of phytochemical compounds. Collectively, our findings provide a valuable basis for future seed selection of PJ for pharmaceutical purposes.

Phenolic compounds of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and their allelopathic effect

Purpose. To establish the quantitative composition of phytochemicals containing in vegetative and generative organs of sugar sorghum hybrids with high and medium sugar content ‘Sugargraze ARG’ (Argentina), ‘Sioux’ and ‘Mohawk’ (USA) and ‘Ananas’ and ‘Medovyi’ (Ukraine) and their allelopathic effect
 Methods. Allelopathic, physiological-biochemical, agrochemical and statistical methods were used. The content of phytochemicals in the vegetative and generative organs of the studied sugar sorghum hybrids was determined by the extraction method.
 Results. A high concentration of sorghum phenolic substances in the seeds at the mature plant stage was found. However, their concentration was species specific and depended on their quantitative component in the process of morphogenesis of vegetative and generative organs of sorghum of different genetic origin. The analysis of the total content of phytochemical compounds in the studied hybrids showed an increase in their number at the end of the vegetation season. The research was conducted in vitro. The manifestation of phenolic compounds was observed through manifestation of the allelopathic effect of cultivated sorghum plants. It was found that on the 7th day of cultivation, the plants actively secreted phenolic compounds; the increase in the number of leaves and the height of plants in hybrids did not change and amounted to 3–5 and 1.6–2.0 cm, respectively. On the 14th day of the experiment, the phenolic spots grew significantly, and yellowing of the lower leaves appeared. In the process of morphogenesis of sorghum plants (during 21 days), a more intense release of phenolic compounds led to suppression and slowing down of growth and subsequently to the death of the clone, regardless of the genetic origin of the hybrids. Phenolic compositions also influenced the formation of the root system of cultivated sorghum plants. A significant decrease in the number of lateral roots and the length of the root system was noted in all studied hybrids.
 Conclusions. The highest content of phenolic compounds was found in the seeds (grain) and stems of the studied sorghum hybrids. Thus, the quantitative composition of glycosides and tannins was 34–39 and 5.5–6.9 %, respectively, in the seeds and 25–29 and 0.3–1.4 %, respectively, in the stems of the studied hybrids. The highest content of hydroxycinnamic acids (from 7 % to 14 %) was found in the leaves of the studied sorghum hybrids. Phenolic compositions under in vitro conditions cause stress, which slows down the growth and development of cultivated plants, and subsequently lead to the death of clones.

Phytochemical Analysis of Bulung Boni (Caulerpa cylindracea S.) N- Hexane Extract with Gc-Ms Method and Toxicity Test on Mice (Mus musculus L.)

One of the marine resource commodities owned by Indonesia is seaweed. Bulung boni is one type of seaweed that grown in Indonesia. Bulung boni is the regional name of Caulerpa cylindracea. Bulung boni is usually used as a food and medicine for most people in Bali. The purpose of this research is to study the content of phytochemical compounds in n-hexane extract of bulung boni and determine the toxicity effect on mice (Mus musculus). The methods used in this study were maceration, GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry), observation, and calculation with the Thomson and Weil formula. This study used 24 mice as experimental animals. Mice were divided into 6 treatment groups, group 1 as control was given 1% Na-CMC solution, groups 2-6 were given test extracts with doses, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 mg/30 g BW mice. The results showed the highest compound contained in the n-hexane extract of bulung boni was Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester with an AUC value of 35.21%. Toxicity tests on mice showed no deaths experienced by mice, so the LD50 value determined was pseudo at 16.6 g/ kg BW and fell into the practically non-toxic category

Yield Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves

Phaleria macrocarpa leaves have the potential to be used as raw materials for medicines derived from natural ingredients, but research is needed to determine the content and efficacy of these plants. This study aims to analyze the yield and screening of the content of phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of the Phaleria macrocarpa leaves. This research is a descriptive study. Extract yield analysis was performed by calculating the weight ratio of the extract divided by the simplicia multiplied by one hundred percent. Screening for the phytochemical content was carried out for compounds belonging to the class of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and triterpenoids. The results of the calculation of the yield of the extract obtained were 14.58% and the results of the phytochemical test showed that the extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, and steroids.

Changes in the Composition of Biologically Active Compounds during the Ripening Period in Fruit of Different Large Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) Cultivars Grown in the Lithuanian Collection.

In our investigation, we evaluated the content of chlorogenic acid, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols in cranberry fruit extracts of the cultivars ‘Baifay’, ‘Early Black’, ‘Howes’, ‘Pilgrim’, ‘Red Star’, and ‘Stevens’ grown in Lithuania, as well as changes in the antioxidant activity in extracts of fruit samples of these cultivars during the period of berry maturation. The highest amount of proanthocyanidins (8.87 ± 0.57 mg EE/g EE) and flavonols (3688.52 ± 22.85 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 12 August. Remarkably, the highest anthocyanins content (9628.62 ± 266 µg/g) was determined in cranberries of the cultivar ‘Howes’ harvested on 22 October. The study showed that the content of phytochemical compounds in cranberries varied between 12 August and 22 October; the content of proanthocyanidins decreased by a factor of about 2, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased by a factor of about 1.3, the content of flavonols decreased by a factor of about 2, and the content of anthocyanins increased by 27 to 450 times. A strong correlation was found between the total proanthocyanidin content of cranberry fruit extracts and their in vitro antiradical and reducing activity (r = 0.781 and 0.726, respectively, p < 0.001). The data of our study detail the accumulation of the phytochemical composition of biologically active compounds in cranberry samples during the stages of maturity, therefore these data are significant for the assessment of harvest time of cranberry and can be applied to select cranberry cultivars for further cultivation in Lithuanian climatic conditions.

An overview and update on the chemical composition and potential health benefits of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller.

Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI), widely recognized as prickly pear, is native to Mexico and it is distributed in many areas of the world because of its socioeconomic, agronomic, and ecological benefits, besides its large amounts of functional, nutraceutical, and biological activities. Various parts of this plant including the fruit pulp and peel, cladode, and seeds are scientifically proven to have therapeutic potentials and are safe for human use. The contents of phytochemical compounds in each part of the OFI are different. Each pharmacological activity depends on the phytochemical compounds, the components used, and the extraction type. In this review, we summarize the active constituents from different parts of OFI and their pharmacological effects including the antioxidant, wound healing, skin protective, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, and anti-obesity activities. Besides its effects on the bone health, cardiovascular system, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract, its gastroprotective, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, neuroprotective, sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic and antimicrobial effects and effects on cognitive and memory function are also mentioned. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Over the past few decades, the health benefits of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) have received much attention. All parts of the plant, including the fruit pulp and peel, cladode, and seeds have found use in the treatment of many diseases. The chemical composition of OFI provides both a high nutritional value and various health benefits. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present the up-to-date research carried out on OFI phytochemicals, showing the most important biological activities reported.

Anti-Fungal Activity Test of Sengkuang (Dracontomelon dao) Leaf Ethanol Extract on The Growth of Candida albicans

Candida albicans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for the majority of fungal infections in humans. In healthy individuals, Candida colonizes mainly on the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, digestive tract, skin and genitals. Dracontomelon dao or known as Sengkuang has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases. Based on various studies, Dracontomelon dao extract is reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to analyze the antifungal activity of the ethanol extract of sengkuang (Dracontomelon dao) leaves on the growth of Candida albicans. The study used 96% ethanol extract by macerating the simplicia leaves of Dracontomelon dao originating from South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The antifungal activity was tested by well diffusion method at various concentrations of the test extract (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zones at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% 50% were 19.2 mm, 21.8 mm, 23.2 mm, 24.8 mm, 27 mm, respectively. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the ethanolic extract of sengkuang (Dracontomelon dao) leaves had antifungal properties against the growth of Candida albicans with the most effective concentration at a concentration of 50% with an average zone diameter of 27 mm. The content of phytochemical compounds from sengkuang leaf extract (Dracontomelon dao) are flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. This secondary metabolite is thought to be able to inhibit the growth of the fungus Candida albicans. The ethanol extract of sengkuang leaves (Dracontomelon dao) has been shown to have antifungal activity in vitro so that it has the potential to be developed as an antifungal agent and can be a new solution in handling cases of Candida albicans infection.

Teucrium polium (L.): Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities at Different Phenological Stages.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the content of phytochemical compounds and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of Teucrium polium L. aerial parts and root methanolic extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The T. polium extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their antioxidant properties were tested with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), ferrous ions (Fe2+), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. Forty-nine compounds were identified with the majority of germacrene D, t-cadinol, β-pinene, carvacrol, bicyclogermacrene, α-pinene, and limonene. The results show that the extracts significantly differ between different phenological stages of the plant material used in terms of the phytochemical composition (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total alkaloids, and total saponin contents) and bioactivities (antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory) (p < 0.05). The highest total contents of phenolics (72.4 ± 2.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight), flavonoids (36.2 ± 3.1 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry weight), alkaloids (105.7 ± 2.8 mg atropine equivalent (AE)/g dry weight), and saponins (653 ± 6.2 mg escin equivalent (EE)/g dry weight), as well as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, were measured for the extract of the aerial parts obtained at the flowering stage. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the extracts were varied within 9.4–300 µg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were varied within 18.75–600 µg/mL. In addition, they were more active on Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. The data of this work confirm that the T. polium extracts have significant biological activity and hence can be used in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical applications, and medical research, as well as cosmetic and food industries.

A Review: Prospective study of non-timber forest product uses in three Meranti species (Shorea spp.)

Meranti (Shorea spp.) is a commercial timber tree species of Indonesian forest potentially to be developed for Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs). We explored the NTFPs perspective of three Meranti species, Shorea hopeifolia (F.Heim) Symington, Shorea ovalis (Korth.) Blume, and Shorea balangeran Burk, by identifying the content of phytochemical compounds. Data collection methods include: exploration, identification to obtain the accuracy of the species scientific name, and analysis the phytochemical content using Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) pyrolysis. We revealed the bark of the tree species contained phytochemical compounds potential for medicinal ingredients especially for antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer. Since the exploitation of the bark is better than the trees, the potential use of non-timber forest products of the meranti supports the conservation of the species. Further research to unveil other benefits of the meranti species should be conducted.

Phytochemical Fortification in Fruit and Vegetable Beverages with Green Technologies.

Background: Phytochemical, bioactive and nutraceutical compounds are terms usually found in the scientific literature related to natural compounds found in plants linked to health-promoting properties. Fruit and vegetable beverages (mainly juice and smoothies) are a convenient strategy to enhance the consumption of horticultural commodities, with the possibility of being fortified with plant byproducts to enhance the content of bioactive compounds. Objective: This review aims to analyse the different green technologies applied in beverage processing with a fortification effect on their health promoting compounds. Results: Fortification can be performed by several strategies, including physical elicitors (e.g., processing technologies), plant/algae extract supplementation, and fermentation with probiotics, among others. Thermal processing technologies are conventionally used to ensure the preservation of food safety with a long shelf life, but this frequently reduces nutritional and sensory quality. However, green non-thermal technologies (e.g., UV, high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, ultrasounds, cold plasma, etc.) are being widely investigated in order to reduce costs and make possible more sustainable production processes without affecting the nutritional and sensory quality of beverages. Conclusions: Such green processing technologies may enhance the content of phytochemical compounds through improvement of their extraction/bioaccessibility and/or different biosynthetic reactions that occurred during processing.

Investigation of the kinetic properties of Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridl. extracts for the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity

The ethanolic extract from leaves of Phyllanthus chamaepeuce Ridl. was reported to have the ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro. In order to find the most potent of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from this plant, roots, barks, woods, and leaves which were extracted by using different solvents were used to investigate their ability to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity by in vitro test assay. The findings have shown that ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts (at a concentration of 100 μg/mL) exhibited the greatest inhibition against porcine pancreatic lipase with 96.13 % (IC50: 2.98 ± 1.11 μg/mL) and 95.93 % (IC50: 4.36 μg/mL), respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated strong positive significant correlations between the contents of phytochemical compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids) and % pancreatic lipase inhibition. The result from enzyme kinetic assay indicated that ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts from P. chamaepeuce Ridl. noncompetitively inhibited pancreatic lipase activity. These findings seem to indicate the use of P. chamaepeuce Ridl. extracts as an anti-obesity agent.