Ore Content Research Articles

Method of Agglomerating Iron-Ore-Bearing Materials that Involves Moistening the Charge with Pulp

A new method is proposed for agglomerating iron-ore-bearing materials. The method involves moistening the charge with up to 7.5–9% pulp containing dust-sized waste products from the processing of brown iron ores. The ores are ferruginous chlorites (chiefly amesite, chamosite, and penninite). The have a coarseness of 0.074 mm. The ore content of the pulp is within the range 1.5 to 75 wt. %. The chlorites have the following chemical composition (wt. %): Fe2O3, 41.2, SiO2 24.0, Al2O3 13.07, FeO 11.23, Cr2O3 3.96, MgO 2.35, CoO 0.86, NiO 0.58, CaO 0.53, MnO 0.06. Sintering of Mikhailovskii ores and concentrates with the use of the pulp under laboratory conditions made it possible to increase the unit productivity of the sintering machine 2.9%, increase the impact strength of the sinter 4.5%, and increase its abrasion resistance 17.1%.

Recovery of the Rare Metals from Various Waste Ashes with the Aid of Temperature and Ultrasound Irradiation Using Chelants

The incineration fly ash (IFA), molten fly ash (MFA), thermal power plant fly ash (TPP-FA), and nonferrous metal processing plant ash (MMA) have been screened in terms of the following rare-termed metal contents: B, Ce, Co, Dy, Eu, Ga, Gd, Hf, In, Li, Lu, Mn, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pr, Rb, Sb, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Ti, Tm, V, W, Y, and Yb. The pseudo-potential for recycling of the waste ashes, as compared to the cumulative concentration in the crust (mg kg−1), was determined as follows: MMA > IFA > MFA > TPP-FA. The comparison with the crude ore contents indicates that the MMA is the best resource for reprocessing. The recovery of the target metals using aminopolycarboxylate chelants (APCs) has been attempted at varying experimental conditions and ultrasound-induced environment. A better APC-induced extraction yield can be achieved at 0.10 mol L−1 concentration of chelant, or if the system temperature was maintained between 60 to 80 °C. Nevertheless, the mechanochemical reaction induced by the ultrasound irradiation has been, so far, the better option for rare metal dissolution with chelants as it can be conducted at a minimum chelant concentration (0.01 mol L−1) and at room temperature (25 ± 0.5 °C).

Localization of mineralization, its age, and relationship to magmatism at the Mogot silver-base-metal deposit, North Stanovoi metallogenic zone in the southeastern framework of the North Asian Craton

The results of studying the Mogot silver-base-metal deposit located in the Dzhugdzhur-Stanovoi Superterrane are discussed in this paper. The main ore-controlling structural elements of the studied district are near-latitudinal and NE-trending faults, which are accompanied by zones of hydrothermal metasomatic potassic, propylitic, and argillic alterations, breccias with quartz and quartz-carbonate cement replacing metamorphic rocks and granitoids of the Late Stanovoi Complex. The total sulfide content in ore is 2–3%. The high Ag, Pb, and Zn contents in ore allow us to consider the Mogot deposit as silver-base-metal, since except of orebody 4, there are no silver minerals proper. This indicates that silver is incorporated into crystalline lattice of sulfides. The results of 40Ar/39Ar geochronological investigations show that the hydrothermal ore deposition dated at 127–125 Ma was related to emplacement of intrusions pertaining to the Tynda-Bakaran Complex.

Dual lixiviant leaching process for extraction and recovery of gold from ores at room temperature

A comprehensive investigation of Au leaching from gold ores with a solution containing thiourea and ammonium thiocyanate was performed. A gold ore A with 18g/t of Au and 1.15wt.% of sulfur and another gold ore B with 55.7g/t of Au and 11.67wt.% of sulfur were used. The percentages of extracted Au were 57%, 66% and 95% for the leaching solutions containing thiourea only, ammonium thiocyanate only and ammonium thiocyanate plus thiourea, respectively, under optimal conditions. There were some interactions among thiourea, ammonium thiocyanate and ferric ion, which affected gold extraction greatly. The addition of thiocyanate reduced greatly the consumption of thiourea and the process cost accordingly. The optimal concentrations of thiourea, ammonium thiocyanate and ferric sulfate for ore A leaching were 0.13M, 0.78M and 0.028M, respectively. The optimal pH, temperature, time, ratio of liquid to solid, agitation speed and particle size for ore A leaching were 1.5, 21°C, 6h, 10, 250rpm and 54–74μm, respectively. Au extraction for ore A was 95% under above optimal conditions. Au extraction was 97% when sulfur content of ore B was 1.48wt.%. The preferential consumption of ferric ions by pyrite over by gold was the main reason for resulting in the decrease of gold extraction. Desulfurization is necessary to achieve a high gold extraction for this leaching system of thiourea-thiocynate-Fe3+. After Au extraction, about 90% of Au was recovered as insoluble metallic Au by cementation using 5g/L of Al powder. The cementation filtrate was reused to leach Au ore and about 91% of Au was extracted after pH adjustment. Thus, thiocyanate and thiourea could be reused, which reduced the process cost. The leaching speed of Au of this method was more than 4 times faster than that of cyanidation process. This process concerning extraction and recovery of Au from Au ore was effective, fast, environmentally friendly and also likely economical.

Predictability of Removed Phosphorus Concentration during Microbial Leaching of Iron Oxide Ore Using Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans (ATF)

Predictability of removed phosphorus concentration was carried out based on multi-factorial influence of pH, resident time and as-beneficiated phosphorus content of the iron ore during microbial leaching with Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans. The model was expressed as; PR = 0.0042ϑ 3 - 0.0718 ϑ 2 + 0.3297 ϑ - 0.001₰ + 0.01γ - 0.0903 The validity of the multi-factorial model was found to be rooted on the expression PR + 0.001₰ - 0.01γ + 0.0903 = 0.0042ϑ 3 - 0.0718ϑ 2 + 0.3297 ϑ where both sides of the expression are correspondingly approximately equal. Statistical analysis of removed phosphorus concentration for each value of the bioleaching solution pH as obtained from experiment and derived model-predicted results show standard errors of 0.1031 and 0.1010% respectively. Furthermore, removed phosphorus concentration per unit solution pH as obtained from experiment and derived model-predicted results were 0.005 and 0.006 % respectively. The maximum deviation of model-predicted removed phosphorus concentration (from experimental result) was less 8%. This translates into a derived model confidence level of above 92%.

Effect of FeO Content in Ore on the Properties of Sinter

The content and stability of FeO in sinter are the important comprehensive indicators to assessing the sintering production. They not only reflect the quality and energy consumption of agglomerates, but also influence the smelting results of blast furnace. The effects of the FeO content of original ores on the FeO content in sinter and the creating ability of calcium ferrite are discussed in this paper. The results show that the content of FeO in sinter of hematite is much lower than magnetite. With the increasing of the FeO content of original ore, the FeO content in sinter increases but the content of calcium ferrite gets low, and the quantity of bonding phase hasn't apparently change.

Structure of magnetite lodes at the Estyunino iron deposit in the central Urals

The structure of magnetite lodes is determined by iron and sulfur distribution, as well as texture and structure of ore. These features have been revealed by documentation of cores from ore intervals in exploration boreholes penetrating two main lodes 21 and 22 of the Estyunino iron deposit. The documentation of cores was accompanied by sampling for microscopic examination of texture and structure of ore and selection of Fe and S contents in ore. Then these data were summarized as sections of the lodes. It was established that the structure of magnetite lodes is characterized by conformable ore layers distinguished by texture, structure, and Fe and S contents. Banded and spotty ores containing less than 50% magnetite are predominant. Layers of homogeneous massive ore are infrequent. The textural pattern indicates a volcaniclastic nature of host rocks. The spotty texture is characteristic of hyaloclastites with vitreous shards. The banded texture with oriented distribution of fiamme is inherent to volcaniclastic rocks. In both cases, magnetite selectively replaces dark-colored vitreous fragments and is also dispersed in the salic matrix and lava fragments. No indications of crosscutting superposed relationships are observed. The available data can be satisfactorily explained by an impregnation-metasomatic mode of ore deposition.

Removal of Iron From Quartz Ore Using Different Acids: A Laboratory-Scale Reactor Study

The purification of quartz using chemical processes is extremely important for many industries, including the glass, electronic, detergent, ceramics, paint, refractory, and metallurgy industries, as well as for advanced technology products. The purpose of this work was to investigate the removal of iron as an impurity from quartz ores using a chemical leaching method with different reagents. The iron content of the quartz ore sample was 310 ppm, and the iron was in the form of Fe2O3. In the first step, pre-enrichment studies were conducted based on the particle size, and the Fe2O3 content of the quartz ore was decreased to 88 ppm. A statistical design of the experiments and an ANOVA (analysis of variance) were performed in the second step to determine the main effects and interactions of the researched factors, which were the concentration of the leaching reagent (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, HClO4, and NTA [Nitrilotriacetic acid]), solid/liquid ratio, leaching temperature, and leaching time. The highest Fe2O3 removal was 86.6%, and a 11.8 ppm Fe2O3 content quartz product with a whiteness index (WI) value of 90.6 was obtained after 120 min of treatment at 90°C with a 10% S/L ratio and 1 M H2SO4.

Assessment of 222Rn emanation from ore body and backfill tailings in low-grade underground uranium mine

This paper presents a comparative study of (222)Rn emanation from the ore and backfill tailings in an underground uranium mine located at Jaduguda, India. The effects of surface area, porosity, (226)Ra and moisture contents on (222)Rn emanation rate were examined. The study revealed that the bulk porosity of backfill tailings is more than two orders of magnitude than that of the ore. The geometric mean radon emanation rates from the ore body and backfill tailings were found to be 10.01 × 10(-3) and 1.03 Bq m(-2) s(-1), respectively. Significant positive linear correlations between (222)Rn emanation rate and the (226)Ra content of ore and tailings were observed. For normalised (226)Ra content, the (222)Rn emanation rate from tailings was found to be 283 times higher than the ore due to higher bulk porosity and surface area. The relative radon emanation from the tailings with moisture fraction of 0.14 was found to be 2.4 times higher than the oven-dried tailings. The study suggested that the mill tailings used as a backfill material significantly contributes to radon emanation as compared to the ore body itself and the (226)Ra content and bulk porosity are the dominant factors for radon emanation into the mine atmosphere.

Radon emanation from low-grade uranium ore

Estimation of radon emanation in uranium mines is given top priority to minimize the risk of inhalation exposure due to short-lived radon progeny. This paper describes the radon emanation studies conducted in the laboratory as well as inside an operating underground uranium mine at Jaduguda, India. Some of the important parameters, such as grade/226Ra activity, moisture content, bulk density, porosity and emanation fraction of ore, governing the migration of radon through the ore were determined. Emanation from the ore samples in terms of emanation rate and emanation fraction was measured in the laboratory under airtight condition in glass jar. The in situ radon emanation rate inside the mine was measured from drill holes made in the ore body. The in situ222Rn emanation rate from the mine walls varied in the range of 0.22–51.84 × 10−3 Bq m−2 s−1 with the geometric mean of 8.68 × 10−3 Bq m−2 s−1. A significant positive linear correlation (r = 0.99, p < 0.001) between in situ222Rn emanation rate and the ore grade was observed. The emanation fraction of the ore samples, which varied in the range of 0.004–0.089 with mean value of 0.025 ± 0.02, showed poor correlation with ore grade and porosity. Empirical relationships between radon emanation rate and the ore grade/226Ra were also established for quick prediction of radon emanation rate from the ore body.

Experimental Study on the Cyanidation of a Low-Grade Gold with High Content of Arsenic in Myanmar

The content of gold ore in Wa region of Myanmar is 3.52 g/t ~5.87g/t, and it contains 9.32% arsenic, it belongs to awkward gold ore with gold embeds in pyrite as fine granular. so the drawbacks of low leaching rate and wasting of resources existed in the early cyanide production. A technology of adjusting pH in lime water and further leaching after regrinding was confirmed by contrasting the mixing effect in different reagent. The experiment results showed that a leaching rate of 81.63% has been obtained by adopting the conditions which pulp density is 40%, the pH of pulp adjusted in lime water is 10, the total NaCN dosage of three additions is 3 and the material is reground before third addition.

Riigitaalrite kasutusest Rootsi Läänemereprovintsides 17. sajandil

The use of riksdaler in the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm in the seventeenth century This article gives an overview of the use of riksdaler in the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm from the end of the fi rst third of the seventeenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The article relies mainly on the customs books of port towns in the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm, and to a lesser extent on account books from Estland, Livland, and Osel (Saaremaa), individual contracts for purchase or sale, lease agreements, and other archival materials containing monetary transfers. According to these documents, coins with different values circulated the Baltic provinces in the seventeenth century, resulting in different financial systems in Livland and Estland. Tallinn was clearly part of the Swedish financial system, since Estland had established close economic relations with the mother country. But the lack of direct economic relations between Sweden and Riga, as well as Livland in general, meant that the use of Swedish currency in those territories was not widespread. Commercial contacts with Poland-Lithuania and Russia were preferred to those with Sweden. As a result, Polish coinage was used in Riga. However, it was benefi cial for central authorities to have financial proceedings between the province and the state (customs, taxes, rent, etc.) conducted with common coin currency: riksdaler (for everyday use) and silver daler (which served as a unit of account). The number of ore silvermynt (rundstuck) as well as other silver and copper coins in riksdaler changed with time, offi cially remaining between 36 to 64 ore in the seventeenth century. The exchange rate of silver daler used as a unit of account was fi xed at 32 ore and did not vary over time. Since riksdaler had to be used for day-to-day dealings, it resulted in a permanent shortage of those coins. Consequently, the need to mint more coins changed their value, in other words, there were more ore in riksdaler according to the market exchange rate than according to the official exchange rate. Th e rate diff erence fluctuated between two to almost ten ore. Th ese phenomena were characteristic to both the Swedish mother country as well as its overseas provinces, although there were significant variations between different towns and provinces (see also the table). In practice, it meant that the official exchange rates of coins deviated from reality. As demand grew, central authorities had to consider the actual exchange rate and increase the content of ore in riksdaler over time. KEYWORDS: Estonian history, Swedish history, monetary history, early modern period, 17th century. ENN KUNG (b. 1963) is Associate Professor at the Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu.53 Correspondence: Institute of History and Archaeology, University of Tartu, Ulikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia. E-mail: enn.kung@ut.ee

Float-Sink Apparatus and Its Use in the Mineral Industry

In this apparatus, closed sized particles are placed in a container and then fluidized by passing water through the load of particles. Water flow is adjusted to deposit particles in one or more layers depending on the specific gravity of each of the particles, after which the deposited particles are separated in portions of different specific gravity. The obtained portions represent different ore content of the close-sized fraction. The process is repeated for all other size fractions to generate the washability curve of the feed.

Recovery of Copper from a High Content of Slime and Refractory Copper Oxide Ore by Flotation

The study aims to recover copper minerals from a high content of slime and refractory copper oxide ore by flotation process. Based on the research on the properties of the material, the grinding fineness and reagent system are investigated and a technological flow sheet consisting of one roughing flotation, two concentrate flotation, three scavenging flotation and one concentrate-scavenging flotation is adopted. The optimum parameters of flotation experiment are determined as grinding fineness of 90%, dosage of CHO at 200 g/t, dosage of Na2S at 800 g/t and dosage of isoamyl xanthogenate at 1200 g/t. Under such a condition, a copper recovery of 75.03% with a concentrate grade of 18.01% is obtained，which provides a new way for separating the refractory copper oxide ore attached high content of slime.

Discussion on Geological Experiment Technology in Geological Work

This essay puts silicate rocks test as example on the basic of the analysis of new technology and method of geological experiment. This essay analyses the experimental principal and process of silicate rock’s total iron content, and it based on geology experimental operation process. The essay tries to probe into silicate rock’s mineral chemical composition, rock structure and tectonics through the research of the iron content and other chemical components of silicate rocks. Furthermore, this essay also estimates the optional mineral’s component content of sandstone ore, and then evaluates mining products and industrial and economic value. It is very important to guide the development of the mine.

BÀN VỀ NGUỒN GỐC QUẶNG TITAN Ở VÙNG BỜ QUẢNG NAM

Các mẫu đá cát kết quặng Ti thu được tại các tụ khoáng Duy Nghĩa, (huyện Duy Xuyên), Tam Hiệp, Tam Nghĩa và Tam Hải (huyện Núi Thành), tỉnh Quảng Nam là khá độc đáo và hiếm gặp tại các mỏ sa khoáng cũng như các tụ khoáng dọc ven bờ Quảng Nam nói riêng và ven bờ miền Trung nói chung. Thành phần khoáng của đá bao gồm: Thạch anh, các khoáng vật sắt, các khoáng vật titan gắn với nhau bởi keo sắt. Các keo sắt này có thể được tạo thành trong quá trình phong hóa đá. Trong thành phần đá, các khoáng vật quặng chiếm ưu thế, cho nên tạo ra sự sẫm màu của đá. Chính lớp đá cát kết quặng Ti này, là một trong những nguồn tiếp quan trọng cho các tụ khoáng Ti trong vùng bờ Quảng Nam. Summary: The titanium - ore - bearing sandstone samples from mineral deposits Duy Nghia (of Duy Xuyen district), Tam Hiep, Tam Nghia and Tam Hai (Nui Thanh district), Quang Nam province are quite original and rare for whole Central Vietnam coastal zone in general and Quang Nam province in particular. The titanium - ore - bearing sandstone content is of quartzs, ferromagnesian minerals, and titanium minerals. The constituent is joined to each with others by ferrous cement, which formed from weathering process. The dominant content of ore in the rocks made them to turn into dark color. The titanium - ore - bearing sandstone is just the source of the titanium deposits of Quang Nam coastal zone.

Determination of reduction degree of direct reduced iron via FT-IR spectroscopy

In this study, the applicability of FT-IR spectroscopy to determination of direct reduction degree of Attepe iron ore was examined. For that purpose, infrared spectra of all samples generated as the stack gas of the reduction reaction were recorded in a ZnSe windowed gas cell equipment at 2cm−1 resolution. Thus the variation of the stack gas composition with time was monitored. The degree of reduction for iron ores (R%), given as the ratio of removed oxygen amount during the reaction to the initial total oxygen content of ore, was estimated by both the FT-IR analysis of the stack gas and the volumetric analysis of the reduced iron ore samples. The results obtained by both gas and solid analyses were compared and a satisfactorily good agreement was observed. As a result, it is concluded that FT-IR Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) is a reliable, rapid and efficiently applicable analysis method for DR processes and for more other FT-IR traceable gas–solid reactions as well.

Mathematical Method for Predicting Nickel Deposit Based on Data from Drilling Points

In this article we discuss several methods for predicting nickel ore content inside the soil under a given area/region. The prediction is the main objective of the exploration activity which is very important for conducting the exploitation activity from economic point of view. The prediction methods are based on the data obtained from the drilling activity at several ‘points’. The data yields information on the nickel density at those points. Nickel density over the region is approximated (with an approximate function) by applying interpolation and/or extrapolation based on the data from those points. The nickel content is predicted by applying integral of the approximate function over the given region

Research on Technological Mineralogy of Refractory Hematite Ore

The characteristics of the texture, dissemination grain size, mineral composition and content of the refractory hematite ore are researched systematically. The result shows that: the ore is be of colloidal texture, complex mineral contents, fine dissemination grain size, so the ore is difficult to be separated. In order to get the idea result of processing, the ore must be ginded and concentrated stagely.

Production of trona concentrates using high-intensity dry magnetic separation followed by flotation

Soda ash, an essential raw material for major industries, such as the glass, chemicals, soap and detergents, pulp and paper, mining and water treatment industries, is traditionally produced by chemical and thermal treatment of trona ore. The treatment processes for trona ore are not only chemically expensive but also energy intensive. Hence, the production of a high-purity trona concentrate at a lower energy and operating cost is of considerable interest to the trona industry. In this study, we describe a possible two-stage process for concentrating trona ore, involving dry magnetic separation followed by flotation, to remove insoluble impurities from the trona ore. The results showed that a trona concentrate of 91.7% purity with a recovery 91.1% can be obtained by two-stage magnetic separation, which could be further improved to 98.1% purity at a recovery of 83.8% by subsequent flotation of the non-magnetic trona product. The purity of trona concentrate is limited by the particle size and impurity content of the trona ore. The operating parameters for magnetic separation and flotation have been identified to obtain an acceptable quality concentrate.